Should optional properties be used in conceptual modelling? A theory and three empirical tests

An important feature of some conceptual modelling grammars is the features they provide to allow database designers to show real-world things may or may not possess a particular attribute or relationship. In the entity-relationship model, for example, the fact that a thing may not possess an attribute can be represented by using a special symbol to indicate that the attribute is optional. Similarly, the fact that a thing may or may not be involved in a relationship can be represented by showing the minimum cardinality of the relationship as zero. Whether these practices should be followed, however, is a contentious issue. An alternative approach is to eliminate optional attributes and relationships from conceptual schema diagrams by using subtypes that have only mandatory attributes and relationships. In this paper, we first present a theory that led us to predict that optional attributes and relationships should be used in conceptual schema diagrams only when users of the diagrams require a surface-level understanding of the domain being represented by the diagrams. When users require a deep-level understanding, however, optional attributes and relationships should not be used because they undermine users' abilities to grasp important domain semantics. We describe three experiments which we then undertook to test our predictions. The results of the experiments support our predictions.

International market selection: Developing a model from Australian case studies

This paper develops a theory that firms seek out new country markets on the basis of expected commercial returns. These expectations depend on judgements about the attractiveness of the market and the firm's competitive position in it, which in turn are influenced by informants. It is the number and strengths of these informants that will underlie the probability of a country being identified and assessed as a new market by any firm.

A titrimetric respirometer measuring the nitrifiable nitrogen in wastewater using in-sensor-experiment

Measurement of nitrifiable nitrogen contained in wastewater by combining the existing respirometric and titrimetric principles is reported. During an in-sensor-experiment using nitrifying activated sludge. both the dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH in the mixed liquor were measured, and the FH was controlled at a set-point through titration of base or acid. A combination of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR), which was obtained from the measured DO signal, and the titration data allowed calculation of the nitrifiable nitrogen and the short-term biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater sample that was initially added to the sludge. The calculation was based solely on stoichiometric relationships. The approach was preliminarily tested with two types of wastewaters using a prototype sensor. Good correlation was obtained. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Traffic and residue cover effects on infiltration

Wheel traffic can lead to compaction and degradation of soil physical properties. This study, as part of a study of controlled traffic farming, assessed the impact of compaction from wheel traffic on soil that had not been trafficked for 5 years. A tractor of 40 kN rear axle weight was used to apply traffic at varying wheelslip on a clay soil with varying residue cover to simulate effects of traffic typical of grain production operations in the northern Australian grain belt. A rainfall simulator was used to determine infiltration characteristics. Wheel traffic significantly reduced time to ponding, steady infiltration rate, and total infiltration compared with non-wheeled soil, with or without residue cover. Non-wheeled soil had 4-5 times greater steady infiltration rate than wheeled soil, irrespective of residue cover. Wheelslip greater than 10% further reduced steady infiltration rate and total infiltration compared with that measured for self-propulsion wheeling (3% wheelslip) under residue-protected conditions. Where there was no compaction from wheel traffic, residue cover had a greater effect on infiltration capacity, with steady infiltration rate increasing proportionally with residue cover (R-2 = 0.98). Residue cover, however, had much less effect on infiltration when wheeling was imposed. These results demonstrated that the infiltration rate for the non-wheeled soil under a controlled traffic zero-till system was similar to that of virgin soil. However, when the soil was wheeled by a medium tractor wheel, infiltration rate was reduced to that of long-term cropped soil. These results suggest that wheel traffic, rather than tillage and cropping, might be the major factor governing infiltration. The exclusion of wheel traffic under a controlled traffic farming system, combined with conservation tillage, provides a way to enhance the sustainability of cropping this soil for improved infiltration, increased plant-available water, and reduced runoff-driven soil erosion.

Reforma administrativa: o caso do Reino Unido

O artigo apresenta uma an??lise das principais caracter??sticas da reforma administrativa empreendida no Reino Unido a partir da do primeiro governo Thatcher em 1979. Inicialmente, s??o descritos dois aspectos peculiares que, segundo os autores, explicam a intensidade das reformas administrativas a?? empreendidas: seu sistema pol??tico, no qual sobressai sobremaneira a alta capacidade decis??ria do Executivo, e as debilidades de seu sistema administrativo, alvo de cr??ticas reiteradas desde o Relat??rio do Comit?? Fulton, publicado em 1968. A partir disso, os autores descrevem tr??s fases recentes na reforma administrativa inglesa p??s-Thatcher. Nesta descri????o, s??o enfocadas as principais caracter??sticas e experi??ncias inovadoras adotadas, enfatizando, entre outros: 1) os chamados ???escrut??neos de Rayner???; 2) os sistemas de informa????es gerenciais adotados (Management Information System for Ministers e o Management Accounting System); 3) o programa Citizen???s Charter; 4) o processo de privatiza????o ingl??s; 5) a experi??ncia de contrata????o externa de servi??os (com a ado????o de instrumentos como a ???licita????o competitiva???, que permite aos pr??prios servidores p??blicos apresentarem propostas para presta????o de servi??os em competi????o com as empresas privadas, al??m dos sistemas Market Testing e Competing for Quality) e, por fim; 6) a pol??tica de gest??o de recursos humanos, com destaque para o forte processo de demiss??es no servi??o p??blico, o sistema de avalia????o de desempenho dos funcion??rios e de remunera????o por performance adotados no Reino Unido.

Estudo do controlo interno nas Instituições de Ensino Superior: contributo para a credibilidade da informação financeira

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Auditoria Orientada por Mestre Alcina Portugal Dias

Distributed process execution in collaborative networks

Processes are a central entity in enterprise collaboration. Collaborative processes need to be executed and coordinated in a distributed Computational platform where computers are connected through heterogeneous networks and systems. Life cycle management of such collaborative processes requires a framework able to handle their diversity based on different computational and communication requirements. This paper proposes a rational for such framework, points out key requirements and proposes it strategy for a supporting technological infrastructure. Beyond the portability of collaborative process definitions among different technological bindings, a framework to handle different life cycle phases of those definitions is presented and discussed. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

O Balanced Scorecard como instrumento de gestão estratégica: sua implementação numa empresa de engenharia e construção

Mestrado em Contabilidade e Gestão das Instituições Financeiras

Uma aplicação de gestão de redes baseada no paradigma dos agentes móveis

A massificação da utilização das tecnologias de informação e da Internet para os mais variados fins, e nas mais diversas áreas, criou problemas de gestão das infra-estruturas de informática, ímpares até ao momento. A gestão de redes informáticas converteu-se num factor vital para uma rede a operar de forma eficiente, produtiva e lucrativa. No entanto, a maioria dos sistemas são baseados no Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), assente no modelo cliente-servidor e com um paradigma centralizado. Desta forma subsiste sempre um servidor central que colecta e analisa dados provenientes dos diferentes elementos dispersos pela rede. Sendo que os dados de gestão estão armazenados em bases de dados de gestão ou Management Information Bases (MIB’s) localizadas nos diversos elementos da rede. O actual modelo de gestão baseado no SNMP não tem conseguido dar a resposta exigida. Pelo que, existe a necessidade de se estudar e utilizar novos paradigmas de maneira a que se possa encontrar uma nova abordagem capaz de aumentar a fiabilidade e a performance da gestão de redes. Neste trabalho pretende-se discutir os problemas existentes na abordagem tradicional de gestão de redes, procurando demonstrar a utilidade e as vantagens da utilização de uma abordagem baseada em Agentes móveis. Paralelamente, propõe-se uma arquitectura baseada em Agentes móveis para um sistema de gestão a utilizar num caso real.

Using SysML in systems design

System of systems involves several secondary systems working together with its creation gathering the knowledge of several distinct disciplines and teams, each one with their own background and methods, leading to a difficult communication between them. SysML, a language originated from UML, enables that communication, without background interference, with the use of a rich notation for systems design. This paper analyzes its use through the experience gained in the design of a chemical system with SysML.

ESEIG Mobile: an m-learning approach in a superior school

In recent years, mobile learning has emerged as an educational approach to decrease the limitation of learning location and adapt the teaching-learning process to all type of students. However, the large number and variety of Web-enabled devices poses challenges for Web content creators who want to automatic get the delivery context and adapt the content to mobile devices. In this paper we study several approaches to adapt the learning content to mobile phones. We present an architecture for deliver uniform m-Learning content to students in a higher School. The system development is organized in two phases: firstly enabling the educational content to mobile devices and then adapting it to all the heterogeneous mobile platforms. With this approach, Web authors will not need to create specialized pages for each kind of device, since the content is automatically transformed to adapt to any mobile device capabilities from WAP to XHTML MP-compliant devices.