Precise modal excitation in multimode fibre for control of modal dispersion and mode-group division multiplexing

Each mode of a multimode fibre is excited using binary phase patterns on a Spatial Light Modulator and verified by observation of the near-field leaving the fibre and analysis of the step response. © 2011 OSA.

Wave dispersion and power flow analysis of an infinite aerofoil-shaped beam

Classic flutter analysis models an aerofoil as a two degree-of-freedom rigid body supported by linear and torsional springs, which represent the bending and torsional stiffness of the aerofoil section. In this classic flutter model, no energy transfer or dissipation can occur in the span-wise direction of the aerofoil section. However, as the aspect ratio of an aerofoil section increases, this span-wise energy transfer - in the form of travelling waves - becomes important to the overall system dynamics. This paper extends the classic flutter model to include travelling waves in the span-wise direction. Namely, wave dispersion and power flow analysis of an infinite, aerofoil-shaped beam, subject to bending, torsion, tension and a constant wind excitation, is used to investigate the overall system stability. Examples of potential applications for these high aspect ratio aerofoil sections include high-altitude balloon tethers, towed cables, offshore risers and mooring lines.

Gastropods on submersed macrophytes in Yangtze lakes: Community characteristics and empirical modelling

Epiphytic gastropods in Yangtze lakes have suffered from large-scale declines of submersed macrophytes during past decades. To better understand what controls gastropod community, monthly investigations were carried out in four Yangtze lakes during December, 2001-March, 2003. Composed of 23 species belonging to Pulmonata and Prosobranchia, the community is characterized by the constitution of small individuals. The average density and biomass were 417 +/- 160 ind/m(2) and 18.05 +/- 7.43 g/m(2), with maxima a-round August. Submersed macrophyte biomass is shown to be the key factor affecting species number, density, and biomass of gastropods. Accordingly, a series of annual and seasonal models yielding high predictive powers were generated. Preference analyses demonstrated that pulmonates and prosobranchs with different respiratory organs prefer different macrophyte functional groups.

Empirical modelling of submersed macrophytes in Yangtze lakes

Submersed macrophytes in Yangtze lakes have experienced large-scale declines due to the increasing human activities during past decades. To seek the key factor that affects their growth, monthly investigations of submersed macrophytes were conducted in 20 regions of four Yangtze lakes during December, 2001-March, 2003. Analyses based on annual values show that the ratio of Secchi depth to mean depth is the key factor (50% of macrophyte biomass variability among these lakes is statistically explained). Further analyses also demonstrate that the months from March to June are not only the actively growing season for most macrophytes, but the key time the factor acts. Five key-time models yielding higher predictive power (r(2) reaches 0.75,0.76,0.77,0.69 and 0.81) are generated. A comparison between key-time models and traditional synchronic ones indicates that key-time models have higher predictive power. Analyses of transparency thresholds during macrophyte growing season and the limitations of the models are presented. The models and other results may benefit the work concerning submersed macrophyte recovery in Yangtze lakes. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of 266 pesticide residues in apple juice by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography-mass selective detection

A macro matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) method was developed to extract 266 pesticides from apple juice samples prior to gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD) determination. A 10 g samples was mixed with 20 g diatomaceous earth. The mixture was transferred into a glass column. Pesticide residues were leached with a 160 mL hexane-dichloromethane (1:1) at 5 mL/min. Two hundred and sixty-six pesticides were divided into three groups and detected by GC-MSD under selective ion monitoring. The proposed method takes advantage of both liquid-liquid extraction and conventional MSPD methods. Application was illustrated by the analysis of 236 apple juice samples produced in Shaanxi province China mainland this year. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fiber Dispersion and Nonlinearity Influences on Transmissions of AM and FM Data Modulation Signals in Radio-Over-Fiber System

Transmission properties of data amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) in radio-over-fiber (RoF) system are studied numerically. The influences of fiber dispersion and nonlinearity on different microwave modulation schemes, including double side band (DSB), single side band (SSB) and optical carrier suppression (OCS), are investigated and compared. The power penalties at the base station (BS) and the eye opening penalties of the recovered data at the end users are both calculated and analyzed. Numerical simulation results reveal that the power penalty of FM can be drastically decreased due to the larger modulation depth it can achieve than that of AM. The local spectrum broadening around subcarrier microwave frequency of AM due to fiber nonlinearity can also be eliminated with FM. It is demonstrated for the first time that the eye openings of the FM recovered data can be controlled by its modulation depths and the coding formats. Negative voltage encoding format was used to further decrease the RF frequency thus increase the fluctuation period considering their inverse relationship.

Dispersion-compensating photonic crystal fibers with special characteristics

Based on the modified dual core structure, three kinds of special photonic crystal fibers are presented, which are extremely large negative dispersion, super-broad bond, and large area made field dispersion-compensating photonic crystal fibers (DCPCF). For extremely large negative dispersion DCPCF, the peak of negative dispersion reaches -5.9 x 10(4) ps/(mn km). Super-broad bond DCPCF has broadband large negative dispersion and the dispersion value varies linearly from -380 ps/(nm km) to -420 ps/(nm km) in the C band. The designed large area made field DCPCF has a peak dispersion of -1203 ps/(nm km) with the inner core mode area of 47 mu m(2) and outer core mode area of 835 mu m(2). Furthermore, for the large area mode field DCPCF, the experimental result is also obtained. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Quantum mechanical simulation of nanosized metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor using empirical pseudopotentials: A comparison for charge density occupation methods

The atomistic pseudopotential quantum mechanical calculations are used to study the transport in million atom nanosized metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. In the charge self-consistent calculation, the quantum mechanical eigenstates of closed systems instead of scattering states of open systems are calculated. The question of how to use these eigenstates to simulate a nonequilibrium system, and how to calculate the electric currents, is addressed. Two methods to occupy the electron eigenstates to yield the charge density in a nonequilibrium condition are tested and compared. One is a partition method and another is a quasi-Fermi level method. Two methods are also used to evaluate the current: one uses the ballistic and tunneling current approximation, another uses the drift-diffusion method. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3248262]

High speed 2x2 optical switch in silicon-on-insulator based on plasma dispersion effect

Based on free carrier plasma dispersion effect, a 2 x 2 optical switch is fabricated in a silicon-on-insulator substrate by inductively coupled-plasma technology and ion implantation. The device has a Mach-Zehnder interferometer structure, in which two directional couplers serve as the power splitter and combiner. The switch presents an insertion loss of 3.04 dB and a response time of 496 ns.

Tunable ultra-narrow band-gap of anomalous dispersion photonic crystals

We use the transfer-matrix method to research the band structures in one-dimensional photonic crystals composed of anomalous dispersion material ( saturated atomic cesium vapor). Our calculations show that that type of photonic crystal possesses an ultra-narrow photonic band gap and this band gap is tunable when altering the electron population in the atomic ground state of the anomalous dispersion material by the optical pumping method. Copyright (C) EPLA, 2007.

A 2x2 optical switch based on plasma dispersion effect in silicon-on-insulator

Based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure, a 2 x 2 optical switch is fabricated on SOI wafer. Modulation of the refractive index of MZI arms is achieved through free carriers plasma dispersion effect of silicon. The device presents an insertion loss as low as 3.44 dB and a response time as small as 300 ns. The crosstalk and extinction ratio are -15.54 and 14.9 dB, respectively. Detailed analysis and explanation of the operating behaviors are also presented. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Refractive index dispersion measurement on nonlinear optical polymer using V-prism refractometer

By using V-prism refractometer, the refractive indices of a polyetherketone (PEK-c) guest-host polymer system were measured with the polymer in solutions. The Lorenz-Lorentz local field formalism was used in the calculation of the refractive indices of the polymers from the measured indices of the polymer solutions and the pure solvent by using V-prism refractometer. The refractive index dispersions of the polymers were obtained by fitting the measured indices of the polymers to Sellmeyer equation. The method allows for an accuracy in index of 0.7% in the determination of the polymer indices. In addition, a large difference between the indices of the polymer and the solvent, and a higher polymer volume fraction in the measured polymer solution are favorable for a high accuracy. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dispersion characteristics of nanometer-scaled silicon rib waveguides

We investigate the dispersion properties of nanometer-scaled silicon waveguides with channel and rib cross section around the optical fiber communication wavelength and systematically study their relationship with the key structural parameters of the waveguide. The simulation results show that the introduction of an extra degree of freedom in the rib depth enables the rib waveguide more flexible in engineering the group velocity dispersion (GVD) compared with the channel waveguide. Besides, we get the structural parameters of the waveguides that can realize zero-GVD at 1550 nm.

Additions and corrections to “Terminal coalgebras in well-founded set theory”

This note is to correct certain mistaken impressions of the author's that were in the original paper, “Terminal coalgebras in well-founded set theory”, which appeared in Theoretical Computer Science 114 (1993) 299–315.