Qualidade física, viabilidade e dormência de sementes recém-colhidas de capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv.)

O capim-gordura tem sido uma importante invasora em áreas de proteção ambiental na região Central do Brasil, devido, entre outros aspectos, à sua elevada capacidade de reprodução e dispersão. No presente trabalho teve-se como objetivo avaliar a percentagem de espiguetas cheias, a viabilidade e a dormência de sementes recém-colhidas de capim-gordura, provenientes de diferentes locais de coleta. Foram utilizadas sementes das cultivares Roxo e Cabelo-de-Negro, importantes gramíneas invasoras de áreas de proteção ambiental nos cerrados brasileiros, coletadas em três unidades de conservação do Distrito Federal, Brasil: Parque Nacional de Brasília, Reserva Ecológica do IBGE e Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas. Avaliou-se a percentagem de sementes cheias (contendo cariopse) mediante separação, contagem e pesagem das frações espiguetas cheias e vazias e; a viabilidade e a dormência dessas sementes, pelo teste de germinação utilizando-se apenas sementes cheias. Foi observada grande variação na ocorrência de sementes cheias em função do local de coleta, especialmente na cultivar Roxo (17,5% a 36,1%). O local de coleta também afetou a dormência das sementes de ambas as cultivares (20% a 80%) e a viabilidade das sementes apenas da cultivar Roxo (80% a 96%). O teste de germinação em temperaturas alternadas de 20-30 °C, em solução de nitrato de potássio a 0,5% com luz foi eficiente para avaliar a viabilidade das sementes enquanto o teste a 25 °C, em água e no escuro foi eficiente para estimar a dormência das sementes. Esses resultados sugerem que certas características das sementes dessa espécie, como elevada viabilidade e dormência, podem contribuir para sua grande dispersão.

¿De vecinos distantes a socios estratégicos? Análisis de la política exterior brasileña hacia Colombia en materia de seguridad, desde 1995 hasta 2011

Análisis de la política exterior brasileña de Fernando Henrique Cardoso y Luis Inácio Lula da Silva con respecto a la región y cómo esto favoreció la relación con Colombia, permitiendo la Cooperación Sur Sur Horizontal en materia de desarrollo de tecnología militar

Incidencia de la Cuenca Amazónica en las relaciones colombo-brasileñas, en materia de seguridad. Periodo 2006-2011

La Amazonía fue por mucho tiempo tan solo un gran espacio selvático, de difícil penetración, con un clima de gran humedad, lejano de los centros de poder y por lo tanto, relegado a un segundo plano en las políticas nacionales. Sin embargo, la región amazónica ha cambiado profundamente en las últimas décadas, lo que a su vez ha generado una profunda transformación en las políticas dirigidas hacia dicho espacio, la atención internacional que la cuenca recibe y las dinámicas e intereses nacionales e internacionales que alrededor de ella se encuentran. Dicha transformación llevó a una multiplicación y a una diversificación de las dinámicas de seguridad e inseguridad en la región y en el continente, modificando las relaciones entre actores internacionales con intereses en la región.

Tratándose de expresiones idiomáticas, ­no te rompas la cabeza ni busques cinco pies al gato!

Resumen tomado de la publicación

A greve académica de 1907

Este artigo procura revisitar a greve académica de 1907 e integrá-la num cenário de declínio da Monarquia Constitucional e numa conjuntura promissora da nova ordem republicana. Num primeiro momento, aborda-se a origem, o desenvolvimento e as consequências desta rebelião estudantil, enfocando uma multiplicidade de olhares, coevos, de publicistas, escritores e políticos e dando igualmente voz a alguns estudantes que vivenciaram esses acontecimentos. Num segundo momento, procede-se à abordagem das intervenções parlamentares que esta questão académica despoletou na Câmara dos Deputados, com destaque para os discursos eloquentes de António José de Almeida, um dos grandes tribunos republicanos do seu tempo.

A formação do museólogo e o seu campo de atuação

Foi com prazer que recebi o convite para participar do XV Congresso Nacional de Museus, promovido pela Associação Brasileira de Museologia, para apresentar as minhas reflexões sobre um tema que considero da maior relevância, qual seja “A Formação do Museólogo e o seu Campo de Atuação”, inserindo-o no tema geral proposto para este evento, “Museu & Museologia para o Século XXI – perspectivas para Países Periféricos”. Agradeço, pois, aos colegas organizadores do evento, pela possibilidade de troca, de avaliação da formação dos profissionais, para a qual estamos contribuindo, ao tempo em que, estamos, também, tendo a oportunidade de avaliar a nossa atuação.

Ethylene and polyamine interactions in morphogenesis of Passiflora cincinnata: effects of ethylene biosynthesis and action modulators, as well as ethylene scavengers

Ethylene is a plant hormone that is of fundamental importance to in vitro morphogenesis, but in many species, it has not been thoroughly studied. Its relationship with polyamines has been studied mainly because the two classes of hormones share a common biosynthetic precursor, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). In order to clarify whether competition between polyamines and ethylene influences in vitro morphogenetic responses of Passiflora cincinnata Mast., a climacteric species, different compounds were used that act on ethylene biosynthesis and action, or as ethylene scavengers. Treatment with the ethylene inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) caused a greater regeneration frequency in P. cincinnata, whereas treatment with the ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) lessened regeneration frequencies. The data suggested that levels of polyamines and ethylene are not correlated with morphogenic responses in P. cincinnata. It was ascertained that neither the absolute ethylene and polyamine levels, nor competition between the compounds, correlated to the obtained morphogenic responses. However, sensitivity to, and signaling by, ethylene appears to play an important role in differentiation. This study reinforces previous reports regarding the requirement of critical concentrations and temporal regulation of ethylene levels for morphogenic responses. Temporal regulation also appeared to be a key factor in competition between the two biosynthetic pathways, without having any effects on morphogenesis. Further studies investigating the silencing or overexpression of genes related to ethylene perception, under the influence of polyamines in cell differentiation are extremely important for the complete understanding of this process.

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves GLUT-4 and morphological characteristics of skeletal muscle in rats with heart failure

Aim: Changes in skeletal muscle morphology and metabolism are associated with limited functional capacity in heart failure, which can be attenuated by neuromuscular electrical stimulation (ES). The purpose of the present study was to analyse the effects of ES upon GLUT-4 protein content, fibre structure and vessel density of the skeletal muscle in a rat model of HF subsequent to myocardial infarction. Methods: Forty-four male Wistar rats were assigned to one of four groups: sham (S), sham submitted to ES (S+ES), heart failure (HF) and heart failure submitted to ES (HF+ES). The rats in the ES groups were submitted to ES of the left leg during 20 days (2.5 kHz, once a day, 30 min, duty cycle 50%- 15 s contraction/15 s rest). After this period, the left tibialis anterior muscle was collected from all the rats for analysis. Results: HF+ES rats showed lower values of lung congestion when compared with HF rats (P = 0.0001). Although muscle weight was lower in HF rats than in the S group, thus indicating hypotrophy, 20 days of ES led to their recovery (P < 0.0001). In both groups submitted to ES, there was an increase in muscle vessel density (P < 0.04). Additionally, heart failure determined a 49% reduction in GLUT-4 protein content (P < 0.03), which was recovered by ES (P < 0.01). Conclusion: In heart failure, ES improves morphological changes and raises GLUT-4 content in skeletal muscle.

Antimicrobial activity in the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus eggs: Cellular localization and temporal expression of microplusin during oogenesis and embryogenesis

Arthropods display different mechanisms to protect themselves against infections, among which antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an important role, acting directly against invader pathogens. We have detected several factors with inhibitory activity against Candida albicans and Micrococcus luteus on the surface and in homogenate of eggs of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. One of the anti-M. luteus factors of the egg homogenate was isolated to homogeneity. Analysis by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) revealed that it corresponds to microplusin, an AMP previously isolated from the cell-free hemolymph of X (B.) microplus. Reverse transcription (RT) quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) showed that the levels of microplusin mRNA gradually increase along ovary development, reaching an impressive highest value three days after the adult females have dropped from the calf and start oviposition. Interestingly, the level of microplusin mRNA is very low in recently laid eggs. An enhance of microplusin gene expression in eggs is observed only nine days after the onset of oviposition, achieving the highest level just before the larva hatching, when the level of expression decreases once again. Fluorescence microscopy analysis using an anti-microplusin serum revealed that microplusin is present among yolk granules of oocytes as well as in the connecting tube of ovaries. These results, together to our previous data. suggest that microplusin may be involved not only in protection of adult female hemocele, but also in protection of the female reproductive tract and embryos, what points this AMP as a considerable target for development of new methods to control R. (B.) microplus as well as the vector-borne pathogens. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On the unification of long-term survival models

In this paper we extend the long-term survival model proposed by Chen et al. [Chen, M.-H., Ibrahim, J.G., Sinha, D., 1999. A new Bayesian model for survival data with a surviving fraction. journal of the American Statistical Association 94, 909-919] via the generating function of a real sequence introduced by Feller [Feller, W., 1968. An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, third ed., vol. 1, Wiley, New York]. A direct consequence of this new formulation is the unification of the long-term survival models proposed by Berkson and Gage [Berkson, J., Gage, R.P., 1952. Survival cure for cancer patients following treatment. journal of the American Statistical Association 47, 501-515] and Chen et al. (see citation above). Also, we show that the long-term survival function formulated in this paper satisfies the proportional hazards property if, and only if, the number of competing causes related to the occurrence of an event of interest follows a Poisson distribution. Furthermore, a more flexible model than the one proposed by Yin and Ibrahim [Yin, G., Ibrahim, J.G., 2005. Cure rate models: A unified approach. The Canadian journal of Statistics 33, 559-570] is introduced and, motivated by Feller`s results, a very useful competing index is defined. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A discontinuous-Galerkin-based immersed boundary method with non-homogeneous boundary conditions and its application to elasticity

We propose a discontinuous-Galerkin-based immersed boundary method for elasticity problems. The resulting numerical scheme does not require boundary fitting meshes and avoids boundary locking by switching the elements intersected by the boundary to a discontinuous Galerkin approximation. Special emphasis is placed on the construction of a method that retains an optimal convergence rate in the presence of non-homogeneous essential and natural boundary conditions. The role of each one of the approximations introduced is illustrated by analyzing an analog problem in one spatial dimension. Finally, extensive two- and three-dimensional numerical experiments on linear and nonlinear elasticity problems verify that the proposed method leads to optimal convergence rates under combinations of essential and natural boundary conditions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Substitutional Impurities in PPV Crystals: An Intrinsic Donor-Acceptor System for High V(oc) Photovoltaic Devices

Defects are usually present in organic polymer films and are commonly invoked to explain the low efficiency obtained in organic-based optoelectronic devices. We propose that controlled insertion of substitutional impurities may, on the contrary, tune the optoelectronic properties of the underivatized organic material and, in the case studied here, maximize the efficiency of a solar cell. We investigate a specific oxygen-impurity substitution, the keto-defect -(CH(2)-C=O)- in underivatized crystalline poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV), and its impact on the electronic structure of the bulk film, through a combined classical (force-field) and quantum mechanical (DFT) approach. We find defect states which suggest a spontaneous electron hole separation typical of a donor acceptor interface, optimal for photovoltaic devices. Furthermore, the inclusion of oxygen impurities does not introduce defect states in the gap and thus, contrary to standard donor-acceptor systems, should preserve the intrinsic high open circuit voltage (V(oc)) that may be extracted from PPV-based devices.

Copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes with 2-formylpyridine-derived hydrazones

In the present work 2-formylpyridine-para-chloro-phenyl hydrazone (H2FopCIPh) and 2-formylpyridine-para-nitro-phenyl hydrazone (H2FopNO(2)Ph) were obtained, as well as their copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes [Cu(H2FopClPh)Cl(2)] (1), [Cu(2FopNO(2)Ph)Cl] (2), [Zn(H2FopClPh)Cl(2)] (3) and [Zn(H2FopNO(2)Ph)Cl(2)] (4). Upon re-crystallization in DMSO:acetone conversion of 2 into [Cu(2FopNO(2)Ph)Cl(DMSO)] (2a) and of 4 into [Zn(2FopNO(2)Ph)Cl(DMSO)] (4a) occurred. The crystal structures of 1, 2a, 3 and 4a were determined. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On the Skew-Normal-Cauchy Distribution

In this article, we study further properties of a skew normal distribution, called the skew-normal-Cauchy (SNC) distribution by Nadarajah and Kotz (2003). A stochastic representation is obtained which allows alternative derivations for moments, moments generating function, and skewness and kurtosis coefficients. Issues related to singularity of the Fisher information matrix are investigated.

Properties and Inference on the Skew-Curved-Symmetric Family of Distributions

In this article, we study some results related to a specific class of distributions, called skew-curved-symmetric family of distributions that depends on a parameter controlling the skewness and kurtosis at the same time. Special elements of this family which are studied include symmetric and well-known asymmetric distributions. General results are given for the score function and the observed information matrix. It is shown that the observed information matrix is always singular for some special cases. We illustrate the flexibility of this class of distributions with an application to a real dataset on characteristics of Australian athletes.