Differences in larval nutritional requirements and female oviposition preference reflect the order of fruit colonization of Zaprionus indianus and Drosophila simulans

Species coexist using the same nutritional resource by partitioning it either in space or time, but few studies explore how species-specific nutritional requirements allow partitioning. Zaprionus indianus and Drosophila simulans co-exist in figs by invading the fruit at different stages; Z. indianus colonizes ripe figs, whereas D. simulans oviposits in decaying fruit. Larvae feed on yeast growing on the fruit, which serves as their primary protein source. Because yeast populations increase as fruit decays, we find that ripe fruit has lower protein content than rotting fruit. Therefore, we hypothesized that Z. indianus and D. simulans larvae differ in their dietary requirements for protein. We used nutritional geometry to assess the effects of protein and carbohydrate concentration in the larval diet on life history characters in both species. Survival, development time, and ovariole number respond differently to the composition of the larval diet, with Z. indianus generally performing better across a wider range of protein concentrations. Correspondingly, we found that Z. indianus females preferred to lay eggs on low protein foods, while D. simulans females chose higher protein foods for oviposition when competing with Z. indianus. We propose the different nutritional requirements and oviposition preference of these two species allows them to temporally partition their habitat.

Air cargo potentials between the U.S. and Paraguay /

At head of title: Inquiry Reference Service.

Computer simulation of the effect of cargo shifting on articulated vehicles performing braking and cornering maneuvers. Volume 1: executive summary. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Structures and Applied Mechanics Division, Washington, D.C.

Computer simulation of the effect of cargo shifting on articulated vehicles performing braking and cornering maneuvers. Volume 2: technical report. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Structures and Applied Mechanics Division, Washington, D.C.

Computer simulation of the effect of cargo shifting on articulated vehicles performing braking and cornering maneuvers. Volume 4: user's manual for TDVS/SLOSH. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Structures and Applied Mechanics Division, Washington, D.C.

Computer simulation of the effect of cargo shifting on articulated vehicles performing braking and cornering maneuvers. Volume 3: technical supplement. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Structures and Applied Mechanics Division, Washington, D.C.

Censo general de la República Mexicana verificado el 28 de octubre de 1900 conforme a las instrucciones de la Dirección General de Estadística a cargo de Dr. Antonio Peñafiel ...

The indexes of the volumes are separately paged and have special t.-p.: División territorial de la República mexicana formada con los datos del censo verificado el 28 de octubre de 1900 ...

Manual ó vocabulario de la lengua pampa y del estilo familiar para el uso de los jefes y oficiales del ejército, y de las familias á cuyo cargo están los indígenas;

"De la lengua tehuel-cúni ó tehuelche": p. 91-97.

Segunda serie de composiciones de la Sociedad Artistíco-Literaria establecida en el colegio de Santa Rosa, a cargo de Dolores Aquino.

Mode of access: Internet.

Grain inspections : 1960 crops : carload, cargo and trucklot receipts and shipments.

Cover title.

Effect of cargo shifting on vehicle handling. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety, Washington, D.C.

Study of consumer automotive preference with regard to fuel economy measures.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Effects of hours of service regularity of schedules, and cargo loading on truck and bus driver fatigue. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.