La transformación operativa de las fuerzas militares en el conflicto armado colombiano (1998-2010)

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar como se dio la modernización de las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia a través del Plan Colombia y como la implementación de este, fue determinante para el desarrollo operativo-estratégico y táctico adelantado en la Política de Seguridad Democrática de tres maneras: la primera hubo una gran inversión adelantada por el gobierno colombiano en colaboración con el gobierno estadounidense. En segunda instancia, una vez realizado el desembolso previsto se procedió a la compra a gran escala de armamento, aeronaves y vehículos de combate pesados. En tercera y ultima instancia se aumento el pie de fuerza y se invirtió en entrenamiento militar contraguerrilla, que consolidaron la presencia del Estado en zonas de conflicto interno y prolongado, supliendo las necesidades de los colombianos en situación de vulnerabilidad.

Autonomía financiera de los municipios en Colombia. Contenido, alcance y principales dificultades en el Estado unitario

Informe final de investigación en el que se define el contenido y se delimita el alcance de la autonomía financiera en los entes municipales en Colombia. Lo anterior, partiendo del premisa del artículo 311 de la C.N., en donde el Municipio es concebido como la “entidad fundamental de la división político-administrativa del Estado (…)”, al cual se le arrogó autonomía como derecho y como garantía institucional, para destinarlo a ser la piedra angular de la organización territorial del Estado, autonomía para la gestión de sus intereses que se manifiesta en la facultad de administrar sus recursos, establecer tributos y participar en las rentas nacionales; indicando que es éste el objeto de análisis del presente documento. La autonomía financiera en los municipios será analizada desde el punto de vista constitucional, normativo, jurisprudencial y doctrinal. Se demostrará que ésta es el resultado de la evolución en la forma en la cual se ha hecho y se hace el gasto público en Colombia, una transición que de manera simultánea al proceso político administrativo, ha demostrado que sólo a través del empoderamiento de los municipios puede concretarse la eficiencia como principio orientador del gasto público. Además, se examinará la autonomía financiera municipal en sus dos manifestaciones esenciales, es decir, revisando la forma en que los municipios obtienen sus recursos y la forma en que posteriormente los ejecutan.

El poder del debate ciudadano: procesos de gobernanza en la agenda interlocal de desarrollo Kennedy-Bosa

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo el debate ciudadano incide en la gestación de procesos de gobernanza en la Agenda Interlocal de Desarrollo Kennedy-Bosa, proyecto de participación ciudadana en Bogotá. A través del documento se pretende demostrar que el debate: 1) permitió que las organizaciones sociales, presentes en la Agenda Interlocal, entablaran relaciones horizontales; 2) posibilitó la interacción de múltiples actores de la ciudad, entre ellos Secretarías Distritales y entidades privadas; 3) promocionó el diálogo y el intercambio de ideas como medio para la resolución de problemáticas identificadas en las localidades de Bosa y Kennedy. Para demostrar lo anterior, se realizó observación participante y entrevistas en las que se evidenció el proceso de toma de decisiones y la interacción de los actores presentes en la Agenda.

Accidentes de trabajo e índice de masa corporal en vigilantes atendidos en una I.P.S. de salud ocupacional, Bogotá - Colombia, 2015

INTRODUCCIÓN: Todos los individuos dentro de una sociedad tienen derecho a disfrutar de una integridad física, mental y de sus bienes materiales, que en principio debe ser garantizada por el Estado, sin embargo, debido a la ineficacia y falta de alcance en la disponibilidad de hombres y mujeres para cuidar a cada persona y empresa, la Seguridad Privada ha surgido como actividad económica para garantizar éste servicio de manera individualizada. No obstante a ello, poco se sabe acerca de las características de las personas que desempeñan ésta labor, así como las demandas inherentes a ésta actividad económica; sin embargo, en poblaciones económicamente similares, se documenta a través de la literatura la aparente relación entre la condición física del individuo y la presentación de accidentes de trabajo. OBJETIVO: Establecer la relación entre los accidentes de trabajo y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en vigilantes atendidos en una I.P.S. de Salud Ocupacional en la ciudad de Bogotá-Colombia, durante el año 2015. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de corte transversal, con datos secundarios de una base de datos de 76 registros, procedentes de las historias clínicas médico ocupacionales realizadas a una población de trabajadores del sector de la Vigilancia o Seguridad Privada, durante su atención en una Institución Prestadora de Salud (I.P.S.) de Salud Ocupacional. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, ocupacionales, las relacionadas con los accidentes de trabajo y el índice de masa corporal. Se obtuvieron las frecuencias univariadas y para las variables de tipo cuantitativo, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, además de buscar potenciales asociaciones estadísticas, para conocer las variables que se relacionan con el evento estudiado. RESULTADOS: En éste proyecto se destaca que de los trabajadores que desempeñan la actividad económica de Vigilancia y Seguridad Privada, se encuentran en el grupo de 20 a 39 años (56.5%) y pertenecen al género masculino (84.2%); dichos factores contribuyen a la ocurrencia de los accidentes de trabajo (OR de 1.7 y 2.0 respectivamente). Además el I.M.C. de sobrepeso (OR 1.8), la obesidad (OR 1.4); y en sí el cargo de Vigilante concurren a la accidentalidad laboral (OR de 1.1) y con ello al incremento de incapacidad laboral en un 85.5% de 0 a 60 días. CONCLUSIONES: Se deben establecer medidas encaminadas al emprendimiento de sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica que mitiguen y minimicen el riesgo, con ello la presencia de eventos no deseados en el ámbito laboral para ésta población y la disminución del ausentismo laboral.

Frequency and genotypic distribution of GB virus C (GBV-C) among Colombian population with Hepatitis B (HBV) or Hepatitis C (HCV) infection

Background: GB virus C (GBV-C) is an enveloped positive-sense ssRNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Studies on the genetic variability of the GBV-C reveals the existence of six genotypes: genotype 1 predominates in West Africa, genotype 2 in Europe and America, genotype 3 in Asia, genotype 4 in Southwest Asia, genotype 5 in South Africa and genotype 6 in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and genotypic distribution of GBV-C in the Colombian population. Methods: Two groups were analyzed: i) 408 Colombian blood donors infected with HCV (n = 250) and HBV (n = 158) from Bogota and ii) 99 indigenous people with HBV infection from Leticia, Amazonas. A fragment of 344 bp from the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) was amplified by nested RT PCR. Viral sequences were genotyped by phylogenetic analysis using reference sequences from each genotype obtained from GenBank (n = 160). Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to obtain the MCC tree using BEAST v. 1.5.3. Results: Among blood donors, from 158 HBsAg positive samples, eight 5.06% (n = 8) were positive for GBV-C and from 250 anti-HCV positive samples, 3.2%(n = 8) were positive for GBV-C. Also, 7.7% (n = 7) GBV-C positive samples were found among indigenous people from Leticia. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of the following GBV-C genotypes among blood donors: 2a (41.6%), 1 (33.3%), 3 (16.6%) and 2b (8.3%). All genotype 1 sequences were found in co-infection with HBV and 4/5 sequences genotype 2a were found in co-infection with HCV. All sequences from indigenous people from Leticia were classified as genotype 3. The presence of GBV-C infection was not correlated with the sex (p = 0.43), age (p = 0.38) or origin (p = 0.17). Conclusions: It was found a high frequency of GBV-C genotype 1 and 2 in blood donors. The presence of genotype 3 in indigenous population was previously reported from Santa Marta region in Colombia and in native people from Venezuela and Bolivia. This fact may be correlated to the ancient movements of Asian people to South America a long time ago.

Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV) and Hepatitis Delta (HDV) Viruses in the Colombian Population-How Is the Epidemiological Situation?

Background: Viral hepatitis B, C and delta still remain a serious problem worldwide. In Colombia, data from 1980s described that HBV and HDV infection are important causes of hepatitis, but little is known about HCV infection. The aim of this study was to determine the currently frequency of HBV, HCV and HDV in four different Colombian regions. Methodology/Principal Findings: This study was conducted in 697 habitants from 4 Colombian departments: Amazonas, Choco, Magdalena and San Andres Islands. Epidemiological data were obtained from an interview applied to each individual aiming to evaluate risk factors related to HBV, HCV or HDV infections. All samples were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs and anti-HCV markers. Samples that were positive to HBsAg and/or anti-HBc were tested to anti-HDV. Concerning the geographical origin of the samples, the three HBV markers showed a statistically significant difference: HBsAg (p = 0.033) and anti-HBc (p < 0.001) were more frequent in Amazonas and Magdalena departments. Isolated anti-HBs (a marker of previous vaccination) frequencies were: Choco (53.26%), Amazonas (32.88%), Magdalena (17.0%) and San Andres (15.33%) p < 0.001. Prevalence of anti-HBc increased with age; HBsAg varied from 1.97 to 8.39% (p = 0.033). Amazonas department showed the highest frequency for anti-HCV marker (5.68%), while the lowest frequency was found in San Andres Island (0.66%). Anti-HDV was found in 9 (5.20%) out of 173 anti-HBc and/or HBsAg positive samples, 8 of them from the Amazonas region and 1 from them Magdalena department. Conclusions/Significance: In conclusion, HBV, HCV and HDV infections are detected throughout Colombia in frequency levels that would place some areas as hyperendemic for HBV, especially those found in Amazonas and Magdalena departments. Novel strategies to increase HBV immunization in the rural population and to strengthen HCV surveillance are reinforced by these results.

Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus genotype E in an isolated Afro-Colombian community

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant public health concern with 350 million chronic carriers worldwide. Eight HBV genotypes (A-H) have been described so far. Genotype E (HBV/E) is widely distributed in West Africa and has rarely been found in other continents, except for a few cases in individuals with an African background. In this study, we characterized HBV genotypes in Quibdo, Colombia, by partial S/P gene sequencing, and found, for the first time, HBV/E circulating in nine Afro-Colombian patients who had no recent contact with Africa. The presence of HBV/E in this community as a monophyletic group suggests that it was a result of a recent introduction by some Afro-descendent contact or, alternatively, that the virus came with slaves brought to Colombia. By using sequences with sampling dates, we estimated the substitution rate to be about 3.2x10(-4) substitutions per site per year, which resulted in a time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of 29 years. In parallel, we also estimated the TMRCA for HBV/E by using two previously estimated substitution rates (7.7x10(-4) and 1.5x10(-5) substitutions per site per year). The TMRCA was around 35 years under the higher rate and 1500 years under the slower rate. In sum, this work reports for the first time the presence of an exclusively African HBV genotype circulating in South America. We also discuss the time of the entry of this virus into America based on different substitution rates estimated for HBV.

Dynamics of Hepatitis D (delta) virus genotype 3 in the Amazon region of South America

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is widely distributed and associated with fulminant hepatitis epidemics in areas with high prevalence of HBV. Several studies performed in the 1980s showed data on HDV infection in South America, but there are no studies on the viral dynamics of this virus. The aim of this study was to conduct an evolutionary analysis of hepatitis delta genotype 3 (HDV/3) prevalent in South America: estimate its nucleotide substitution rate, determine the time of most recent ancestor (TMRCA) and characterize the epidemic history and evolutionary dynamics. Furthermore, we characterized the presence of HBV/HDV infection in seven samples collected from patients who died due to fulminant hepatitis from Amazon region in Colombia and included them in the evolutionary analysis. This is the first study reporting HBV and HDV sequences from the Amazon region of Colombia. Of the seven Colombian patients, five were positive for HBV-DNA and HDV-RNA. Of them, two samples were successfully sequenced for HBV (subgenotypes F3 and Fib) and the five samples HDV positive were classified as HDV/3. By using all HDV/3 available reference sequences with sampling dates (n = 36), we estimated the HDV/3 substitution rate in 1.07 x 10(-3) substitutions per site per year (s/s/y), which resulted in a time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of 85 years. Also, it was determined that HDV/3 spread exponentially from early 1950s to the 1970s in South America. This work discusses for the first time the viral dynamics for the HDV/3 circulating in South America. We suggest that the measures implemented to control HBV transmission resulted in the control of HDV/3 spreading in South America, especially after the important raise in this infection associated with a huge mortality during the 1950s up to the 1970s. The differences found among HDV/3 and the other HDV genotypes concerning its diversity raises the hypothesis of a different origin and/or a different transmission route. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ensino de léxico e texto descritivo

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Didáctica da Língua Portuguesa no 1.º e 2.º Ciclos do Ensino Básico

Anuário Científico – 2004 Resumos de Artigos, Comunicações, Teses e Livros

O Conselho Científico do Instituto Superior de engenharia de Lisboa dá continuidade À publicação do Anuário Científico do ISEL com esta edição relativa ao ano de 2004. Nela se evidencia a produção científica do corpo docente do ISEL a qual tem vindo a crescer de forma sustentada. O Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa pauta a sua actividade - ensino, investigação e prestação de serviços À comunidade - por elevados padrões de qualidade. O seu valor como Instituição é reconhecido no país, nomeadamente, na academia, de forma explícita, interessada e estimulante. No entanto,continua sujeito a inibições administrativas que restringem o seu pleno desenvolvimento e inviabilizam um ainda maior contributo que pode dar à sociedade. O Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, consciente de que o seu desenvolvimento como escola de engenharia com plenitude de competências só é possível no âmbito do subsistema universitário, opta pela sua integração, como unidade orgânica com autonomia científica, pedagógica, administrativa e financeira, na Universidade de Lisboa. Decisão tomada neste ano de 2005, de forma expressiva, por todos os órgãos institucionais do ISEL e aceite pela Universidade de Lisboa através da deliberação do seu Senado. Este rumo tem sido firmemente apoiado pelo Conselho Científico na convicção de que estabelece o caminho que melhor serve os interesses da Instituição e do país. É um facto que apraz realçar no momento de fazer mais investigação dos seus docentes, na expectativa de um acolhimento favorável por parte do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior.

Óbitos evitáveis até 48 meses de idade entre as crianças da Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2004

OBJETIVO: Descrever óbitos evitáveis de crianças pertencentes à Coorte de Pelotas, RS, de 2004. MÉTODOS: O óbito de 92 crianças entre 2004-2008 da Coorte de Pelotas 2004 foi identificado e classificado conforme a Lista de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por Intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde. Os Sistemas de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) municipal e estadual foram rastreados para localizar mortes ocorridas fora de Pelotas e as causas após o primeiro ano vida. O óbito de menores de um ano foi avaliado e comparado entre um subestudo e o SIM. Foram calculados coeficientes de mortalidade: 1.000 nascidos vivos (NV), mortalidade proporcional por causas evitáveis e conforme tipo de unidade básica de saúde (tradicional ou Estratégia Saúde da Família). RESULTADOS: O coeficiente de mortalidade foi de 22,2:1.000 NV, 82 óbitos ocorreram no primeiro ano de vida (19,4:1.000 NV), dos quais 37 (45%) na primeira semana. Mais de ¾ dos óbitos (70/92) eram evitáveis. No primeiro ano de vida, a maioria (42/82) das mortes seriam evitadas pela adequada atenção à mulher durante a gestação; de acordo com o SIM, a maioria (n = 32/82), pela adequada atenção ao recém-nascido. Não houve diferença entre o tipo de Unidade Básica de Saúde quanto à proporção de óbitos evitáveis. CONCLUSÕES: É alta a proporção de óbitos infantis que podem ser evitados. Para que os óbitos evitáveis possam ser utilizados como indicadores no monitoramento da qualidade da atenção à saúde materno-infantil, é necessário aprimorar a qualidade dos os registros das Declarações de Óbito.

Deu anys de seguiment demogràfic i genètic d"Stachys maritima a Catalunya (2001-2010). Implicacions per a un pla de recuperació.

Ten years of demographic and genetic monitoring of Stachys maritima in Catalonia (2001-2010). Implications for a recovery plan.- Stachys maritima is a species typical of the coastal dunes, with a wide distribution within the Mediterranean Basin. In spite of this, the species shows a clear regression. In Catalonia, it has been observed an important reduction of its populations since early 20th century, where it has disappeared from several localities in which it was relatively common (Tarragonès, Barcelonès). Herein we present the results of the demographic monitoring of the species during the last 10 years (2001-2010) in the known localities in Catalonia. Besides corroborating the disappearance (northern Sant Martí d'Empúries), the re-discovering (Llobregat Delta beach) and the detection of new populations (inner dunes of the Montgrí), a large year-to-year fluctuation of the monitored populations is stated; the possible reasons are discussed. In addition, the present work also includes the results of the allozyme diversity analysis of the new detected populations as well as the rediscoveries of the period 2004-2008, which were not included in a former study of genetic diversity carried out in 2002-2003. It is necessary to emphasize that the contribution of the new populations to the genetic diversity of Stachys maritima is very small, which can be attributed to their limited population size and /or to founder effects. Despite that the species is included in the Annex 2 ('En Perill d'Extinció') within the Catàleg de Flora Amenaçada de Catalunya (Catalogue of Endangered Flora of Catalonia), and some 'soft' conservation measures have been applied at local level (signposting of the beach accesses, environmental education, etc.) coupled with other more significant measures (e.g. translocation of individuals discovered in an artificial sandbank), it would be necessary the coordinated action and the scientific support of any initiative of conservation that could be carried out. The general frame to initiate actions of conservation should be the recovery plan of Stachys maritima, whose draft and application is mandatory in accordance to the Catàleg.

Deu anys de seguiment demogràfic i genètic d’Stachys maritima a Catalunya (2001-2010). Implicacions per a un pla de recuperació

Ten years of demographic and genetic monitoring of Stachys maritima in Catalonia (2001-2010). Implications for a recovery plan.- Stachys maritima is a species typical of the coastal dunes, with a wide distribution within the Mediterranean Basin. In spite of this, the species shows a clear regression. In Catalonia, it has been observed an important reduction of its populations since early 20th century, where it has disappeared from several localities in which it was relatively common (Tarragonès, Barcelonès). Herein we present the results of the demographic monitoring of the species during the last 10 years (2001-2010) in the known localities in Catalonia. Besides corroborating the disappearance (northern Sant Martí d’Empúries), the re-discovering (Llobregat Delta beach) and the detection of new populations (inner dunes of the Montgrí), a large year-to-year fluctuation of the monitored populations is stated; the possible reasons are discussed. In addition, the present work also includes the results of the allozyme diversity analysis of the new detected populations as well as the rediscoveries of the period 2004-2008, which were not included in a former study of genetic diversity carried out in 2002-2003. It is necessary to emphasize that the contribution of the new populations to the genetic diversity of Stachys maritima is very small, which can be attributed to their limited population size and /or to founder effects. Despite that the species is included in the Annex 2 (“En Perill d’Extinció”) within the Catàleg de Flora Amenaçada de Catalunya (Catalogue of Endangered Flora of Catalonia), and some “soft” conservation measures have been applied at local level (signposting of the beach accesses, environmental education, etc.) coupled with other more significant measures (e.g. translocation of individuals discovered in an artificial sandbank), it would be necessary the coordinated action and the scientific support of any initiative of conservation that could be carried out. The general frame to initiate actions of conservation should be the recovery plan of Stachys maritima, whose draft and application is mandatory in accordance to the Catàleg

La clase colectiva bajo un planteamiento interdisciplinar.

Se trata de trabajar la clase colectiva de los instrumentos de grado elemental, pero con un criterio innovador, pues no se trataría de forma aislada por instrumento, sino con criterios más enriquecedores para el alumnado y el profesorado. Se pretende trabajar con una programación común a todo el centro, con aspectos específicos para cada trimestre, y mezclando alumnos de diferentes instrumentos.

Aplicaci??n de las nuevas tecnolog??as en el curr??culum para una ense??anza personalizada del ??rea de ciencias

Elaboraci??n de unidades did??cticas que permitan una ense??anza personalizada, para que cada alumno aprenda a su ritmo, con actividades que permitan una adecuaci??n a cada uno de ellos y utilizando lo m??s posible el uso de las nuevas tecnolog??as.