Reengineering and modelling of a product certification process

Työn teoriaosuudessa tutkittiin prosessien uudelleen suunnittelua, prosessien mallintamista sekä prosessimittariston rakentamista. Työn tavoitteena oli uudelleen suunnitella organisaation sertifiointiprosessi. Tämän tavoitteen saavuttamiseksi piti mallintaa nykyinen ja uusi prosessi sekä rakentaa mittaristo, joka antaisi organisaatiolle arvokasta tietoa siitä, kuinka tehokkaasti uusi prosessi toimii. Työ suoritettiin osallistuvana toimintatutkimuksena. Diplomityön tekijä oli toiminut kohdeorganisaatiossa työntekijänä jo useita vuosia ja pystyi näinollen hyödyntämään omaa tietämystään sekä nykyisen prosessin mallintamisessa, että uuden prosessin suunnittelussa. Työn tuloksena syntyi uusi sertifiointiprosessi, joka on karsitumpi ja tehokkaampi kuin edeltäjänsä. Uusi mittaristojärjestelmä rakennettiin, jota organisaation johto kykenisi seuraamaan prosessin sidosryhmien tehokkuutta sekä tuotteiden laadun kehitystä. Sivutuotteena organisaatio sai käyttöönsä yksityiskohtaiset prosessikuvaukset, joita voidaan hyödyntää koulutusmateriaalina uutta henkilöstöä rekrytoitaessa sekä informatiivisena työkaluna esiteltäessä prosessia virallisille sertifiointitahoille.

CSR and CSR communication’s effect on prospective employees

The aim of this Master’s Thesis was to examine whether corporate social responsibility and CSR communication has effect on company’s image in the eyes of 18-25 year olds young job seekers and thus study young adults perceptions on these issues. By utilizing previous academic literature a through picture of the main topics was built and by conducting quantitative research, research’s aim was sought to answer. The framework defines the link between research’s main concepts corporate image, CSR and CSR communication and how this can lead to attracting prospective employees. A quantitative research method was applied and an online survey was sent to people whom had applied for L&T by June during the year 2015. Out of these people, those who were aged 18-15 and had vocational education were qualified to answer the survey. The data was analyzed by utilizing statistical analysis and causal relationships were found though which the explanation of perceptions and impacts was possible. The results showed that young adults are influenced by CSR and CSR communication and thus these factors have an impact on prospective employees.

Tietohallinnon haasteet kasvavassa ja kehittyvässä toimintaympäristössä – Toimintatutkimus suomalaisen PK-yrityksen kasvusta globaaliksi toimijaksi

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kuvata suomalaisen PK-yrityksen kasvamista globaa- liksi toimijaksi. Tapahtunut kasvu on tarkoittanut case-yrityksen kohdalla liike- vaihdon ja henkilöstömäärän kasvun lisäksi myös toimipaikkojen määrän kasvua ja organisaatiorakenteen monimutkaistumista. Näiden muutosten perusteella ja ta- pahtuneiden muutoskohtien avulla on löydettävissä yrityksen toimintaa kuvaavia vaiheita, joita ovat alkuvaihe, kasvuvaihe ja kypsä vaihe. Näiden vaiheiden jälkeen tulee vielä neljäs vaihe, eli uusiutumisvaihe tai laskeva vaihe. Tämän neljännen vaiheen suunta riippuu yrityksen kyvystä uusiutua ja kehittyä vastaamaan uusiin tuleviin haasteisiin joita aikaisempaa globaalimpi toiminta tuo tullessaan. Tapahtuneilla muutoksilla on ollut myös vaikutusta tietohallintoon. Tämä tieto- hallinnossa tapahtunut muutos onkin tämän tutkimuksen ydin, eli mitä haasteita ja vaatimuksia Trafotekin tietohallinto on kohdannut toiminnan eri vaiheissa, ja onko tietohallinto pystynyt omalta osaltaan vastaamaan näihin vaatimuksiin. Toiminnan alkuvaiheessa tietotekniikalla ei ollut suurtakaan strategista ja liike- toimintaa tukevaa roolia, ja tietohallinto pystyikin vastaamaan liiketoiminnan vaa- timuksiin. Tässä vaiheessa Trafotekissa ei ollut erillistä tietohallintoa, vaan tieto- tekniset työt hoidettiin muiden työtehtävien ohessa. Tietotekniset tehtävät olivat lähinnä tukitoimintoihin liittyviä tehtäviä. Kasvuvaiheessa tietotekniikan merkitys kasvoi, ja Trafotekiin tuli tarvetta luoda erillinen tietotekninen työtehtävä. Tässä toiminnan vaiheessa kyvykkyydet ja kypsyys eivät kuitenkaan kehittyneet halu- tulla tavalla, sillä kaikki käytössä oleva resursointi käytettiin edelleen päivittäisiin tukitoimintoihin, kehittämisen sijaan. Sama kehittymättömyys vaivasi toiminnan kypsässä vaiheessa. Tässä vaiheessa toki alettiin jo ymmärtää, että tietohallinnolla on strateginen rooli, joka tukee liiketoimintaa sen tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa. Tehty tutkimus tukee näkemystä siitä, että myös tietohallinnon kehittäminen on kokonaisvaltaista kehittämistä, jossa pitää huomioida toimintaa tukevia kyvyk- kyyksiä kaikissa toiminnan vaiheissa. Yrityksen kasvaessa myös tietohallinnon tu- lee kasvaa ja kehittyä. Osa tämän tutkimuksen tapahtumista oli tapahtunut ennen tämän tutkimustyön varsinaista aloittamista, eli ne kuvataan ja selitetään jälkijättöisesti. Kyseessä on toimintatutkimus, joka ajoittuu vuosiin 1996–2014. Avainsanat: globalisaatio, kansainvälinen kasvu, tietohallinto, tietohallinnon joh- taminen ja kehitys, kasvu-, kehitys- ja kypsyysmalli

Future operational-tactical level warfare : challenges and opportunities for the defence of Finland

Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College.

Can future systemic financial risks be quantified?: ergodic vs nonergodic stochastic processes

Different axioms underlie efficient market theory and Keynes's liquidity preference theory. Efficient market theory assumes the ergodic axiom. Consequently, today's decision makers can calculate with actuarial precision the future value of all possible outcomes resulting from today's decisions. Since in an efficient market world decision makers "know" their intertemporal budget constraints, decision makers never default on a loan, i.e., systemic defaults, insolvencies, and bankruptcies are impossible. Keynes liquidity preference theory rejects the ergodic axiom. The future is ontologically uncertain. Accordingly systemic defaults and insolvencies can occur but can never be predicted in advance.

Involving employees in six sigma

Six sigma is a quality improvement philosophy with systematic and formal approach. In order to successfully implement and utilize six sigma the basic disciplines of it should be adopted by the entire organization. Furthermore, employee involvement is crucial in six sigma implementation. This thesis addresses the challenges of long-lasting involvement in the case company. It focuses on gaps of involving six sigma trained employees, Black Belts. Theoretical framework of the thesis illustrates different factors influencing employee involvement. Influencing factors can be divided into ten categories: organizational culture, managerial commitment, leadership style, employee empowerment, employees’ perceptions, communication, training, goals, performance measurement and incentives. Factors and categories overlap and are related to each other. The framework provides holistic view of employee involvement in six sigma context but can be used also with other quality management philosophies. This thesis was conducted as a case study and written on an assignment to a power and automation technology company. Due to the nature of research problem, the data collection was conducted by interviewing case company personnel. In order to study involvement from employees’ point of view interview questions were designed to be open-ended and to allow the interviewees to tell freely about the phenomenon. This thesis provides empirical support on previous studies in organizational support, management commitment and employee empowerment. In addition, it indicates the importance of separate function for Black Belts in the organization. The gaps in Black Belt involvement can be categorized under two categories: Management driven gaps are related to management commitment, organizational structure and culture and information systems. Black Belt driven gaps are related to practice and effort of using six sigma. This thesis finds solutions for bridging these gaps in the case company by applying findings from literature research and suggestions given by the interviewees. For each gap, actions are suggested for bridging the discrepancy between current and desired situations. The thesis states that in order to embed six sigma in the organization the most crucial gaps, lack of management commitment, six sigma vision and possibilities to use six sigma, should be diminished.

The role of organization-level factors on informal learning process

This study discusses the nature of informal learning process in business organizations, and the importance of different organization-level factors in this process. The purpose of this study is to understand the role of organization-level factors on informal learning process with three subquestions: how informal learning process takes place in business organizations, what organization-level factors affects informal learning process, and how informal learning process is affected by organizational-level factors. The theoretical background of this study includes literatures on the concept of informal learning, its process, and organization-level factors that can affect informal learning process. The empirical research has been conducted in this study by face-to-face interviews. The interviews were conducted between June and August 2015 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Thirteen interviews were made with the employees from different hierarchical levels from four freight forwarding MNCs in Bangladesh. Constant comparative analysis has been used to process the collected data until reaching a level of saturation. The empirical research found that all the phases in an informal learning process are not linear and sequential, and the role of organization-level factors on each phase varies with the degree and nature of each factor. In addition, the results also revealed that all the organization-level factors do not interact with each other while playing their role on informal learning process. The findings of this study considerably extend our understanding of the important role of HRD, manager, colleague, culture, and work structure on informal learning process in the workplace. However, future research in different organizational contexts is required to generalize the findings of this study.

What is the current state of cloud service research and its promise for the future? A systematic literature review

The information technology (IT) industry has recently witnessed the proliferation of cloud services, which have allowed IT service providers to deliver on-demand resources to customers over the Internet. This frees both service providers and consumers from traditional IT-related burdens such as capital and operating expenses and allows them to respond rapidly to new opportunities in the market. Due to the popularity and growth of cloud services, numerous researchers have conducted studies on various aspects of cloud services, both positive and negative. However, none of those studies have connected all relevant information to provide a holistic picture of the current state of cloud service research. This study aims to investigate that current situation and propose the most promising future directions. In order to determine achieve these goals, a systematic literature review was conducted on studies with a primary focus on cloud services. Based on carefully crafted inclusion criteria, 52 articles from highly credible online sources were selected for the review. To define the main focus of the review and facilitate the analysis of literature, a conceptual framework with five main factors was proposed. The selected articles were organized under the factors of the proposed framework and then synthesized using a narrative technique. The results of this systematic review indicate that the impacts of cloud services on enterprises were the factor best covered by contemporary research. Researchers were able to present valuable findings about how cloud services impact various aspects of enterprises such as governance, performance, and security. By contrast, the role of service provider sub-contractors in the cloud service market remains largely uninvestigated, as do cloud-based enterprise software and cloud-based office systems for consumers. Moreover, the results also show that researchers should pay more attention to the integration of cloud services into legacy IT systems to facilitate the adoption of cloud services by enterprise users. After the literature synthesis, the present study proposed several promising directions for cloud service research by outlining research questions for the underexplored areas of cloud services, in order to facilitate the development of cloud service markets in the future.

Involving employees in six sigma

Six sigma is a quality improvement philosophy with systematic and formal approach. In order to successfully implement and utilize six sigma the basic disciplines of it should be adopted by the entire organization. Furthermore, employee involvement is crucial in six sigma implementation. This thesis addresses the challenges of long-lasting involvement in the case company. It focuses on gaps of involving six sigma trained employees, Black Belts. Theoretical framework of the thesis illustrates different factors influencing employee involvement. Influencing factors can be divided into ten categories: organizational culture, managerial commitment, leadership style, employee empowerment, employees’ perceptions, communication, training, goals, performance measurement and incentives. Factors and categories overlap and are related to each other. The framework provides holistic view of employee involvement in six sigma context but can be used also with other quality management philosophies. This thesis was conducted as a case study and written on an assignment to a power and automation technology company. Due to the nature of research problem, the data collection was conducted by interviewing case company personnel. In order to study involvement from employees’ point of view interview questions were designed to be open-ended and to allow the interviewees to tell freely about the phenomenon. This thesis provides empirical support on previous studies in organizational support, management commitment and employee empowerment. In addition, it indicates the importance of separate function for Black Belts in the organization. The gaps in Black Belt involvement can be categorized under two categories: Management driven gaps are related to management commitment, organizational structure and culture and information systems. Black Belt driven gaps are related to practice and effort of using six sigma. This thesis finds solutions for bridging these gaps in the case company by applying findings from literature research and suggestions given by the interviewees. For each gap, actions are suggested for bridging the discrepancy between current and desired situations. The thesis states that in order to embed six sigma in the organization the most crucial gaps, lack of management commitment, six sigma vision and possibilities to use six sigma, should be diminished.

The role of organization-level factors on informal learning process

This study discusses the nature of informal learning process in business organizations, and the importance of different organization-level factors in this process. The purpose of this study is to understand the role of organization-level factors on informal learning process with three subquestions: how informal learning process takes place in business organizations, what organizationlevel factors affects informal learning process, and how informal learning process is affected by organizational-level factors. The theoretical background of this study includes literatures on the concept of informal learning, its process, and organization-level factors that can affect informal learning process. The empirical research has been conducted in this study by face-to-face interviews. The interviews were conducted between June and August 2015 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Thirteen interviews were made with the employees from different hierarchical levels from four freight forwarding MNCs in Bangladesh. Constant comparative analysis has been used to process the collected data until reaching a level of saturation. The empirical research found that all the phases in an informal learning process are not linear and sequential, and the role of organization-level factors on each phase varies with the degree and nature of each factor. In addition, the results also revealed that all the organization-level factors do not interact with each other while playing their role on informal learning process. The findings of this study considerably extend our understanding of the important role of HRD, manager, colleague, culture, and work structure on informal learning process in the workplace. However, future research in different organizational contexts is required to generalize the findings of this study.

Nursing students and older people nursing. Towards a future career

The purpose of this two-phased study is to examine the interest of nursing students in choosing a career in older people nursing. First, the scoping phase explores the different premises for choosing older people nursing as a career. Second, the evaluation phase investigates the outcomes of the developed educational intervention involving older people as promoters of choosing a career in older people nursing, factors related to these outcomes, and experiences with educational intervention. The ultimate goal is to encourage more nursing students to choose older people nursing as their career. The scoping phase applies an exploratory design and centres around a descriptive, cross-sectional survey, documentary research and a scoping literature review. The information sources for this phase include 183 nursing students, 101 newspaper articles and 66 research articles. The evaluation phase applies a quasi-experimental design and a pre-post-test design with a non-equivalent comparison group and a post-intervention survey. The information sources for this phase include 87 nursing students and 43 older people. In both phases, statistical and narrative methods are applied in the data analysis. Nursing students neutrally regarded the idea of a career in older people nursing. The most consistent factors related to the nursing students’ career plans in older people nursing were found to be nursing work experience and various educational preparations in the field. Nursing students in the intervention group (n=40) were more interested in older people nursing and had more positive attitudes towards older people than did students in the comparison group (n=36). However, in both groups, the interest that students had at the baseline was associated with the interest at the one-month follow-up. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the students’ knowledge levels about ageing. The nursing students and older people alike highly appreciated participating in the educational intervention. It seems possible to positively impact nursing students and their choices to pursue careers in older people nursing, at least in the short-term. The involvement of older people as promoters of this career choice provides one encouraging alternative for impacting students’ career choices, but additional research is needed.

Future of Internet News Portals after the Case of Delfi

The thesis analyzes liability of Internet news portals for third-party defamatory comments. After the case of Delfi AS v. Estonia, decided by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights on 16 June 2015, a portal can be held liable for user-generated unlawful comments. The thesis aims at exploring consequences of the case of Delfi for Internet news portals’ business model. The model is described as a mixture of two modes of information production: traditional industrial information economy and new networked information economy. Additionally, the model has a generative comment environment. I name this model “the Delfian model”. The thesis analyzes three possible strategies which portals will likely apply in the nearest future. I will discuss these strategies from two perspectives: first, how each strategy can affect the Delfian model and, second, how changes in the model can, in their turn, affect freedom of expression. The thesis is based on the analysis of case law, legal, and law and economics literature. I follow the law and technology approach in the vein of ideas developed by Lawrence Lessig, Yochai Benkler and Jonathan Zittrain. The Delfian model is researched as an example of a local battle between industrial and networked information economy modes. The thesis concludes that this local battle is lost because the Delfian model has to be replaced with a new walled-garden model. Such a change can seriously endanger freedom of expression.

EXPLOITING SCENARIO PLANNING FOR STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE EXTERNAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Future insights of the European pet food sector

The purpose of this study is to explore how scenarios can be exploited in strategic assessment of the external business environment. One of the key challenges for managers worldwide is to adapt their businesses to the ever-changing business environment. As the companies’ external business environment is constantly presenting new opportunities and threats, it is extremely important that companies continuously monitor the possible changes happening around it. As the speed of change rises, assessing the future has become more and more vital. The study was conducted as an exploratory research and the research strategy was influenced by scenario planning and case study strategy. The study examined the European pet food sector from the future point of view. Qualitative study was chosen as research approach and empirical data was collected primarily by seven expert interviews. The secondary data about the sector was applied as complementary empirical data. In the theoretical part of the research it was discovered that nowadays, traditional analysis frameworks are ill-suited for strategic assessment of the external business environment. This is why a self-created combination framework for analysis was employed both as study’s theoretical framework and analysis technique. Furthermore, the framework formed the base for interview questions. Both in theoretical and the empirical part of the study it was found that today, in strategic assessment of the external business environment, besides setting focus on the current situation, it is important to concentrate also on the future. The traditional analysis frameworks offer a good starting point for collecting relevant data but they do not encourage conducting a deeper analysis. By adding characteristics from scenario planning to these more traditional tools, a new analysis framework was created, which ensured the more comprehensive analysis. By understanding the interconnections between discovered phenomena and changes, and by recognizing uncertainties, the user is helped to reflect the environment more profoundly. The contributions of the study are both theoretical and managerial. A new analysis framework strives to answer to the current needs for strategic assessment of external business environment and the framework was tested in the context of European pet food sector. When it comes to managerial contributions, the importance lies in understanding the future. Managers must take future into account and understand that future includes various possibilities which all must be reflected