Drug resistance in the sexually transmitted protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomoniasis is the most common, sexually transmitted infection. It is caused by the flagellated protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Symptoms include vaginitis and infections have been associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight and increased infant mortality, as well as predisposing to HIV/AIDS and cervical cancer. Trichomoniasis has the highest prevalence and incidence of any sexually transmitted infection. The 5-nitroimidazole drugs, of which metronidazole is the most prescribed, are the only approved, effective drugs to treat trichomoniasis. Resistance against metronidazole is frequently reported and cross-resistance among the family of 5-nitroimidazole drugs is common, leaving no alternative for treatment, with some cases remaining unresolved. The mechanism of metronidazole resistance in T. vaginalis from treatment failures is not well understood, unlike resistance which is developed in the laboratory under increasing metronidazole pressure. In the latter situation, hydrogenosomal function which is involved in activation of the prodrug, metronidazole, is down-regulated. Reversion to sensitivity is incomplete after removal of drug pressure in the highly resistant parasites while clinically resistant strains, so far analysed, maintain their resistance levels in the absence of drug pressure. Although anaerobic resistance has been regarded as a laboratory induced phenomenon, it clearly has been demonstrated in clinical isolates. Pursuit of both approaches will allow dissection of the underlying mechanisms. Many alternative drugs and treatments have been tested in vivo in cases of refractory trichomoniasis, as well as in vitro with some successes including the broad spectrum anti-parasitic drug nitazoxanide. Drug resistance incidence in T. vaginalis appears to be on the increase and improved surveillance of treatment failures is urged.

More on exact bicoverings of 12 points

The minimum number of incomplete blocks required to cover, exactly lambda times, all t-element subsets from a set V of cardinality v (v > t) is denoted by y(lambda, t; v). The value of g(2, 2; v) is known for v = 3, 4,..., 11. It was previously known that 14 less than or equal to g(2, 2; 12) less than or equal to 16. We prove that g(2, 2; 12) greater than or equal to 15.

Codon usage bias and A+T content variation in human papillomavirus genomes

We analyzed the codon usage bias of eight open reading frames (ORFs) across up to 79 human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes from three distinct phylogenetic groups. All eight ORFs across HPV genotypes show a strong codon usage bias, amongst degenerately encoded amino acids, toward 18 codons mainly with T at the 3rd position. For all 18 degenerately encoded amino acids, codon preferences amongst human and animal PV ORFs are significantly different from those averaged across mammalian genes. Across the HPV types, the L2 ORFs show the highest codon usage bias (73.2 +/- 1.6% and the E4 ORFs the lowest (51.1 +/- 0.5%), reflecting as similar bias in codon 3rd position A + T content (L2: 76.1 +/- 4.2%; E4: 58.6 +/- 4.5%). The E4 ORF, uniquely amongst the HPV ORFs, is G + C rich, while the other ORFs are A + T rich. Codon usage bias correlates positively with A + T content at the codon 3rd position in the E2, E6, L1 and L2 ORFs, but negatively in the E4 ORFs. A general conservation of preferred codon usage across human and non-human PV genotypes whether they originate from a same supergroup or not, together with observed difference between the preferred codon usage for HPV ORFs and for genes of the cells they infect, suggests that specific codon usage bias and A + T content variation may somehow increase the replicational fitness of HPVs in mammalian epithelial cells, and have practical implications for gene therapy of HPV infection. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Transposition of first digital pad for reconstruction of a palmar antebrachial soft tissue defect in a cat

An 8-year-old female neutered Siamese cat was presented with a recent history of incomplete excision of an apocrine gland adenocarcinoma from the palmar aspect of the right antebrachium, just proximal to the carpal joint. There was no evidence of metastasis. Wide surgical excision of the previous surgery site was performed resulting in a soft tissue defect. Partial reconstruction was achieved using digital pad transposition of the first digit (dewclaw), forming a local axial pattern flap that was transposed into the adjacent defect. The remaining defect was closed by primary apposition. The skin flap healed successfully. Some breakdown of the skin closed by primary apposition necessitated open wound management. The cosmetic and functional result of the first digital pad transposition was considered excellent, rendering it a useful means to reconstruct soft tissue defects in the carpal region.

Applied physiology and game analysis of rugby union

Increased professionalism in rugby has elicited rapid changes in the fitness profile of elite players. Recent research, focusing on the physiological and anthropometrical characteristics of rugby players, and the demands of competition are reviewed. The paucity of research on contemporary elite rugby players is highlighted, along with the need for standardised testing protocols. Recent data reinforce the pronounced differences in the anthropometric and physical characteristics of the forwards and backs. Forwards are typically heavier, taller, and have a greater proportion of body fat than backs. These characteristics are changing, with forwards developing greater total mass and higher muscularity. The forwards demonstrate superior absolute aerobic and anaerobic power, and Muscular strength. Results favour the backs when body mass is taken into account. The scaling of results to body mass can be problematic and future investigations should present results using power function ratios. Recommended tests for elite players include body mass and skinfolds, vertical jump, speed, and the multi-stage shuttle run. Repeat sprint testing is a possible avenue for more specific evaluation of players. During competition, high-intensity efforts are often followed by periods of incomplete recovery. The total work over the duration of a game is lower in the backs compared with the forwards; forwards spend greater time in physical contact with the opposition while the backs spend more time in free running, allowing them to cover greater distances. The intense efforts undertaken by rugby players place considerable stress on anaerobic energy sources, while the aerobic system provides energy during repeated efforts and for recovery. Training should focus on repeated brief high-intensity efforts with short rest intervals to condition players to the demands of the game. Training for the forwards should emphasise the higher work rates of the game, while extended rest periods can be provided to the backs. Players should not only be prepared for the demands of competition, but also the stress of travel and extreme environmental conditions. The greater professionalism of rugby union has increased scientific research in the sport; however, there is scope for significant refinement of investigations on the physiological demands of the game, and sports-specific testing procedures.

Effect of functional gain on satisfaction with medical rehabilitation after stroke

Objective: To examine the association between gain in motor and cognitive functional status with patient satisfaction 3-6 mo after rehabilitation discharge. Design: Patient satisfaction and changes in functional status were examined in 18,375 patients with stroke who received inpatient medical rehabilitation. Information was obtained from 144 hospitals and rehabilitation facilities contributing records to the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation and the National Follow-up Services. Results: Data analysis revealed significant (P < 0.05) differences in satisfaction responses based on whether information was collected from patient self-report or from a family member proxy, and the two subsets were analyzed separately. Logistic regression revealed the following significant predictors of satisfaction for data collected from stroke patients: cognitive and motor gain, rehospitalization, who the patient was living with at follow-up, age, and follow-up therapy. In the patient-reported data subset, compared with patients who showed improved cognitive or motor functional status, those with no change, respectively, had a 31% and 33% reduced risk of dissatisfaction. In addition, rehospitalized patients had a higher risk of dissatisfaction. For the proxy reported data subset, significant influences on satisfaction were health maintenance, rehospitalization, stroke type, ethnicity, cognitive FIM(TM) gain, length of stay, and follow-up therapy. Conclusions: Ratings of satisfaction with rehabilitation services were affected by change in functional status and whether the information was collected from patient rating or proxy response.

Ocular scanning and perceptual size distortion in hemispatial neglect: effects of prism adaptation and sequential stimulus presentation

When asked to compare two lateralized shapes for horizontal size, neglect patients often indicate the left stimulus to be smaller. Gainotti and Tiacci (1971) hypothesized that this phenomenon might be related to a rightward bias in the patients' gaze. This study aimed to assess the relation between this size underestimation and oculomotor asymmetries. Eye movements were recorded while three neglect patients judged the horizontal extent of two rectangles. Two experimental manipulations were performed to increase the likelihood of symmetrical scanning of the stimulus display. The first manipulation entailed a sequential, rather than simultaneous presentation of the two rectangles. The second required adaptation to rightward displacing prisms, which is known to reduce many manifestations of neglect. All patients consistently underestimated the left rectangle, but the pattern of verbal responses and eye movements suggested different underlying causes. These include a distortion of space perception without ocular asymmetry, a failure to view the full leftward extent of the left stimulus, and a high-level response bias. Sequential presentation of the rectangles and prism adaptation reduced ocular asymmetries without affecting size underestimation. Overall, the results suggest that leftward size underestimation in neglect can arise for a number of different reasons. Incomplete leftward scanning may perhaps be sufficient to induce perceptual size distortion, but it is not a necessary prerequisite.

Physical activity and sedentary behavior: A population-based study of barriers, enjoyment, and preference

The associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior with barriers, enjoyment, and preferences were examined in a population-based mail survey of 1,332 adults. Respondents reporting high enjoyment and preference for physical activity were more likely to report high levels of activity. Those reporting cost, the weather, and personal barriers to physical activity were less likely to be physically active. Preference for sedentary behavior was associated with the decreased likelihood of being physically active, and the weather as a barrier to physical activity was associated with the increased likelihood of sedentary behavior. These constructs can be used to examine individual and environmental influences on physical activity and sedentary behavior in specific populations and could inform the development of targeted interventions.

Abrang??ncia, inser????o e impacto transformador dos sistemas de compras eletr??nicas na administra????o p??blica: an??lise do Siasg/Comprasnet

Quais as funcionalidades necess??rias aos sistemas de compras eletr??nicas no ambiente da administra????o p??blica? Que par??metros s??o relevantes para a an??lise e a avalia????o desses sistemas? O trabalho aborda a aplica????o da tecnologia da informa????o ??s compras governamentais, focalizando o caso do Sistema Integrado de Administra????o de Servi??os Gerais (Siasg) e seu portal na Internet, o Comprasnet, desenvolvido pela Administra????o P??blica Federal brasileira. Contextualiza a emerg??ncia do com??rcio eletr??nico e sua aplica????o ?? administra????o p??blica. Sistematiza as fases e os procedimentos do processo de compras e contrata????es na administra????o p??blica brasileira, indicando os componentes e as funcionalidades que devem compor os sistemas de compras eletr??nicas governamentais. Prop??e par??metros de an??lise para a avalia????o desses sistemas: abrang??ncia, inser????o e impacto na transforma????o da gest??o. A aplica????o desses par??metros ao estudo de caso evidencia que o Siasg/Comprasnet apresenta abrang??ncia ainda incompleta, inser????o consolidada e impacto transformador mais acentuado sobre as compras realizadas por meio de modalidades de licita????o eletr??nicas.

Reforma do setor p??blico e participa????o sindical: o caso do sistema de pens??o italiano

O paper estuda o caso da recente reforma da Previd??ncia na It??lia, ilustrando a possibilidade de uma participa????o positiva dos sindicatos ??? tradicionalmente contr??rios ??s reformas ??? no processo de transforma????o do setor p??blico. Ap??s uma revis??o do sistema previdenci??rio italiano, altamente fragmentado e particularista na opini??o dos autores, e o apontamento de suas principais defici??ncias, o estudo concentra-se na an??lise de tr??s propostas de reforma ligadas aos governos de Amato (1992-93), Berlusconi (1994) e Dini (1995), respectivamente. O texto aborda tanto as propostas concretas de mudan??a, trazendo contribui????es sobre uma variedade consider??vel de medidas, seu impacto e aceita????o sociais e por categoria, como os objetivos visados e o processo pol??tico relacionado ?? sua discuss??o e tramita????o. Uma preocupa????o constante dos autores ?? a correla????o entre a postura e a participa????o dos sindicatos em mat??ria de reforma previdenci??ria, por um lado, e o avan??o das propostas governamentais, por outro. Segundo o estudo, a ampla participa????o da for??a sindical na negocia????o do projeto de reforma previdenci??ria do governo Dini representou um fator decisivo para sua aprova????o e implementa????o bem-sucedidas. Ao mesmo tempo, a delibera????o democr??tica para concilia????o de prefer??ncias e interesses (m??ltiplos no caso de assuntos norteados pela dicotomia bem comum/interesse particular) ??? objeto da ??ltima sess??o do estudo ??? ?? vista como uma forma de ampliar a participa????o sindical al??m das lideran??as, passando a incluir os rank-and-file trabalhadores, um procedimento que traz, igualmente, a for??a de uma decis??o majorit??ria. A an??lise da reforma da Previd??ncia italiana ?? ilustrada no paper com tabelas que trazem e comparam dados referentes ?? contribui????o previdenci??ria, ??s categorias de beneficiados e ??s diferentes propostas de reforma formuladas por sucessivos governos italianos.

A pesquisa governamental de opini??o p??blica: raz??es, limites e a experi??ncia recente no Brasil

Este trabalho discute raz??es pelas quais se deve esperar que governos representativos mantenham um programa institucionalizado de pesquisa de opini??o p??blica. O argumento divide-se em quatro se????es. Na primeira, discutem-se raz??es te??ricas e operacionais para que os governos acompanhem ao longo do tempo o comportamento de opini??es e prefer??ncias dos cidad??os. Na segunda, descrevem-se as consequ??ncias da (im)popularidade governamental, medida sint??tica e crucial da rela????o entre representantes e representados. Em seguida, uma terceira se????o aponta poss??veis fronteiras ou limites que permitiriam distinguir o escopo das pesquisas de opini??o p??blica realizadas pelos governos daquele das conduzidas com prop??sito cient??fico, mercadol??gico e, sobretudo, eleitoral. Finalmente, a quarta se????o descreve a recente experi??ncia do governo brasileiro nessa ??rea

A pol??tica da reforma do Estado: um exame de abordagens te??ricas

O artigo aborda a contribui????o de tr??s diferentes perspectivas te??ricas ??? o institucionalismo da economia pol??tica (IEP), o institucionalismo da escolha racional (IER) e o institucionalismo da sociologia (IS) ??? para a compreens??o dos desdobramentos da organiza????o estatal e das pol??ticas de reforma do aparelho do Estado. Tais perspectivas s??o complementares ou excludentes, mas cada uma oferece explica????es diferentes sobre atores, prefer??ncias e dificuldades a serem enfrentadas. O texto explica algumas das hip??teses sobre reforma do Estado, contidas em cada perspectiva, observando as suas vantagens e limita????es, e fornece tamb??m uma avalia????o preliminar da relev??ncia te??rica de cada uma para a pesquisa emp??rica na Am??rica Latina e Europa Oriental.

A constru????o da Lei de Acesso ?? Informa????o P??blica no Brasil: desafios na implementa????o de seus princ??pios

Nos ??ltimos anos, diversos pa??ses t??m feito grandes modifica????es em suas legisla????es, na tentativa de proteger o direito de acesso ?? informa????o e adequar sua legisla????o interna ??s exig??ncias impostas por tratados internacionais. A Lei de Acesso ?? Informa????o brasileira (Lei n?? 12.527, de 2011) foi constru??da a partir dos par??metros internacionalmente reconhecidos. Esses par??metros incorporam novos conceitos que ampliam o entendimento comum sobre o princ??pio da publicidade e recomendam a ado????o do princ??pio da m??xima transpar??ncia. A nova lei ?? essencial para melhorar as condi????es de acesso ??s informa????es governamentais no Brasil, como ser?? mostrado na an??lise feita da experi??ncia dos Estados Unidos da Am??rica e do M??xico. Contudo, devido a dificuldades relacionadas especialmente ?? burocracia administrativa, o direito de acesso ?? informa????o tender?? a permanecer incompleto, enquanto n??o for incorporado a uma pol??tica p??blica capaz de traduzir esse direito em um conjunto de a????es governamentais que garantam sua efetividade.

Triste e incompleta : uma visão feminina da mulher infértil

Este artigo relata resultados de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo investigar as representações sociais da infertilidade feminina, entre mulheres de diferentes estratos sociais. Foram entrevistadas 180 mulheres, com idade variando entre 18 e 40 anos, sendo 90 moradoras de bairros populares, e 90 moradoras de dois bairros considerados de classe-média. Cada grupo foi dividido em 3 subgrupos: a) 30 mulheres casadas, com pelo menos um filho biológico; b) 30 mulheres casadas há pelo menos 1 ano, sem filhos; c) 30 mulheres solteiras, sem filhos. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se a técnica de associação livre, tendo como expressão geradora "mulher que não pode ter filhos", além de perguntas específicas sobre a temática de interesse. Os dados mostraram como principais elementos do campo representacional tristeza, incompleta, frustração, cobrança dos outros, solidão, pessoa inferior, adoção, busca de soluções e não é problema, confirmando a permanência da concepção da infertilidade como uma condição estigmatizante para a mulher.

Caracterização molecular de três espécies de Trachycephalus (Anura: Hylidae) : investigando potenciais híbridos interespecíficos

Animais híbridos representam um desafio à taxonomia e sistemática, pois correspondem a unidades evolutivas geralmente sem clara delimitação morfológica, comportamental e genética. Híbridos podem ser morfologicamente intermediários aos parentais ou, devido à introgressão e retrocruzamentos, suas características podem se misturar tornando difícil sua identificação. Uma das formas de identificação de híbridos é por meio de ferramentas de biologia molecular, que ao utilizarem marcadores de DNA mitocondrial (herança exclusiva materna) e DNA nuclear (herança materna e paterna), permitem a comparação entre informações genéticas. Além da hibridização existem outras fontes de conflito entre dados moleculares provenientes do DNA mitocondrial e DNA nuclear, como por exemplo a retenção de polimorfismos ancentrais. Em localidades do Espírito Santo, Brasil, foram coletados indivíduos de morfologia distinta de Trachycephalus mesophaeus e T. nigromaculatus, que são as únicas espécies do gênero conhecidas nesse estado. Porém, estudos piloto usando o gene mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidase subunidade I (COI) agruparam esses espécimes com amostras de T. typhonius. Devido a estas incongruências, foram sequenciados fragmentos de dois genes mitocondriais - COI e Nicotinamida Desidrogenase subunidade 2 (ND2) e um exon nuclear (tirosinase) de 173 indivíduos de Trachycephalus, de forma a esclarecer as identificações taxonômicas e investigar a correspondência entre caracteres morfológicos e genéticos nesta linhagem, na sua área de ocorrência As filogenias moleculares, divergências genéticas, redes de haplótipos e polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos (SNPs) confirmaram as três espécies acima mencionadas como linhagens evolutivas distintas e revelaram mais sete indivíduos potencialmente híbridos, mas morfologicamente assinalados a T. mesophaeus, T. nigromaculatus ou T. typhonius.. Devido à taxa de evolução lenta da tirosinase, as espécies mais recentes T. typhonius e T. nigromaculatus parecem não terem sido sorteadas completamente nesse gene. Já T. mesophaeus, que é a espécie mais antiga das três, foi recuperada inequivocamente em todas as análises. De forma inédita, as análises moleculares evidenciaram a ocorrência de introgressão bidirecional entre T. nigromaculatus e T. typhonius e entre T. nigromaculatus e T. mesophaeus, sendo que há indícios de indivíduos F1 (cruzamentos entre espécies parentais puras gerando híbridos). A utilização do gene ND2 mostrou-se mais eficiente do que o gene COI nas filogenias e, apesar da tirosinase ser um gene nuclear de evolução lenta, contribuiu para a identificação de incongruências citonucleares. Nossos resultados mostram que a história filogenética de Trachycephalus é complexa e que o uso de marcadores nucleares de evolução mais rápida e ampliação dessas análises para outras espécies do gênero podem revelar mais eventos de hibridização.