1000 resultados para Problema de custo de colheita


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Conventional sample holder cells used to the electric characterization of ceramics at high temperature consists of an alumina tube and platinum wires and plates using a complex design. The high cost materials used in the conventional sampler holder cell were replaced by stainless steel and conventional ceramics. The sample holder was validated by characterizing yttria-stabilized-zirconia in a temperature range of 25 to 700 ºC. The results do not present variations, discontinuity or unusual noise in the electric signals. Several samples were characterized without maintenance, which demonstrates that the sample holder is electric and mechanic adequate to be used to electrical characterization of ceramics up to 700 ºC.

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The present manuscript shows the synthesis of nickel hydroxide supported in carbon (Ni(OH)2/C) as a alternative material for catalytic alcohol oxidation in alkaline medium. The Ni(OH)2/C was synthesized in different percentage using a sonic bath. No current densities variation during successive cyclic voltammetry experiments was observed. The Ni(OH)2/C electrodes exhibit a potent and persistent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of different alcohols. In addition, alcohols electooxidation occurs in less positive potential compared with noble metal catalyst.

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A fruit chemical composition reflects its maturation stage. For coffee, it is also the reflex of the post-harvesting processing type, dry, semi-wet and wet. The object of this work was to verify if headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography (HS-SPME-GC) could be used to discriminate between samples harvested in different maturation stages and treated by different processes. With application of principal component analysis to the area of 117 compounds extracted by SPME, using divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber, it was possible to discriminate, in the roasted and ground coffee, the maturity stage and processing type used .

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Infrared spectroscopy is a versatile technique used for qualitative and quantitative determination of all types of molecular species. As far as analysis of confined or flowing gases is concerned, different types of cell can be found in the market, but they are often very expensive. This study describes the construction of a very efficient gas cell with good reproducibility for qualitative infrared analysis of confined or flowing gases, using easily available and low-cost materials.

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The construction of a low cost mini sensor containing a bismuth-film electrode (BiFE), as work electrode, a silver electrode as pseudo reference electrode, and copper as counter electrode is proposed. The application of this mini sensor using a low cost electrochemical cell for in loco voltammetric determinations of inorganic and organic analytes is also described.

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Extraction/concentration is a crucial step for the analysis of organic compounds at trace level concentrations and dispersed in complex matrices. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is one of the techniques used for this purpose. In this work, a low cost apparatus for SPE was developed that uses nitrogen under positive pressure and ensures the maintenance of the sample flow, while also allows the simultaneous extraction of different samples without cross-contamination and sample contact with plastic materials. For the system set up, easily accessible materials were used such as hypodermic needles, stainless steel tubes, rubber stoppers, and 3-way valves from serum delivery apparatus.

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Ultraviolet radiation corresponds to a fraction of electromagnetic radiation, covering wavelengths between 1 and 400 nm. Methods based on UV irradiation have become popular because it is possible to treat samples simply by applying energy, avoiding procedures that require the use of toxic substances, thus contributing to the development of Green Chemistry. This study aimed to assess the main applications of UV radiation reported in the literature and thoroughly described the construction of an alternative and low-cost photochemical reactor to be used for the pretreatment of samples in the laboratory. The use of this new photochemical reactor in the clean-up of milk samples for spectrofluorimetric measurements was also reported.

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This work describes a simple and inexpensive flow injection analysis system in which gravity force provides fluid propulsion while needles for insulin administration or metallic wires act as electrodes for amperometric detection. The proposed system was able to demonstrate the influence of several operational parameters on the transient signals. Moreover, this system was successfully used to evaluate both the stoichiometry of Cu2+-EDTA complex and the effect of pH on the kinetics of the reaction between ferricyanide and ascorbic acid. Therefore, the proposed system can be regarded as an efficient and accessible didactic tool for the teaching of FIA principles.

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In this paper, we describe the development of low-cost teaching experiments of electrogravimetry for undergraduate students using principles of green chemistry. Copper was electrochemically deposited on brass under an electrical current density of 50 mA cm−2 from acidic solutions containing nitrate anions. Color changes at the brass electrode and of the solution were observed, indicating that the reduction of copper ions had occurred. The deposition efficiency values were between 92.8% and 93.8%, and the electrochemical efficiency values were between 85.6% and 86.5%. There was no significant contribution from parallel reactions. These experimental conditions facilitated the didactic exploration of gravimetric and electrochemical concepts. Following the principles of green chemistry, the experiments produced no toxic substances, all the materials could be recycled, and the energy consumption was the lowest. For this reason, this experiment was considered to be very interesting for didactical purposes.

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Foi avaliada a influência da temperatura (5, 15, 25 e 35 °C), da duração do período de molhamento (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72 h) e da concentração de inóculo (10¹, 10², 10(4), 10(6) e 10(8) esporos/ml) na incidência de podridões de pós-colheita em frutos de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) (cv. Santa Clara) causadas por Fusarium verticillioides, Geotrichum candidum e Rhizopus stolonifer. A temperatura influenciou significativamente (P=0,05) a incidência de podridões, ocorrendo maior incidência de lesões em frutos incubados a 25 °C. Não foi observado o desenvolvimento de podridão em frutos inoculados com F. verticillioides e incubados nas temperaturas de 5 e 35 °C, sendo nesta última verificada a menor incidência de podridões causadas por G. candidum e R. stolonifer. Nas temperaturas de 5, 15 e 25 °C, a incidência de podridões causadas por R. stolonifer variou entre 97,5 e 100%. A presença de água livre na superfície dos frutos de tomateiro foi desnecessária para a incidência de podridões causadas por F. verticillioides, G. candidum e R. stolonifer, embora os níveis de incidência tenham aumentado com o incremento no período de molhamento, exceto para R. stolonifer, que causou a incidência máxima de doença (100%), na ausência de molhamento. A incidência de podridões aumentou com o incremento na concentração de inóculo de 10¹ a 10(8) esporos/mL, atingindo o máximo (100%) na concentração de 10(4) esporos/ml para F. verticillioides e R. stolonifer, enquanto o mesmo nível foi atingido por G. candidum com 10(8) esporos/ml.

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A podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) causa danos relevantes nos pessegueiros (Prunus persicae) apesar das práticas de profilaxia e produtos químicos utilizados em pré e pós-colheita. O controle biológico vem sendo pesquisado como alternativa, e neste trabalho foram selecionados microrganismos antagônicos ao patógeno e avaliada a eficiência destes antagônicos, de fungicidas (iminoctadine tris albesilate e azoxystrobin) e de fosfitos (CaB e K) no controle da doença em pós-colheita. No laboratório, o antagonismo de fungos filamentosos obtidos de pêssegos da região da Lapa, PR, foi avaliado utilizando dois métodos: culturas pareadas e difusão de metabólitos por membrana. Em pós-colheita, dois ensaios foram realizados utilizando frutos da safra 1997 e 1999. Cada fruto foi imerso nas suspensões preparadas com os produtos químicos e com os fungos antagônicos e, em seguida, inoculado com o patógeno por aspersão. Avaliou-se a incidência da doença em ferimentos provocados e fora deles. Os fungos que mostraram produção de substâncias inibitórias foram Trichothecium spp. (isolados F1, F2 e F4), e Trichoderma spp. (F8 e F12) e, com crescimento sobre o patógeno foram Trichoderma spp. (F7, F8 e F12) e Penicillium sp (F9). Nos frutos, os antagonistas que exerceram maior controle da doença foram os isolados de Trichothecium spp. (F1 e F2), acima de 80% de controle, não diferindo estatisticamente dos fungicidas testados, iminoctadine e azoxystrobin. O fosfito de K proporcionou um controle superior a 85% de lesões latentes em ambos experimentos.

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A new post-harvest disease of coconut (Cocos nucifera) was recently detected in fruits exported to European countries. The main symptoms are the blacking and cracking of basal parts of the fruits. Water oozing may occurs as the infection progresses. The fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae has been frequently isolated from the lesions. Inoculation tests proved that this pathogen is the causal agent of the coconut fruit basal rot. This is the first occurrence of this post-harvest disease in Brazil.

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O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o efeito do tratamento com água quente no controle da podridão branca (Botryosphaeria dothidea) em maçãs (Malus domestica) cv. Fuji. Os tratamentos foram combinações de três tempos de imersão em água quente (1, 2, e 3 min) e três temperaturas da água (47, 49 e 52 °C), utilizando frutos inoculados com o patógeno. As maçãs foram armazenadas na temperatura de 0-1 °C em atmosfera controlada (AC) de 1,2 a 1,6 kPa de O2 e 0,2 a 0,4 kPa de CO2 e em ar refrigerado (AR). As amostras armazenadas foram avaliadas ao final um, três e cinco meses em AC ou AR mais sete dias em temperatura ambiente. Avaliou-se o diâmetro de lesão e variáveis da qualidade dos frutos. Os tratamentos de imersão em água quente reduziram o tamanho das lesões das maçãs quando o tratamento foi de 47 °C por 3 min em armazenamento em AC. A armazenagem em AC manteve melhores as características qualitativas das maçãs.