The development of a component to improve the loading safety of bone-anchored prostheses

Use of socket prostheses Currently, for individuals with limb loss, the conventional method of attaching a prosthetic limb relies on a socket that fits over the residual limb. However, there are a number of issues concerning the use of a socket (e.g., blisters, irritation, and discomfort) that result in dissatisfaction with socket prostheses, and these lead ultimately a significant decrease in quality of life. Bone-anchored prosthesis Alternatively, the concept of attaching artificial limbs directly to the skeletal system has been developed (bone anchored prostheses), as it alleviates many of the issues surrounding the conventional socket interface.Bone anchored prostheses rely on two critical components: the implant, and the percutaneous abutment or adapter, which forms the connection for the external prosthetic system (Figure 1). To date, an implant that screws into the long bone of the residual limb has been the most common intervention. However, more recently, press-fit implants have been introduced and their use is increasing. Several other devices are currently at various stages of development, particularly in Europe and the United States. Benefits of bone-anchored prostheses Several key studies have demonstrated that bone-anchored prostheses have major clinical benefits when compared to socket prostheses (e.g., quality of life, prosthetic use, body image, hip range of motion, sitting comfort, ease of donning and doffing, osseoperception (proprioception), walking ability) and acceptable safety, in terms of implant stability and infection. Additionally, this method of attachment allows amputees to participate in a wide range of daily activities for a substantially longer duration. Overall, the system has demonstrated a significant enhancement to quality of life. Challenges of direct skeletal attachment However, due to the direct skeletal attachment, serious injury and damage can occur through excessive loading events such as during a fall (e.g., component damage, peri-prosthetic fracture, hip dislocation, and femoral head fracture). These incidents are costly (e.g., replacement of components) and could require further surgical interventions. Currently, these risks are limiting the acceptance of bone-anchored technology and the substantial improvement to quality of life that this treatment offers. An in-depth investigation into these risks highlighted a clear need to re-design and improve the componentry in the system (Figure 2), to improve the overall safety during excessive loading events. Aim and purposes The ultimate aim of this doctoral research is to improve the loading safety of bone-anchored prostheses, to reduce the incidence of injury and damage through the design of load restricting components, enabling individuals fitted with the system to partake in everyday activities, with increased security and self-assurance. The safety component will be designed to release or ‘fail’ external to the limb, in a way that protects the internal bone-implant interface, thus removing the need for restorative surgery and potential damage to the bone. This requires detailed knowledge of the loads typically experienced by the limb and an understanding of potential overload situations that might occur. Hence, a comprehensive review of the loading literature surrounding bone anchored prostheses will be conducted as part of this project, with the potential for additional experimental studies of the loads during normal activities to fill in gaps in the literature. This information will be pivotal in determining the specifications for the properties of the safety component, and the bone-implant system. The project will follow the Stanford Biodesign process for the development of the safety component.

Milk casein-derived tripeptides : A special focus on blood pressure and vascular function

Increased consumption of low-fat milk products is inversely associated with the risk of hypertension. The beneficial effect of milk on blood pressure is attributed to high calcium and potassium content but also to specific peptide sequences, which are cleaved from milk protein during gastrointestinal digestion, fermentation of milk with proteolytic starter cultures or enzymatic hydrolysis. Milk products fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus contain casein-derived tripeptides isoleucine-proline-proline (Ile-Pro-Pro) and valine-proline-proline (Val-Pro-Pro), which have been shown to possess antihypertensive effects in humans and in experimental animals. The aim of the present series of studies was to investigate the effects of tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro or fermented milk products containing them on vascular function and blood pressure and to elucidate the mechanisms behind them by using different experimental models of hypertension. Another aim was to characterize the acute effects of tripeptides on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in mildly hypertensive humans. Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro or fermented milk products containing them attenuated the development of hypertension in two experimental models of hypertension, spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat fed with high-salt diet. Significant differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) were seen after 8 weeks treatment with tripeptide-containing products compared to control product. Plant sterols did not enhance this effect. Two differently produced tripeptide powders produced a similar attenuating effect on SBP in SHR. In mildly hypertensive subjects, a single administration of tripeptide- and plant sterol-containing fermented milk product decreased both SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) over a period of 8 hours. Protective effect of tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro and fermented milk products containing them on vascular function was demonstrated in in vitro studies and long-term experimental studies. The effect was shown to be endothelium-dependent and possibly involving endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). In the clinical study, single administration of tripeptide-containing fermented milk product did not affect measures of arterial stiffness. Long-term treatment with fermented milk product containing Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro inhibited angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and decreased aldosterone levels thus showing beneficial effects on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in SHR and GK. No changes in the components of RAS were observed by the single administration of the same product in mildly hypertensive subjects. Increased levels of cGMP, NOx and citrulline suggest increased nitric oxide (NO) production by the tripeptides. Taken together, Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro -containing products attenuate the development of hypertension after long-term treatment in experimental models of hypertension and possess an acute antihypertensive effect in mildly hypertensive subjects. In addition, these tripeptides show endothelium-mediated beneficial effects on vascular function. Attenuation of blood pressure increase by the tripeptides in experimental animals involves RAS, but its role in the antihypertensive effect in humans remains to be elucidated.

Prevalence and determinants of respiratory symptoms, asthma, chronic bronchitis and allergic sensitization in Helsinki : A comparison between Finland, Sweden and Estonia. The FinEsS studies - Helsinki I

Objectives: To assess the prevalence and risk factor profiles of respiratory symptoms, asthma and chronic bronchitis in Helsinki, and to compare these results with those for Sweden and Estonia. Other important aims were to evaluate the prevalence and determinants of type 1 sensitization in Helsinki. Materials and methods: This presentation is a part of a large epidemiological study in Finland, Estonia and Sweden (FinEsS). The first part of the study consisted of a postal questionnaire in 1995-1996 distributed to subjects in eight study centres. The study population in each centre was a population-based random sample designed to be representative of the general population. The original study sample in Helsinki consisted of 8000 subjects aged 20-69 years, 6062 (76%) of whom participated. Comparisons between countries were based on a narrower age group, 20-64 years, since 64 years was the upper age limit used in the original study in Estonia. Thus, altogether 58 661 subjects aged 20-64 years were invited to participate in Finland, Sweden and Estonia, and 44 483 (76%) did so. The second part of the study was a clinical study with a structured interview, lung function measurements and skin-prick tests with 15 common allergens. This thesis reports only the results of the prick tests in Helsinki. Of the 1200 subjects invited to participate in Helsinki, 643 (54%) consented. Skin-prick tests were performed on subjects ≤ 60 years of age; thus, a total of 498 tests were done. Results: In Helsinki, the prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma was 6.6% and of physician-diagnosed chronic bronchitis 3.7% among subjects aged 20-69 years. Comparison of the results between Finland, Sweden and Estonia in subjects 20-64 years of age revealed the highest prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma in Sweden, 7.8%, while the prevalence in Finland was 5.9% and in Estonia 2.0% (p<0.001). The prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma among those aged 20-29 years was 7.9% in Stockholm, 6.3% in Helsinki and 2.8% in Tallinn. Asthma-related symptoms were most common in Estonia, and among those with typical asthma symptoms the diagnosis of asthma was least likely in Estonia. Physician-diagnosed chronic bronchitis was reported to be 10.7% in Estonia, 3.1% in Sweden and 2.9% in Finland among subjects aged 20-64 years (p<0.001). Among those aged 20-29 years, 7.6% in Tallinn reported physician-diagnosed chronic bronchitis, while the prevalence estimates were 1.4% in Stockholm and 1.3% in Helsinki. The prevalence of smoking was similar for women in all three countries, around 30%, but large differences in smoking habits were present among men; 60% of Estonian, 39% of Finnish and 28% of Swedish men smoked. Skin-prick tests in Helsinki revealed a high prevalence of sensitization, 46.9%. For subjects aged 26-39 years, the prevalence was highest, 56.8%, and 23.7% were sensitized to at least four allergens. The most common sensitizing allergen was the dog. Sensitization to multiple allergens was associated with a high prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Conclusions: Compared with earlier Finnish studies, a higher prevalence of asthma and a lower prevalence of chronic bronchitis were found in Helsinki. The prevalence of physician-diagnosed chronic bronchitis was low in Helsinki, with only one-fifth of subjects fulfilling the symptom criteria for chronic bronchitis reporting having a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. The prevalences of asthma and chronic bronchitis were similar in Finland and Sweden, but in Estonia physician-diagnosed asthma was less common and physician-diagnosed chronic bronchitis more common, particularly among young subjects. Further analyses revealed that the diagnosis of asthma was favoured in Finland and Sweden, while the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis was more likely in Estonia for subjects with the same symptoms. Allergic sensitization was common in Helsinki. Our findings of multiple sensitization also speak in favour of evaluating the degree of sensitization when assessing allergies.

Long-term outcomes of esophageal atresia

Esophageal atresia (EA), a common congenital anomaly comprising interrupted esophagus with or without a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), affects one in 2840 newborns. Over half have associated anomalies. After EA repair in infancy, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and esophageal dysmotility and respiratory problems are common. As there exist no previous population-based long-term follow-up-studies on EA, its long-term sequelae are unclear. The aims of this study were to assess the cancer incidence (I), esophageal morbidity and function (II), respiratory morbidity (III), and the spinal defects (IV) in adults with repaired EA. All patients treated for EA at the Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, from 1947 to 1985 were identified, and those alive with their native esophagus were contacted, and the first hundred who replied made up the study group. The patients were interviewed, they filled in symptom questionnaires, and they underwent esophageal endoscopy and manometry, pulmonary function tests, and a full orthopedic evaluation was performed with radiographs of the spine. The questionnaire was also sent by mail to adults with repaired EA not attending the clinical study, and to 287 general population-derived controls matched for age, gender, and municipality of residence. Incidence of cancer among the study population was evaluated from the population-based countrywide cancer registry. 169 (72%) adults with repaired EA replied; 101 (42%) (58 male) participated in the clinical studies at a median age of 36 years (range, 22-56). Symptomatic GER occurred in 34% and dysphagia in 85% of the patients and in 8% and 2% of the controls (P<0.001 for both). The main endoscopic findings included hiatal hernia (28%), Barrett´s esophagus (11%), esophagitis (8%), and stenotic anastomosis (8%). Histology revealed esophagitis in 25 individuals, and epithelial metaplasia in another 21. At immunohistochemistry, CDX2-positive columnar epithelial metaplasia was present in all 21 individuals, and 6 of these also demonstrated goblet cells and MUC2 positivity. In all histological groups, GER and dysphagia were equally common (P=ns). Esophageal manometry demonstrated non-propagating peristalsis in most of the patients, and low ineffective pressure of the distal esophageal body in all. The changes were significantly worse in those with epithelial metaplasia (P≤0.022). Anastomotic complications (OR 8.6-24, 95%CI 1.7-260, P=0.011-0.008), age (OR 20, 95%CI 1.3-310, P=0.034), low distal esophageal body pressure (OR 2.6, 95%CI 0.7-10, P=0.002), and defective esophageal peristalsis (OR 2.2, 95%CI 0.4-11, P=0.014) all predicted development of epithelial metaplasia. Despite the high incidence of esophageal metaplasia, none of the EA patients had suffered esophageal cancer, according to the Finnish Cancer Registry. Although three had had cancer (SIR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.20-2.8). The overall cancer incidence among adults with repaired EA did not differ from that of the general Finnish population. Current respiratory symptoms occurred in 11% of the patients and 2% of the controls (P<0.001). Of the patients, 16%, and 6% of the controls had doctor-diagnosed asthma (P<0.001). A total of 56% and 70% of the patients and 20% and 50% of the controls had a history of pneumonia and of bronchitis (P<0.001 for both). Respiratory-related impaired quality of life was observable in 11% of the patients in contrast to 6% of the controls (P<0.001). PFT revealed obstruction in 21 of the patients, restriction in 21, and both in 36. A total of 41 had bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) in HCT, and 15 others had an asthma-like response. Thoracotomy-induced rib fusion (OR 3.4, 95%CI 1.3-8.7, P=0.01) and GER-associated epithelial metaplasia in adulthood (OR 3.0, 95%CI 1.0-8.9, P=0.05) were the most significant risk factors for restrictive ventilatory defect. Vertebral anomalies were evident in 45 patients, predominating in the cervical spine in 38. The most significant risk factor for the occurrence of vertebral anomalies was any additional anomaly (OR 27, 95%C I8-100). Scoliosis (over 10 degrees) was observable in 56 patients, over 20 degrees in 11, and over 45 degrees in one. In the EA patients, risk for scoliosis over 10 degrees was 13-fold (OR 13, 95%CI 8.3-21) and over 20 degrees, 38-fold (OR 38, 95%CI 14-106) when compared to that of the general population. Thoracotomy-induced rib fusion (OR 3.6, 95%CI 0.7-19) and other associated anomalies (OR 2.1, 95%CI 0.9-2.9) were the strongest predictive factors for scoliosis. Significant esophageal morbidity associated with EA extends into adulthood. No association existed between the esophageal symptoms and histological findings. Surgical complications, increasing age, and impaired esophageal motility predicted development of epithelial metaplasia after repair of EA. According to our data, the risk for esophageal cancer is less than 500-fold that of the general population. However, the overall cancer incidence among adults with repaired EA did not differ from that of the general population. Adults with repaired EA have had significantly more respiratory symptoms and infections, as well as more asthma, and allergies than does the general population. Thoracotomy-induced rib fusion and GER-associated columnar epithelial metaplasia were the most significant risk factors for the restrictive ventilatory defect that occurred in over half the patients. Over half the patients with repaired EA are likely to develop scoliosis. Risk for scoliosis is 13-fold after repair of EA in relation to that of the general population. Nearly half the patients had vertebral anomalies. Most of these deformities were diagnosed neither in infancy nor during growth. The natural history of spinal deformities seems, however, rather benign, with spinal surgery rarely indicated.

Specific language impairment in pre-adolescence, adolescence, and adulthood with special emphasis on health-related quality of life

This clinical study focused on effects of childhood specific language impairment (SLI) on daily functioning in late life. SLI is a neurobiological disorder with genetic predisposition and manifests as poor language production or comprehension or both in a child with age-level non-verbal intelligence and no other known cause for deficient language development. The prevalence rate of around 7% puts it among the most prevalent developmental disorders in childhood. Negative long-term effects, such as problems in learning and behavior, are frequent. In follow-up studies the focus has seldom been on self-perception of daily functioning and participation, which are considered important in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). To investigate the self-perceived aspects of everyday functioning in individuals with childhood receptive SLI compared with age- and gender-matched control populations, the 15D, 16D, and 17D health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaires were applied. These generic questionnaires include 15, 16, and 17 dimensions, respectively, and give both a single index score and a profile with values on each dimension. Information on different life domains (rehabilitation, education, employment etc.) from each age-group was collected with separate questionnaires. The study groups comprised adults, adolescents (12-16 years), and pre-adolescents (8-11 years) who had received a diagnosis of receptive SLI and had been examined, usually before school age, at the Department of Phoniatrics of Helsinki University Central Hospital, where children with language deficits caused by various etiologies are examined and treated by a multidisciplinary team. The adult respondents included 33 subjects with a mean age of 34 years. Measured with 15D, the subjects perceived their HRQoL to be nearly as good as that of their controls, but on the dimensions of speech, usual activities, mental functioning, and distress they were significantly worse off. They significantly more often lived with their parents (19%) or were pensioned (26%) than the adult Finnish population on average. Adults with self-perceived problems in finding words and in remembering instructions, manifestations of persistent language impairment, showed inferior every day functioning to the rest of the study group. Of the adolescents and pre-adolescents, 48 and 51, respectively, responded. The majority in both groups had received special education or extra educational support at school. They all had attended speech therapy at some point; at the time of the study only one adolescent, but every third pre-adolescent still received speech therapy. The 16D score of the adolescent or the 17D score of the pre-adolescents did not differ from that of their controls. The 16D profiles differed on some dimensions; subjects were significantly worse off on the dimension of mental functioning, but better off on the dimension of vitality than controls. Of the 17D dimensions, the study group was significantly worse off on speech, whereas the control group reported significantly more problems in sleeping. Of the childhood performance measures investigated, low verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ), which is often considered to reflect receptive language impairment, was in adults subjects significantly associated with some of the self-perceived problems, such as problems in usual activities and mental functioning. The 15D, 16D, and 17D questionnaires served well in measuring self-perceived HRQoL. Such standardized measures with population values are especially important in confirming with the ICF guidelines. In the future these questionnaires could perhaps be used on a more individual level in follow-up of children in clinics, and even in special schools and classes, to detect those children at greatest risk of negative long-term effects and perhaps diminished well-being regarding daily functioning and participation.

Clinician perspective on molecular profiling of non-small-cell lung cancer

The article by Meric-Bernstam et al1 that was recently published in Journal of Clinical Oncology raises important questions about the clinical application of large-scale genomic testing. We congratulate the authors for this ambitious study, which successfully profiled 2,000 consecutive patients with advanced cancer. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform was used for 1,749 of 2,000 patients (87.5%). Of 789 patients with potentially actionable mutations, 83 (11%, or 4% of screened population) were enrolled in a genomically matched clinical study. As the editorial2 accompanying the article by Meric-Bernstam et al1 pointed out, the 4% figure, albeit disappointing, may be an underestimate because cancers such as lung adenocarcinoma and melanoma, for which ≥ 50% of patients have actionable mutations, were under-represented. ...

The Holy Grail of Polymer Therapeutics for Cancer Therapy: An Overview on the Pharmacokinetics and Bio Distribution

In recent years, multifaceted clinical benefits of polymeric therapeutics have been reported. Over the past decades, cancer has been one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. Many clinically approved chemotherapeutics encounter potential challenges against deadly cancer. Moreover, safety and efficacy of anticancer agents have been limited by undesirable pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. To address these limitations, various polymer drug conjugates are being studied and developed to improve the antitumor efficacy. Among other therapeutics, polymer therapeutics are well established platforms that circumvent anticancer therapeutics from enzymatic metabolism via direct conjugation to therapeutic molecules. Interestingly, polymer therapeutics meets an unmet need of small molecules. Further clinical study showed that polymer-drug conjugation can achieve desired pharmacokinetics and biodistribution properties of several anticancer drugs. The present retrospective review mainly enlightens the most recent preclinical and clinical studies include safety, stability, pharmacokinetic behavior and distribution of polymer therapeutics.

Las deficiencias formativas en la Educación Superior: El caso de las Ingenierías

[ES] El entorno en el que desarrollan sus actividades las instituciones universitarias está poniendo de manifiesto algunas debilidades en la formación impartida a sus egresados. Entre ellas destaca la falta de adecuación entre las competencias potenciadas por las universidades en sus alumnos y las demandadas por las organizaciones. Ante esta situación, este artículo pretende analizar el estado de la cuestión, concretamente centrándonos en el caso de los ingenieros y para el contexto de la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón. Para ello, se analizan las opiniones manifestadas, a través de un cuestionario, a un grupo de empleadores.

rhegf-Loaded Plga-Alginate Microspheres Enhance The Healing Of Full-Thickness Excisional Wounds In Diabetised Wistar Rats

[EN] Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) represent a major clinical challenge in the ageing population. To address this problem, rhEGF-loaded Poly-Lactic-co-Glycolic-Acid (PLGA)-Alginate microspheres (MS) were prepared by a modified w/o/w-doubleemulsion/ solvent evaporation method. Different formulations were evaluated with the aim of optimising MSs properties by adding NaCl to the surfactant solution and/or the solvent removal phase and adding alginate as a second polymer. The characterization of the developed MS showed that alginate incorporation increased the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and NaCl besides increasing the EE also became the particle surface smooth and regular. Once the MS were optimised, the target loading of rhEGF was increased to 1% (PLGA-Alginate MS), and particles were sterilised by gamma radiation to provide the correct dosage for in vivo studies. In vitro cell culture assays demonstrated that neither the microencapsulation nor the sterilisation process affected rhEGF bioactivity or rhEGF wound contraction. Finally, the MS were evaluated in vivo for treatment of the full-thickness wound model in diabetised Wistar rats. rhEGF MS treated animals showed a statistically significant decrease of the wound area by days 7 and 11, a complete re-epithelisation by day 11 and an earlier resolution of the inflammatory process. Overall, these findings demonstrate the promising potential of rhEGF-loaded MS (PLGA-Alginate MS) to promote faster and more effective wound healing, and suggest its possible application in DFU treatment.

Reprodutibilidade de um índice para diagnóstico e avaliação da atividade de lesões de cárie dentária na dentição decídua

O objetivo do presente estudo clínico é verificar a reprodutibilidade intra e interexaminadores de um critério de diagnóstico de cárie dentária (Nyvad et al. 1999) aplicado na dentição decídua, e avaliar o tempo médio necessário para a realização do exame clínico utilizando o referido critério. O mesmo é baseado na combinação de métodos visuais e táteis e propõe a diferenciação entre lesões ativas e inativas, tanto para lesões cavitadas quanto para não cavitadas. A amostra total consistiu de 80 crianças de três a sete anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, estudantes do Centro Educacional Terra Santa (Petrópolis/ RJ). Os responsáveis assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e o trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do HUPE-UERJ. Os exames foram realizados após escovação supervisionada, em consultório odontológico sob iluminação artificial, após 3-5s de secagem com ar comprimido, por dois examinadores treinados pelas autoras do índice e calibrados. As concordâncias intra e interexaminadores foram avaliadas pelo percentual de concordância (%) e pelo teste kappa (k), considerando a superfície dentária como unidade de análise e os seguintes pontos de corte: 1) hígida versus cariada; 2) ativa versus inativa; 3) descontinuidade versus hígida; e 4) cavitada versus hígida. O % e o valor de k para confiabilidade interexaminadores para cada ponto de corte foram: 1) % = 0,97 e k = 0,82 (IC: 0,80 - 0,85); 2) % = 0,98 e k = 0,80 (IC: 0,76 - 0,83); 3) % = 0,99 e k = 0,90 (IC: 0,88 - 0,93); 4) % = 99,0 e k = 0,95 (IC: 0,92 - 0,97). O % e o valor de k para confiabilidade intraexaminador para cada ponto de corte foram: 1) % = 0,98 e k = 0,86 (IC: 0,84 - 0,86); 2) % = 0,99 e k = 0,86 (IC: 0,83 - 0,89); 3) % = 0,99 e k = 0,94 (IC: 0,92 - 0,96); 4) % = 0,99 e k = 0,98 (IC: 0,96 - 0,99). O maior % de discordância (65,3% - 158/242) concentrou-se na diferenciação entre supefícies hígidas e lesões não cavitadas: 33,5% (81/242) entre superfície hígida e lesão não cavitada inativa; 26,0% (63/242), entre superfície hígida e lesão não cavitada ativa; e 5,8% (14/242), entre lesão não cavitada ativa e lesão não cavitada inativa. O tempo necessário para realização do exame clínico foi em média 226,5s (128,53). Conclui-se que o índice apresentou reprodutibilidade variando de substancial à quase perfeita e um tempo de exame viável, mostrando-se consistente e reproduzível para a realização de estudos clínicos de cárie dentária na dentição decídua.

Avaliação in vivo da densidade óssea ao redor de implantes osteointegráveis com diferentes plataformas

Os implantes osteointegráveis assumiram condição prioritária na reabilitação da perda dentária unitária ou múltipla em função das elevadas taxas de sucesso e previsibilidade no tratamento e vêm sendo cada vez mais utilizados por especialistas e clínicos. Atualmente existe a preocupação com a manutenção dos tecidos moles periimplantares, principalmente em áreas estéticas. De modo geral, um ano após a instalação dos implantes osteointegráveis ocorre uma perda óssea proximal de 1,5 mm e em média 0,1 mm durante os anos subsequentes. Nos últimos anos, achados clínicos evidenciaram menor perda óssea inicial associada a intermediários de diâmetro reduzido em relação à plataforma dos implantes. Com o objetivo de comparar, por meio de imagens radiográficas o comportamento ósseo proximal ao redor de implantes osteointegráveis com plataformas convencionais e plataformas de diâmetro intermediário reduzido, foi estabelecido o seguinte desenho de estudo clínico prospectivo: em 08 pacientes totalmente edentados, foram instalados 40 implantes, 5 implantes mandibulares por paciente. Cada paciente recebeu 3 implantes com plataforma convencional e 2 com plataforma associada aos intermediários de diâmetro reduzido (cone morse). Foram confeccionadas próteses em resina acrílica e fixadas precocemente aos implantes por intermédio de parafusos, seguindo o modelo protocolo Bränemark. Foram feitas radiografias periapicais padronizadas em intervalos de 21 dias, 3, 6 e 12 meses, após a instalação dos implantes. As imagens radiográficas foram digitalizadas e realizada a subtração radiográfica digital pelo programa emago, sendo comparadas com a radiografia inicial. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostraram uma regularidade no remodelamento ósseo ao longo do tempo para todos os implantes, não tendo sido encontradas diferenças significativas entre os diferentes implantes analisados.

A agenda do desenvolvimento na promoção dos direitos humanos: uma análise da política externa brasileira no governo Lula

Os direitos humanos consolidaram um conjunto de valores ético-políticos considerados fundamentais para assegurar o respeito à dignidade do ser humano. A problemática do desenvolvimento é fundamental para as considerações de política externa de países como o Brasil. A consagração do Direito ao Desenvolvimento (DaD) como um direito humano desafia a divisão artificial dos direitos humanos e revela a evolução temática deste campo de estudo. Essa dissertação usa o instrumental dos direitos humanos para avaliar a relevância e a singularidade de algumas posições brasileiras. Após uma dissonância observada nos anos 1970, reflexo do ciclo autoritário por que passava o país, verificou-se postura cooperativa do Brasil nas proposições que versavam sobre o DaD. No mesmo sentido, observou-se que, conquanto não seja conceito recorrente no discurso oficial brasileiro, as posições do país, no que dizem respeito ao modelo de desenvolvimento defendido e aos direitos humanos, autorizam a inferência de que há uma harmonia em relação aos princípios fundamentais dispostos na Declaração sobre o DaD, de 1986. Da análise das posições brasileiras, tornou-se possível particularizar a política externa do governo Lula. Do levantamento das variáveis internas e externas que exercem influência sobre a formulação política do governo, bem como das iniciativas públicas e dos discursos oficiais, encontramos alguma evidência empírica no sentido de que a política externa brasileira para os direitos humanos, na administração de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, passa por um viés de promoção do desenvolvimento e de crítica à ordem internacional. A política se singulariza por incorporar uma dimensão de valores à crítica. Com isso, harmoniza-se com as posições defendidas pelo país nos plenários internacionais, onde o tema do DaD tem sido objeto de debate.

O comportamento clínico e neurofisiológico da neuropatia durante os episódios reacionais da hanseníase

A hanseníase, uma doença conhecida por suas lesões de pele anestésicas, é a principal causa de neuropatia periférica nos países endêmicos. Os episódios reacionais são classicamente conhecidos por promover piora da função nervosa através das chamadas neurites que variam de quadros exuberantes a assintomáticos. Estas características da neuropatia tornam o diagnóstico precoce excepcionalmente desafiador assim como a necessidade de se intervir para se prevenir lesões permanentes nos nervos. Este estudo clínico, prospectivo, foi realizado selecionando-se pacientes com hanseníase, independente da forma clínica, no Ambulatório Souza Araujo, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, que apresentavam episódios reacionais. O objetivo foi estudar o perfil neurológico clínico, eletroneurofisiológico e por imagem do nervo antes e após o tratamento das reações. Foram avaliados vinte e cinco pacientes levando-se em conta: exame neurológico, avaliação fisioterápica, estudo de condução nervosa, avaliação de espessura e ecogenicidade nervosa pelo método ultrassonográfico, fluxometria por laser Doppler e teste quantitativo da sensibilidade durante e um ano após o tratamento da reação. Estes pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: oito pacientes com neurite aguda, nove pacientes com neurite silenciosa e oito pacientes com reação cutânea sem neurite. Nos pacientes com episódios reacionais, observou-se predomínio do sexo masculino (60%), do grupo multibacilar (80%) e da forma clínica borderline-lepromatosa (36%). A neurite isolada foi o tipo de reação mais frequente, seguida de neurite associada à reação do tipo1, seguida da neurite associada à reação do tipo 2. O nervo motor mais acometido por neurite foi o fibular seguido pelo ulnar, enquanto o nervo sensitivo mais acometido foi o sural. O padrão eletroneuromiográfico característico dos episódios reacionais foi a mononeurite múltipla. A ultrassonografia, a fluxometria por laser Doppler e o teste quantitativo de sensibilidade, associados à clínica e ao estudo da condução nervosa, foram tidos como exames úteis para avaliação inicial e para acompanhar o tratamento dos episódios reacionais. Após o tratamento, foi constatada melhora nos parâmetros referentes à função motora, mas o mesmo não ocorreu para sensibilidade. Com esse estudo, observa-se a necessidade de acompanhamento multidiciplinar com exames especializados para os pacientes com hanseníase a fim de diagnóstico de reação e tratamento precoce evitando sequelas neurológicas.

Estudo clínico prospectivo das modificações da borda alveolar inferior após projeção ortodôntica em tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico

A projeção de incisivos e expansão dos arcos dentários são uma alternativa valiosa à extração dentária, especialmente quando se considera a estética facial em pacientes adultos. O efeito da projeção ortodôntica dos incisivos inferiores sobre o periodonto é controverso devido às avaliações em exames bidimensionais e os aspectos multi-fatoriais que envolvem as recessões gengivais. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as modificações na altura da borda alveolar dos dentes ântero-inferiores de pacientes, que foram submetidos à projeção ortodôntica, com pacientes tratados sem projeção; e correlacionar estas modificações com o grau de inclinação dentária, com as alterações da distância bicanina e com o biotipo gengival. Pacientes adultos com mais de 3 mm de falta de espaço no arco inferior e curva de Spee moderada ou acentuada compuseram o grupo experimental (n=15). O grupo controle (n=7) consistiu de pacientes com bons arcos inferiores, que não necessitavam de grandes movimentos dentários. Estes pacientes foram submetidos a alinhamento e nivelamento dentário até o fio de aço .020". Tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico (TCFC) foram obtidas antes do tratamento e ao final da fase de alinhamento e nivelamento. As alturas das bordas alveolares (BA) de incisivos e caninos inferiores foram medidas nas TCFC em reconstruções 3D e comparadas entre os grupos e entre os tempos pelos testes-t de Student não pareado e pareado, respectivamente. As BA foram correlacionadas com o grau de inclinação dentária (IMPA), com a distância intercaninos (DIC) e com o biotipo gengival (BG) pelo teste de correlação de Pearson. Os resultados demonstraram que os caninos inferiores do grupo experimental apresentaram perda óssea significativa (p<0,005), quando comparados com o grupo controle, em média 2,5 mm. As BA dos dentes 43, 33 e 32 ao final do alinhamento e nivelamento eram significativamente maiores do que ao início do tratamento no grupo experimental (p<0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as medidas iniciais e finais das BA de todos os dentes do grupo controle. Apesar destes resultados, não foram encontradas correlações entre a remodelação da BA e o IMPA, a DIC e o BG. Pode-se concluir que o aumento no comprimento do arco inferior com arcos ortodônticos contínuos aumenta a inclinação dos incisivos inferiores e a DIC. O aumento da DIC parece exercer maior efeito sobre a BA dos caninos inferiores do que a inclinação de incisivos sobre a BA dos incisivos inferiores. No entanto, as modificações da BA não estão associadas ao grau de inclinação dos incisivos, a quantidade de expansão do arco inferior e ao biotipo gengival.

A phospholipase A1 platelet activator from the wasp venom of Vespa magnifica (Smith)

Wasp is an impor tant venomous animal that can induce human fatalities. Aortic thrombosis and cerebral infarction are major clinical symptoms after massive wasp stings but the reason leading to the envenomation manifestation is still not known. In this paper, a toxin protein is purified and characterized by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, CM-Sephadex C-25 cationic exchange and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) from the venom of the wasp, Vespa magnifica (Smith). This protein, named magnifin, contains phospholipase-like activity and induces platelet aggregation. The cDNA encoding magnifin is cloned from the venom sac cDNA library of the wasp. The predicted protein was deduced from the cDNA with a sequence composed of 337 amino acid residues. Magnifin is very similar to other phospholipase A(1) (PLA(1)), especially to other wasp allergen PLA(1). Magnifin can activate platelet aggregation and induce thrombosis in vivo. The current results proved that PLA(1) in wasp venom could be contributable to aortic thrombosis after massive wasp stings. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.