986 resultados para Scott, Donte


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T helper type 17 (Th17) cells play an important pathogenic function in autoimmune diseases; their regulation, however, is not well understood. We show that the expression of a tumor necrosis factor receptor family member, death receptor 3 (DR3; also known as TNFRSF25), is selectively elevated in Th17 cells, and that TL1A, its cognate ligand, can promote the proliferation of effector Th17 cells. To further investigate the role of the TL1A-DR3 pathway in Th17 regulation, we generated a TL1A-deficient mouse and found that TL1A(-/-) dendritic cells exhibited a reduced capacity in supporting Th17 differentiation and proliferation. Consistent with these data, TL1A(-/-) animals displayed decreased clinical severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Finally, we demonstrated that during EAE disease progression, TL1A was required for the optimal differentiation as well as effector function of Th17 cells. These observations thus establish an important role of the TL1A-DR3 pathway in promoting Th17 cell function and Th17-mediated autoimmune disease.

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Land use/cover classification is one of the most important applications in remote sensing. However, mapping accurate land use/cover spatial distribution is a challenge, particularly in moist tropical regions, due to the complex biophysical environment and limitations of remote sensing data per se. This paper reviews experiments related to land use/cover classification in the Brazilian Amazon for a decade. Through comprehensive analysis of the classification results, it is concluded that spatial information inherent in remote sensing data plays an essential role in improving land use/cover classification. Incorporation of suitable textural images into multispectral bands and use of segmentation‑based method are valuable ways to improve land use/cover classification, especially for high spatial resolution images. Data fusion of multi‑resolution images within optical sensor data is vital for visual interpretation, but may not improve classification performance. In contrast, integration of optical and radar data did improve classification performance when the proper data fusion method was used. Among the classification algorithms available, the maximum likelihood classifier is still an important method for providing reasonably good accuracy, but nonparametric algorithms, such as classification tree analysis, have the potential to provide better results. However, they often require more time to achieve parametric optimization. Proper use of hierarchical‑based methods is fundamental for developing accurate land use/cover classification, mainly from historical remotely sensed data.

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BACKGROUND: The diagnostic and clinical overlap between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder is an important nosological issue in psychiatry that is yet to be resolved. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and functional characteristics of an epidemiological treated cohort of first episode patients with an 18-month discharge diagnosis of schizophrenia (FES) or schizoaffective disorder (FESA). METHODS: This study was part of the larger First Episode Psychosis Outcome Study (FEPOS) which involved a medical file audit study of all 786 patients treated at the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre between 1998 and 2000. Of this cohort, 283 patients had an 18-month discharge diagnosis of FES and 64 had a diagnosis of FESA. DSM-IV diagnoses and clinical and functional ratings were derived and validated by two consultant psychiatrists. RESULTS: Compared to FES patients, those with FESA were significantly more likely to have a later age of onset (p=.004), longer prodrome (p=.020), and a longer duration of untreated psychosis (p<.001). At service entry, FESA patients presented with a higher illness severity (p=.020), largely due to the presence of more severe manic symptoms (p<.001). FESA patients also had a greater number of subsequent inpatient admissions (p=.017), had more severe depressive symptoms (p=.011), and higher levels of functioning at discharge. DISCUSSION: The findings support the notion that these might be considered two discernable disorders; however, further research is required to ascertain the ways and extent to which these disorders are discriminable at presentation and over time.

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Summary This dissertation explores how stakeholder dialogue influences corporate processes, and speculates about the potential of this phenomenon - particularly with actors, like non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other representatives of civil society, which have received growing attention against a backdrop of increasing globalisation and which have often been cast in an adversarial light by firms - as a source of teaming and a spark for innovation in the firm. The study is set within the context of the introduction of genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) in Europe. Its significance lies in the fact that scientific developments and new technologies are being generated at an unprecedented rate in an era where civil society is becoming more informed, more reflexive, and more active in facilitating or blocking such new developments, which could have the potential to trigger widespread changes in economies, attitudes, and lifestyles, and address global problems like poverty, hunger, climate change, and environmental degradation. In the 1990s, companies using biotechnology to develop and offer novel products began to experience increasing pressure from civil society to disclose information about the risks associated with the use of biotechnology and GMOs, in particular. Although no harmful effects for humans or the environment have been factually demonstrated even to date (2008), this technology remains highly-contested and its introduction in Europe catalysed major companies to invest significant financial and human resources in stakeholder dialogue. A relatively new phenomenon at the time, with little theoretical backing, dialogue was seen to reflect a move towards greater engagement with stakeholders, commonly defined as those "individuals or groups with which. business interacts who have a 'stake', or vested interest in the firm" (Carroll, 1993:22) with whom firms are seen to be inextricably embedded (Andriof & Waddock, 2002). Regarding the organisation of this dissertation, Chapter 1 (Introduction) describes the context of the study, elaborates its significance for academics and business practitioners as an empirical work embedded in a sector at the heart of the debate on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Chapter 2 (Literature Review) traces the roots and evolution of CSR, drawing on Stakeholder Theory, Institutional Theory, Resource Dependence Theory, and Organisational Learning to establish what has already been developed in the literature regarding the stakeholder concept, motivations for engagement with stakeholders, the corporate response to external constituencies, and outcomes for the firm in terms of organisational learning and change. I used this review of the literature to guide my inquiry and to develop the key constructs through which I viewed the empirical data that was gathered. In this respect, concepts related to how the firm views itself (as a victim, follower, leader), how stakeholders are viewed (as a source of pressure and/or threat; as an asset: current and future), corporate responses (in the form of buffering, bridging, boundary redefinition), and types of organisational teaming (single-loop, double-loop, triple-loop) and change (first order, second order, third order) were particularly important in building the key constructs of the conceptual model that emerged from the analysis of the data. Chapter 3 (Methodology) describes the methodology that was used to conduct the study, affirms the appropriateness of the case study method in addressing the research question, and describes the procedures for collecting and analysing the data. Data collection took place in two phases -extending from August 1999 to October 2000, and from May to December 2001, which functioned as `snapshots' in time of the three companies under study. The data was systematically analysed and coded using ATLAS/ti, a qualitative data analysis tool, which enabled me to sort, organise, and reduce the data into a manageable form. Chapter 4 (Data Analysis) contains the three cases that were developed (anonymised as Pioneer, Helvetica, and Viking). Each case is presented in its entirety (constituting a `within case' analysis), followed by a 'cross-case' analysis, backed up by extensive verbatim evidence. Chapter 5 presents the research findings, outlines the study's limitations, describes managerial implications, and offers suggestions for where more research could elaborate the conceptual model developed through this study, as well as suggestions for additional research in areas where managerial implications were outlined. References and Appendices are included at the end. This dissertation results in the construction and description of a conceptual model, grounded in the empirical data and tied to existing literature, which portrays a set of elements and relationships deemed important for understanding the impact of stakeholder engagement for firms in terms of organisational learning and change. This model suggests that corporate perceptions about the nature of stakeholder influence the perceived value of stakeholder contributions. When stakeholders are primarily viewed as a source of pressure or threat, firms tend to adopt a reactive/defensive posture in an effort to manage stakeholders and protect the firm from sources of outside pressure -behaviour consistent with Resource Dependence Theory, which suggests that firms try to get control over extemal threats by focussing on the relevant stakeholders on whom they depend for critical resources, and try to reverse the control potentially exerted by extemal constituencies by trying to influence and manipulate these valuable stakeholders. In situations where stakeholders are viewed as a current strategic asset, firms tend to adopt a proactive/offensive posture in an effort to tap stakeholder contributions and connect the organisation to its environment - behaviour consistent with Institutional Theory, which suggests that firms try to ensure the continuing license to operate by internalising external expectations. In instances where stakeholders are viewed as a source of future value, firms tend to adopt an interactive/innovative posture in an effort to reduce or widen the embedded system and bring stakeholders into systems of innovation and feedback -behaviour consistent with the literature on Organisational Learning, which suggests that firms can learn how to optimize their performance as they develop systems and structures that are more adaptable and responsive to change The conceptual model moreover suggests that the perceived value of stakeholder contribution drives corporate aims for engagement, which can be usefully categorised as dialogue intentions spanning a continuum running from low-level to high-level to very-high level. This study suggests that activities aimed at disarming critical stakeholders (`manipulation') providing guidance and correcting misinformation (`education'), being transparent about corporate activities and policies (`information'), alleviating stakeholder concerns (`placation'), and accessing stakeholder opinion ('consultation') represent low-level dialogue intentions and are experienced by stakeholders as asymmetrical, persuasive, compliance-gaining activities that are not in line with `true' dialogue. This study also finds evidence that activities aimed at redistributing power ('partnership'), involving stakeholders in internal corporate processes (`participation'), and demonstrating corporate responsibility (`stewardship') reflect high-level dialogue intentions. This study additionally finds evidence that building and sustaining high-quality, trusted relationships which can meaningfully influence organisational policies incline a firm towards the type of interactive, proactive processes that underpin the development of sustainable corporate strategies. Dialogue intentions are related to type of corporate response: low-level intentions can lead to buffering strategies; high-level intentions can underpin bridging strategies; very high-level intentions can incline a firm towards boundary redefinition. The nature of corporate response (which encapsulates a firm's posture towards stakeholders, demonstrated by the level of dialogue intention and the firm's strategy for dealing with stakeholders) favours the type of learning and change experienced by the organisation. This study indicates that buffering strategies, where the firm attempts to protect itself against external influences and cant' out its existing strategy, typically lead to single-loop learning, whereby the firm teams how to perform better within its existing paradigm and at most, improves the performance of the established system - an outcome associated with first-order change. Bridging responses, where the firm adapts organisational activities to meet external expectations, typically leads a firm to acquire new behavioural capacities characteristic of double-loop learning, whereby insights and understanding are uncovered that are fundamentally different from existing knowledge and where stakeholders are brought into problem-solving conversations that enable them to influence corporate decision-making to address shortcomings in the system - an outcome associated with second-order change. Boundary redefinition suggests that the firm engages in triple-loop learning, where the firm changes relations with stakeholders in profound ways, considers problems from a whole-system perspective, examining the deep structures that sustain the system, producing innovation to address chronic problems and develop new opportunities - an outcome associated with third-order change. This study supports earlier theoretical and empirical studies {e.g. Weick's (1979, 1985) work on self-enactment; Maitlis & Lawrence's (2007) and Maitlis' (2005) work and Weick et al's (2005) work on sensegiving and sensemaking in organisations; Brickson's (2005, 2007) and Scott & Lane's (2000) work on organisational identity orientation}, which indicate that corporate self-perception is a key underlying factor driving the dynamics of organisational teaming and change. Such theorizing has important implications for managerial practice; namely, that a company which perceives itself as a 'victim' may be highly inclined to view stakeholders as a source of negative influence, and would therefore be potentially unable to benefit from the positive influence of engagement. Such a selfperception can blind the firm from seeing stakeholders in a more positive, contributing light, which suggests that such firms may not be inclined to embrace external sources of innovation and teaming, as they are focussed on protecting the firm against disturbing environmental influences (through buffering), and remain more likely to perform better within an existing paradigm (single-loop teaming). By contrast, a company that perceives itself as a 'leader' may be highly inclined to view stakeholders as a source of positive influence. On the downside, such a firm might have difficulty distinguishing when stakeholder contributions are less pertinent as it is deliberately more open to elements in operating environment (including stakeholders) as potential sources of learning and change, as the firm is oriented towards creating space for fundamental change (through boundary redefinition), opening issues to entirely new ways of thinking and addressing issues from whole-system perspective. A significant implication of this study is that potentially only those companies who see themselves as a leader are ultimately able to tap the innovation potential of stakeholder dialogue.

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Obesity is heritable and predisposes to many diseases. To understand the genetic basis of obesity better, here we conduct a genome-wide association study and Metabochip meta-analysis of body mass index (BMI), a measure commonly used to define obesity and assess adiposity, in up to 339,224 individuals. This analysis identifies 97 BMI-associated loci (P < 5 × 10(-8)), 56 of which are novel. Five loci demonstrate clear evidence of several independent association signals, and many loci have significant effects on other metabolic phenotypes. The 97 loci account for ∼2.7% of BMI variation, and genome-wide estimates suggest that common variation accounts for >20% of BMI variation. Pathway analyses provide strong support for a role of the central nervous system in obesity susceptibility and implicate new genes and pathways, including those related to synaptic function, glutamate signalling, insulin secretion/action, energy metabolism, lipid biology and adipogenesis.

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Différentes organisations et différents pays aboutissent souvent à des conclusions différentes quant à la pertinence d'introduire un test de dépistage génétique dans la population générale. Cet article décrit la complexité du dépistage basé sur des tests génétiques. Utilisant l'exemple de la mucoviscidose - pour laquelle un groupe de travail national est en train d'évaluer la pertinence d'un dépistage génétique - les auteurs relèvent les situaions où les recommandations de dépistage sont parfois basées sur l'émergence de nouvelles technologies (par exemple, test génétique) et d'opinion publique plutôt que sur la base d'évidences. Ils présentent également les enjeux éthiques et économiques du dépistage génétique de la mucoviscidose. [Abstract] Various institutions and countries often reach different conclusions about the utility of introducing a newborn screening test in the general population. This paper highlights the complexity of population screening including genetic tests. Using the example of cystic fibrosis genetic screening, for which a Swiss Working Group for Cystic Fibrosis is currently evaluating the pertinence, we outline that screening recommendations are often based more on expert opinion and emerging new technologies rather than on evidence. We also present some ethical and economic issues related to cystic fibrosis genetic screening.

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Common variants at only two loci, FTO and MC4R, have been reproducibly associated with body mass index (BMI) in humans. To identify additional loci, we conducted meta-analysis of 15 genome-wide association studies for BMI (n > 32,000) and followed up top signals in 14 additional cohorts (n > 59,000). We strongly confirm FTO and MC4R and identify six additional loci (P < 5 x 10(-8)): TMEM18, KCTD15, GNPDA2, SH2B1, MTCH2 and NEGR1 (where a 45-kb deletion polymorphism is a candidate causal variant). Several of the likely causal genes are highly expressed or known to act in the central nervous system (CNS), emphasizing, as in rare monogenic forms of obesity, the role of the CNS in predisposition to obesity.

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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver critérios para condução do teste de tetrazólio em sementes de araucária (Araucaria angustifolia), com maior rapidez de execução e caracterização detalhada dos grupos de viabilidade. Inicialmente, foram conduzidos testes de germinação e de tetrazólio, de acordo as Regras para Análise de Sementes para Araucaria spp. Em seguida, avaliaram-se procedimentos mais práticos para condução do teste de tetrazólio, sem o pré-umedecimento das sementes e com a utilização de embriões excisados imersos diretamente na solução de tetrazólio; foram testadas três concentrações da solução (0,075, 0,2 e 0,5%), três períodos de coloração (1, 2 e 4 horas) e duas temperaturas de coloração (30 e 40°C). As médias obtidas por cada teste realizado foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott, a 1% de probabilidade. O teste de tetrazólio pode ser empregado com eficiência e maior rapidez por meio da excisão dos embriões de araucária e da imersão direta na solução de tetrazólio, ao se utilizar as seguintes combinações de concentração/período/temperatura: 0,5%/2 horas/30°C, 0,075%/4 horas/40°C ou 0,5%/2 horas/40°C, as quais permitem a classificação das sementes em dois grupos distintos de viabilidade (viáveis e inviáveis).

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O conhecimento das características pós-colheita de novos híbridos de bananeira é uma importante informação que auxilia o melhorista em sua tomada de decisão. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar genótipos de bananeira com relação às características de pós-colheita e resistência ao desprendimento do fruto. Foram utilizados frutos da segunda penca de 16 híbridos (Calipso, Bucaneiro, Ambrosia, YB42-21, PV42-53, PV42-68, PV42-81, PV42-85, PV42-129, PV42-142, PV42-143, ST12-31, ST42-08, PV03-44, FHIA-03 e SH 3640) e quatro cultivares (Pacovan, Prata Comum, Nam e Figue Pomme Naine), que foram avaliadas quanto ao peso, comprimento, circunferência, relação polpa/casca, resistência ao desprendimento, firmeza, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), relação SST/ATT e tempo de amadurecimento. Empregou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições para todas as características, exceto para a firmeza do fruto em que se utilizaram dez repetições. A unidade experimental foi constituída de um único fruto. Os dados foram submetidos à analise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo Teste Scott & Knott, a 5% de probabilidade. A cultivar Nam apresentou a menor acidez titulável e a maior relação SST/ATT, enquanto a maior firmeza do fruto foi apresentada pelos híbridos PV42-81 e PV42-53. Os frutos mais pesados foram do híbrido SH 3640, e os mais compridos foram dos híbridos Bucaneiro e PV42-81. Os híbridos PV42-85 e ST42-08 apresentaram maior resistência ao desprendimento, não diferindo da 'Pacovan'. No entanto, superaram a 'Prata Comum', que obteve a menor resistência. Os genótipos 'Nam', PV42-143 e PV42-129 apresentaram maior tempo de maturação após a colheita quando comparados, principalmente, à 'Prata Comum'. A 'Nam' deve ser considerada como uma nova alternativa na produção de banana. O SH3640, híbrido da Prata Anã, pode ser recomendado como nova cultivar. Os híbridos da Prata São Tomé (ST42-08) e Pacovan (PV42-85, PV42-81, PV42-68, PV42-53, PV42-129 e PV42-143) podem substituir as cultivares Prata Comum e Pacovan nos sitemas produção.

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O maracujazeiro-doce (Passiflora alata Curtis) é uma espécie polimorfa, com significativas variações quanto ao tamanho e formato dos frutos, peso, espessura da casca, coloração de polpa e número de sementes por fruto. A propagação por sementes predomina e amplia a variabilidade entre as plantas cultivadas. Foi feita a caracterização morfológica, agronômica e citogenética dos acessos Mogi-Guaçu, Grande, Jaboticabal, Ouro-Miúdo, Campinas, Gomo e CENARGEN. Os acessos 'Mogi-Guaçu' e 'Grande' foram superiores na maioria das características avaliadas.

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O maracujazeiro-doce (Passiflora alata Curtis) é uma espécie nativa da América do Sul, especialmente do Brasil, cujo cultivo tem se expandido em função do preço alcançado pelos frutos. Vários trabalhos de pesquisa foram realizados com esta espécie, quase todos com imprecisões na citação do nome científico. Com o objetivo de avaliar a extensão desses equívocos e identificar a forma cientificamente correta de citar a espécie, foram investigados o autor e a data de publicação do nome científico do maracujá-doce, em estudos taxonômicos. Concluiu-se que a espécie deve ser citada como Passiflora alata Curtis, conforme publicado originalmente em 1788, no periódico Botanical Magazine.

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A obtenção de um protocolo para o estabelecimento in vitro de plantas provenientes de sementes de Passiflora spp. é muito importante para se obterem plantas assépticas, além de proporcionarem oportunidade de manutenção de bancos de germoplasma in vitro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de diferentes doses de ácido giberélico (0; 500 e 1000 mg.L-1), efeito da luz ou de sua ausência, na germinação in vitro de sementes de P. nitida Kunth. Dois experimentos foram efetuados para avaliar esses parâmetros. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, sendo que cada parcela constou de um frasco com cinco sementes, com dez repetições por tratamento. Para comparação entre os tratamentos, utilizou-se, como parte da estatística descritiva, a comparação de intervalos de confiança das médias por meio do teste t. Como testemunha, para se verificar se o protocolo de imersão de sementes em água e o processo de descontaminação não prejudicavam a viabilidade das sementes, germinaram-se in vitro 100 sementes de Passiflora edulis recém-colhidas. O maior número médio de sementes germinadas foi obtido com a utilização de 1.000 mg.L-1 de ácido giberélico. Não se verificou efeito significativo da luz/escuro sobre a germinação das sementes.

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A queda natural de frutos maduros da bananeira, resultado da separação individual de frutos da coroa da penca, também chamada despencamento, é uma característica indesejável, que pode limitar o lançamento de uma nova cultivar. O fruto destacado da penca tem vida de prateleira reduzida, além de não demonstrar boa aparência aos olhos do consumidor. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram quantificar a suscetibilidade à queda natural dos frutos de bananeiras de grupos genômicos e ploidias diferentes, e identificar correlações entre a queda natural e diversas características físicas dos frutos. Foram utilizados 37 genótipos de bananeiras. De acordo com análise de variância e teste de Scott-Knott, os resultados evidenciaram a alta resistência ao despencamento dos genótipos pertencentes ao grupo genômico BB (Butuhan, Piraí e BB França), Terra (AAB), Poteau Nain (tipo figo) (ABB) e Thap Maeo (AAB), enquanto Prata-Anã (AAB), Grande Naine (AAA), Ambrósia (AAAA), Ouro (AA) e FHIA 18 (AAAB) obtiveram valores intermediários de resistência ao despencamento. Com relação às bananeiras suscetíveis, destacam-se os híbridos melhorados Pioneira (AAAB), YB42-21 (AAAB), Buccaneer (AAAA) e Calypso (AAAA) e a cultivar Ouro da Mata (AAAB). Verificou-se associação de 74% entre a firmeza do fruto e a resistência ao despencamento. Os estudos de grupos genômicos e ploidias indicaram maior resistência ao despencamento das bananeiras pertencentes ao grupo BB e dos genótipos triplóides ABB e AAB.

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Objetivou-se avaliar alternativas de preparo da amostra e os métodos quantitativos para a determinação do teor de óleo em frutos de limão. Os tratamentos foram avaliados por meio do delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2x6, com quatro repetições, sendo duas variedades-copa de limoeiro verdadeiro ('Siciliano' e 'Eureka'), dois métodos analíticos para a determinação do teor de óleo (Scott e Clevenger) e seis formas de preparo dos frutos para análise (análise do fruto inteiro; frutos cortados na longitudinal e análise de ¼; frutos cortados na longitudinal e análise de ¹/2; frutos cortados ao meio e análise da parte superior; frutos cortados ao meio e análise da parte inferior; e análise de ²/8 do fruto). O método denominado de Clevenger foi o mais eficiente na determinação do teor de óleo essencial, e as formas de preparo de amostras ½ inferior, ½ superior, ¼ longitudinal e ½ longitudinal dos frutos proporcionaram valores superiores de óleo essencial.

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O interesse pelo cultivo do maracujazeiro-roxo vem crescendo no centro-sul do País, visando à exportação. Observa-se um número significativo de formas selvagens, nativas, compatíveis entre si, propagadas por sementes de polinização aberta, ampliando a variabilidade natural da fruteira. Com o objetivo de identificar cruzamentos com características comerciais desejáveis e disponibilizar sementes de matrizes selecionadas aos produtores, foram realizados estudos de caracterização agronômica, morfológica e citogenética, envolvendo seleções do Banco de Germoplasma de Passifloras do IAC, denominadas 'Roxinho-Miúdo', 'Paulista' e 'Maracujá-Maçã'. Durante duas safras consecutivas, foram analisados cerca de 350 flores e 150 frutos de cada seleção. A maior amplitude de variação ocorreu na massa e no tamanho dos frutos (de 21 a 193 g por fruto), seguidos pelo teor de sólidos solúveis (de 15,2 a 21,4º Brix), produção por planta (11,5 a 30,8 kg) e número de sementes por fruto (de 39 a 261 sementes). A viabilidade polínica variou de 77 a 94,5%, enquanto o teste de germinação do pólen em ágar apresentou índices de 65,5 a 86%, contribuindo para o diferencial em produtividade observado. Todas as seleções apresentaram características comerciais desejáveis. 'Roxinho-Miúdo' possui fruto redondo, pequeno, com 4 cm de diâmetro, doce e de coloração roxo-intensa, adequando-se à preferência internacional. A seleção 'Paulista' apresentou frutos ovais, destacando-se pela dupla finalidade, podendo atender também à agroindústria. O 'Maracujá-Maçã' distinguiu-se pelo maior tamanho, formato arredondado e casca rosada, apto para um segmento diferenciado de mercado, que comercializa frutas por unidade e privilegia a qualidade.