998 resultados para Brasil. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDS)
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Leprosy is an ancient disease that still stands as a public health problem worldwide, especially in the considered developing countries. Of these, Brazil still has large areas of endemicity. The disease remains high among those younger than 15 years old. In this group, the national index achieves 0.6 every 10 000 inhabitants and reaches 2 in the North and Midwest of Brazil. Therefore, the plan of the Ministry of Health is to prioritize the fight against disease in critical areas, providing early diagnosis and timely treatment, especially for patients under 15 years old. This research aimed to: identify the knowledge of students from three schools of basic education in Parnamirim/RN about the risk of getting ill in leprosy; conduct them health education on this topic. An exploratory-descriptive study with quantitative and qualitative nature. Data collection consists of two steps: questionnaire and health education on leprosy. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of UFRN through the opinion nº 204/2009. Quantitative data obtained were organized, categorized, typed and submitted to the Microsoft Office - Excel for quantitative analysis with simple percentage. Qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis according to Bardin. The sample consisted of 164 students of basic education, most of which is: 1st year of high school, from 11 to 15 years, in the afternoon shift, female gender, skin color white and residents in the municipality of Parnamirim/RN. Still, each student living with four people curiously did not respond in relation to occupation of the father. But the same answered their mother as a housewife and a family income of one to less than four minimum wages. There have been significant results compared the performance of health education in leprosy. Initially, students possessed little knowledge about leprosy. Subsequent to health education, most knew the answer about the disease, transmission, cause, where to get help in case of suspicion of leprosy and the need for the people who lives with leprosy patients to also seek for help, the understanding about if it is treatable or not. Content analysis has established the following themes: axis I, what I do not know about leprosy: cure, fear and prejudice. Axis II, what I know about leprosy, we identified: cure, effectiveness of health education and social exclusion in the past. It is considered the scope of the proposed objectives by matching the effectiveness of health education on leprosy in basic education in Parnamirim/RN; emphasizes, therefore, the importance of understanding the knowledge of public school students. It is expected of them to detect early cases of leprosy in their communities; encourage adherence to treatment as quickly as possible; prevent disability; reduce the stigma surrounding the disease.
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Social behavior of Guiana dolphins, Sotalia guianensis, at Pipa Beach, RN, Brazil: dynamics, sequence, breathing synchrony, and responses to dolphin watching. Social animals form groups that can range from temporary to permanent. Depending on the nature of the social relationships developed between individuals, groups present a particular social organization and the effect of these interactions shapes the activity patterns of these animals. This study investigates: (i) fission-fusion dynamics of Guiana dolphins, through the analysis of three dimensions of the social system (variation in spatial cohesion, variation in size and composition of groups), (ii) sequence, routine and behavioral stability, (iii) breathing intervals in synchronized groups and (iv) behavioral responses of the animals to dolphin watching. Systematic observations of Guiana dolphins were made from a platform located in cliffs about 25 m above sea level that surround Madeiro Bay, Pipa Beach. Sampling occurred from December 2007 to February 2009 between 0600 h and 1600 h, and the groups of Guiana dolphins were investigated according to their size (alone and group) and composition (adults, adults and juveniles, and adults and calves). According to the analysis of fission-fusion dynamics, Guiana dolphin groups frequently changed their composition, modifying their patterns of spatial grouping and cohesion every 20 minutes on average. More than 50% of the individuals maintained a distance of up to 2 m from other group members and new individuals were attracted to the group, especially during feeding, leaving it for foraging. Large groups were more unstable than small, while groups containing only adults were more stable than groups of adults and juveniles. According to the Z-score analysis to investigate the sequence and behavioral routine, lone individuals were more ! .7! ! involved in foraging and feeding, while resting was more common in groups. Foraging and feeding were more common in homogeneous groups (individuals of the same age class), while heterogeneous groups (different age classes) were often involved in socialization, displaying a broader behavioral repertoire. Foraging and resting behavior presented higher stability (continuous duration in minutes) than the other behaviors. The analysis of breathing intervals in synchronized groups showed significant differences depending on type of behavior, composition and area preference. During resting, breathing intervals were of longer duration, and groups with calves showed shorter breathing intervals than groups without calves. Lone individuals also preferred areas called corral , often used for the entrapment of fishes. The Markov chain analysis revealed behavioral changes in the presence of boats, according to the type of group composition. Groups composed of adults presented decreased resting and increased in traveling during the presence of boats. Groups of adults and juveniles showed a massive reduction of socialization, while the behavior transition probability traveling-traveling was higher in groups of adults and calves. In the presence of the boats, stability of resting was reduced by one third of its original duration and traveling more than doubled. The behavioral patterns analyzed are discussed in light of socio-ecological models concerning costs and benefits of proximity between individuals and behavioral optimization. Furthermore, significant changes in behavioral patterns indicate that Guiana dolphins, at Pipa Beach, have suffered the effects of tourism as a result of violation of rules of conduct established for the study area
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The proposal of the Unified Health System Policy (SUS) has been considered one of the most democratic public policies in Brazil. In spite of this, its implementation in a context of social inequalities has demanded significant efforts. From a socio-constructionist perspective on social psychology, the study focused on the National Policy for Permanent Education in Health for the Unified Health System (SUS), launched by the Brazilian government in 2004, as an additional effort to improve practices and accomplish the effective implementation of the principles and guidelines of the Policy. Considering the process of permanent interdependencies between these propositions and the socio-political and cultural context, the study aimed to identify the discursive constructions articulated in the National Policy for Permanent Education in Health for the Unified Health System (SUS) and how they fit into the existing power relations of ongoing Brazilian socio-political context. Subject positionings and action orientation offered to different social actors by these discursive constructions and the kind of practices allowed were also explored, as well as the implementation of the proposal in Rio Grande do Norte state and how this process was perceived by the people involved. The information produced by documental analyses, participant observation and interviews was analyzed as proposed by Institutional Ethnography. It evidenced the inter-relations between the practices of different social actors, the conditions available for those practices and the interests and power relations involved. Discontinuities on public policies in Brazil and the tendency to prioritize institutional and personal interests, in detriment of collective processes of social transformation, were some of obstacles highlighted by participants. The hegemony of the medical model and the individualistic and curative intervention practices that the model elicits were also emphasized as one of the drawbacks of the ongoing system. Facing these challenges, reflexivity and dialogism appear as strategies for a transformative action, making possible the denaturalization of ongoing practices, as well as the values and tenets supporting them
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The knowledge of the phytoplankton community, as an integral and dynamic processes of eutrophication, provides information essential for proper management and handling. A growing problem of cyanobacteria in reservoirs around the world as a result of artificial eutrophication processes, generating a particular concern, because some species produce cyanotoxins, which can cause adverse effects on human health. The present work aims to characterize the spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton, assessing their potential as ecological indicator of water quality in reservoirs semiarid region. The samples of water were collected monthly between 2009 and 2011, at three points along the dam Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves / RN. In each sample were measured physico - chemical analysis of water and biological components. We conducted a scientific dissemination activity, with distribution and reading primer on eutrophication, informative talk about water quality, questionnaires and performing a play in a public school in the city of Itajá / RN. The reservoir was considered eutrophic in three points, taking into account the values of chlorophyll -a and phosphorus, adopted to characterize eutrophic environments of semi-arid areas. High density of cyanobacteria, with a maximum value of 2.227.862 cél.ml- 1 and minimum of 43.456 cél.ml- 1 was recorded in lentic and semilêntico points throughout the study, exceeding the levels of drinking water (20.000 cél.ml- 1) established in 2.914/2011 Ordinance of the Ministry of Health of Brazil. All samples contained microcystin, and 44 % had values superiores1μg L- 1. The thermal pattern of the water column showed micro stratifications with differences of less than 1 ° C from five feet deep. The distribution pattern was the type profile clinogrado with oxygen deficit in the bottom of the reservoir. Oxiclina from 10 meters depth was observed during the rainy season (May-June) in the two years of study. The phytoplankton community was represented by 10 functional groups: S1, M, H1, Lo, P, F, Sn, P, W2 and R. The assessment of the ecological status of the system by the index Q showed poor water quality. The results of the study show that the vertical variations were less pronounced than the seasonal variations of cyanobacteria and phytoplankton community in general in the reservoir. The presence of cyanotoxins confirms the need for the monitoring of water quality and measures to reduce eutrophication in water supply reservoirs semiarid RN and demonstrates the challenge for water managers and health authorities to ensure water quality and consequently minimize risks to human health. Compared to the lecture, the primer was considered more efficient in sensitizing the participants, featuring a dynamic practice, differentiated learning, create opportunities for students to rethink attitudes of respect and care for the environment, and shall have the opportunity to learn the subject content from your reality and living environment. The knowledge generated from the activity of scientific were seen as essential for raising awareness of some of the region`s environmental problems , such as eutrophication
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The area between Galinhos and São Bento do Norte beaches, located in the northern coast of the Rio Grande do Norte State is submitted to intense and constant processes of littoral and aeolian transport, causing erosion, alterations in the sediments balance and modifications in the shoreline. Beyond these natural factors, the human interference is huge in the surroundings due to the Guamaré Petroliferous Pole nearby, the greater terrestrial oil producing in Brazil. Before all these characteristics had been organized MAMBMARE and MARPETRO projects with the main objective to execute the geo-environmental monitoring of coastal areas on the northern portion of RN. There is a bulky amount of database from the study area such as geologic and geophysical multitemporal data, hydrodynamic measurements, remote sensing multitemporal images, thematic maps, among others; it is of extreme importance to elaborate a Geographic Database (GD), one of the main components of a Geographic Information System (GIS), to store this amount of information, allowing the access to researchers and users. The first part of this work consisted to elaborate a GD to store the data of the area between Galinhos and São Bento do Norte cities. The main goal was to use the potentiality of the GIS as a tool to support decisions in the environmental monitoring of this region, a valuable target for oil exploration, salt companies and shrimp farms. The collected data was stored as a virtual library to assist men decisions from the results presented as digital thematic maps, tables and reports, useful as source of data in the preventive planning and as guidelines to the future research themes both on regional and local context. The second stage of this work consisted on elaborate the Oil-Spill Environmental Sensitivity Maps. These maps based on the Environmental Sensitivity Index Maps to Oil Spill developed by the Ministry of Environment are cartographic products that supply full information to the decision making, contingency planning and assessment in case of an oil spilling incident in any area. They represent the sensitivity of the areas related to oil spilling, through basic data such as geology, geomorphology, oceanographic, social-economic and biology. Some parameters, as hydrodynamic data, sampling data, coastal type, declivity of the beach face, types of resources in risk (biologic, economic, human or cultural) and the land use of the area are some of the essential information used on the environmental sensitivity maps elaboration. Thus using the available data were possible to develop sensitivity maps of the study area on different dates (June/2000 and December/2000) and to perceive that there was a difference on the sensitivity index generated. The area on December presented more sensible to the oil than the June one because hydrodynamic data (wave and tide energy) allowed a faster natural cleaning on June. The use of the GIS on sensitivity maps showed to be a powerful tool, since it was possible to manipulate geographic data with correctness and to elaborate more accurate maps with a higher level of detail to the study area. This presented an medium index (3 to 4) to the long shore and a high index (10) to the mangrove areas highly vulnerable to oil spill
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Incluye Bibliografía
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Incluye Bibliografía
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Este livro visa analisar a vigência do conceito de heterogeneidade estrutural como parte do funcionamento da economia brasileira. Neste contexto, inclui uma análise das características e implicacões socioeconômicas das diferenças morfológicas e da dinâmica dos diferentes segmentos da estrutura produtiva do país. 0 Estudo começa analisando o desenvolvimento da heterogeneidade estrutural do Brasil, ou seja, a dinâmica da estrutura produtiva, a distribuição da renda e da ocupação no período de 1950 a 2009. A partir deste diagnóstico global, se realiza um exame da heterogeneidade produtiva, desde o ponto de vista setorial –incluindo a agricultura e a indústria– considerando, além disso, as diferenças regionais do país. Também são analisados temas específicos relacionados com a heterogeneidade produtiva, como é o tamanho das empresas e a desigualdade dos salários. Finalmente, é apresentado um exercício de convergência produtiva, mediante o qual se estima a magnitude dos recursos necessários e prazos para que a economia brasileira se situe no "umbral do desenvolvimento".
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Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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A preocupação com o meio ambiente a partir dos anos 70, evidencia a necessidade de substituição dos combustíveis fósseis, e o Brasil, como referência mundial na produção e utilização de fontes renováveis de energia lança o Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel (PNPB) em 2004 tendo como diferencial o estímulo à geração de renda através da produção e comercialização das matérias-primas pela agricultura familiar, através do “Selo Combustível Social”, o qual será concedido às empresas produtoras do biodiesel que adquiram matéria-prima desses agricultores. A pesquisa aborda a produção de dendê (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) proveniente do trabalho dos agricultores familiares assentados via Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA), no Projeto de Assentamento (PA) Calmaria II, no município de Moju, com área contínua aos plantios da Empresa Agropalma que, organizados em uma associação, têm como foco a produção e a comercialização do dendê como vetor de renda e também inclusão social. Estes se inserem através dos financiamentos do PRONAF junto ao Banco da Amazônia S.A. Visa assim verificar de que forma se dá sua inclusão e sua conseqüente contribuição para o desenvolvimento sustentável da região, a qual ainda encontra-se distanciada da modernização do campo verificada nas demais regiões do país.
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Apesar das demandas e pressão da sociedade civil e dos próprios trabalhadores no sentido de fazer valer uma Política de Combate ao Trabalho Escravo que, existe desde a década de noventa do século passado no Brasil, todavia, identifica-se, em pleno século XXI, a existência de trabalho escravo, que coloca em evidência o problema da ausência de direitos humanos e sociais, assim como a fragilidade da construção da democracia e da cidadania na sociedade brasileira. Para compreender a política de combate ao trabalho escravo no Brasil, parte-se de um referencial crítico de análise que compreende a política pública como um desdobramento da relação Estado e sociedade na sociedade capitalista e, apoiado, em autores da tradição marxista, faz-se um percurso teórico-metodológico, que abrange desde a constituição do Estado oligárquico brasileiro, na época da escravidão colonial, até o surgimento de novas formas de trabalho escravo contemporâneo, com conteúdos semelhantes às antigas práticas sociais. Desta forma, a pesquisa apresenta uma análise das convergências e divergências, por parte dos executores, na operacionalização da Política de Combate ao Trabalho Escravo, materializada no II Plano Nacional para Erradicação do Trabalho Escravo, criado em 2008. Ressalta-se na operacionalização da política, ambiguidades e ambivalências da própria constituição do Estado capitalista brasileiro, que através das políticas públicas media interesses que são “inconciliáveis”. Essas ambiguidades e ambivalências do Estado se traduzem nas divergências e convergências dos executores da política, tal fato se apresenta como um limite ao funcionamento da política e contribui para a reincidência dos trabalhadores ao trabalho escravo contemporâneo. Ao mesmo tempo, reflete um Estado pactual que ao tomar a sua posição junto aos “donos do poder”, não dispõe de instrumental para que estes direitos sejam cumpridos através da política. Assim sendo, apesar dos avanços, a política de combate ao trabalho escravo no Brasil apresenta-se como uma exigência transnacional para se manter a política da “boa vizinhança” do que a efetivação da promoção da condição de cidadão para os que dela necessitam, não passa de um simulacro de civilidade que visa manter uma imagem de país democrático e disposto a resolver as causas dos direitos humanos quando na verdade mantém uma política interna cruel que reforça as condições de exploração desse tipo de trabalho.
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Neste artigo, destinado a não especialistas, tecem-se considerações sobre a pobreza, analisando-se suas manifestações nas cidades brasileiras, em particular nas cidades amazônicas, no contexto do liberalismo econômico. Na primeira parte, discutem-se diferentes definições de pobreza, na perspectiva dos países em desenvolvimento. Em seguida, examinam-se as causas estruturais da pobreza e a evolução da compreensão do problema por parte das autoridades no país. Na seqüência, são abordadas as políticas liberais de combate à pobreza recomendadas pelo Banco Mundial e seu impacto sobre as políticas públicas herdadas do Estado de Bem-Estar Social. Seguem-se informações a respeito da abordagem recente do problema pelo governo brasileiro. Por último, são apresentadas as estratégias liberais aplicadas às cidades nas últimas décadas e seus ecos nas cidades amazônicas.
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Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a demanda individual e coletiva da população de Ananindeua que procurou o atendimento do Ministério Público da Comarca, especificamente da Promotoria de Justiça de Direitos Constitucionais, expondo suas reclamações quanto ao atendimento prestado pela política pública de saúde local. O texto procurou focar o atendimento à saúde enquanto direito social constitucionalizado pela Carta Constitucional Brasileira de 1988. Optou-se por um estudo de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa. Para efeito da pesquisa, foram utilizados os dados de todas as fichas de atendimento ao público da Promotoria de Direitos Constitucionais relativas aos anos de 2007 a 2009. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, é possível verificar que a efetivação do direito social à saúde no Brasil, constitucionalizado como direito de obrigação prestacional pelo Estado pela Carta de 1988, em todos os níveis federativos tem encontrado entraves de diversas naturezas, seja no âmbito político, relativo à priorização na agenda das políticas públicas,assim como, pelas dificuldades de ordem orçamentário-financeira, operacional e administrativa.O Sistema Único de Saúde no Município padece de comprometimentos em seu nível de resolubilidade, o que agrava o acesso e usufruto da população ao atendimento à saúde.
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A alimentação é uma das maiores e mais vitais necessidades do ser humano, o debate a respeito da segurança alimentar e nutricional torna-se indispensável na atualidade, na medida em que a não garantia desse direito compromete e fragiliza toda uma nação. O tema abordado nesta dissertação procura identificar como se desenvolveu a Política de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional no Brasil, seus programas, projetos e ações em nível nacional e regional dando destaque ao arquipélago do Marajó, por se tratar de uma região com grandes riquezas naturais, porém elevadas taxas de vulnerabilidades sociais. Neste contexto, faz-se uma análise da efetividade do Consórcio de Segurança Alimentar e Desenvolvimento Local – CONSAD-Arari, (um dos programas vinculados ao Fome Zero), o qual tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento local a partir da produção familiar de alimentos. O Consórcio tem como áreas de atuação os municípios de Cachoeira do Arari, Chaves, Muaná, Ponta de Pedra, Salvaterra, Santa Cruz do Arari e Soure. Destes, Muaná é a região a se destacar, por ser o objeto desta pesquisa e por apresentar a maior taxa de população pobre e a segunda em população extremamente pobre das que compõe o Arari. Trazer o debate de um tema instigante e uma temática complexa torna-se relevante, tendo em vista que a questão da insegurança alimentar é um paradoxo, uma vez que o Brasil é um dos maiores exportadores de alimentos do mundo. Dessa forma, a dissertação busca analisar as ações desenvolvidas pelo Consórcio CONSAD-Arari no município de Muaná, sua efetividade e aplicabilidade, de modo a identificar as ações desenvolvidas na região para o enfrentamento a insegurança alimentar.