Knowledge sharing networks and performance

The present investigation aims to analyse the relationship between knowledge sharing behaviours and performance. The former behaviours were studied using Social Network Analysis, in an attempt to characterise knowledge sharing networks. Through identification of central individuals in these networks, we made analysis of the association between this centrality and individual performance. A questionnaire was developed and applied to a sample of workers in a Portuguese organisation (N=244). The final conclusions point to a positive association between these behaviours and individual performance.

Luottamuksen rooli hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamisessa

Pro gradu – tutkielman tavoitteena oli tutkia luottamuksen roolia hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamisessa. Työn teoreettisena tavoitteena oli selvittää luottamuksen tukemisen ja rakentamisen keinoja hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamisen tueksi yhdistämällä hiljaista tietämystä ja luottamusta koskeva kirjallisuus. Empiirisen tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuoda teoria käytännön tasolle ja selvittää miten hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamista voidaan edistää luottamuksen avulla. Tässä tutkimuksessa on käytetty menetelmätriangulaatiota empiirisen aineiston tutkimusmenetelmänä yhdistämällä kvalitatiivinen ja kvantitatiivinen tutkimusote. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin haastattelujen ja kyselyn avulla. Empiirisen tutkimuksen kohteena oli hiljaisen tietämyksen jakaminen tiimikontekstissa ja luottamuksen rooli siinä. Tutkimuksen perusteella saatiin selkeä kuva siitä, mihin hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamisen tekijöihin luottamus vaikuttaa ja millaisia seuraamuksia luottamuksella on hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamiseen. Tutkimuksen tulokset tukivat aiempia empiirisiä tutkimustuloksia tunnepohjaisen ja järkiperäisen luottamuksen osalta. Tässä tutkimuksessa tulokset myös osoittivat, että luottamuksen merkitys tiimin toimintaan, hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamiseen, yhteistyöhön, sitoutumiseen sekä motivaatioon on merkittävä. Tämä on hyvä tiedostaa ja siihen tulee kiinnittää tietoisesti huomiota koko organisaation kehittämisen työkaluna.

KIBS-yrityksen konsultin ja asiakkaan väliseen hiljaisen tiedon jakamiseen vaikuttavat tekijät

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää ja ymmärtää, mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat hiljaisen tiedon jakamiseen asiakkaan ja KIBS-yritystä edustavan konsultin välillä. Tutkimusongelmaa lähestyttiin näkökulmasta, missä hiljaisen onnistuneen jakamisen merkitys nähtiin rekrytointipalvelun onnistumisen edellytyksenä. Sekä kirjallisuuskatsauksessa että tutkimuksen empiirisessä osuudessa pyrittiin selvittämään, miten motivaatio, kykytekijät ja luottamus vaikuttavat hiljaisen tiedon jakamiseen. Tutkimuksessa pyrittiin myös kuvaamaan niitä mahdollisuuksia ja haasteita, mitä hiljaisen tiedon jakaminen synnyttää rekrytointiprosessin määrittelyvaiheessa. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa tarkasteltiin teorioita tiedosta ja hiljaisen tiedon jakamisesta, sekä määriteltiin pääkäsitteet hiljainen tieto, motivaatio, mahdollisuus, kyvykkyys, luottamus, KIBS-yritys, sekä joukko niiden alakäsitteitä. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osuus toteutettiin laadullisilla menetelmillä tapaustutkimuksena. Aineisto kerättiin kuuden puolistrukturoidun teema-haastattelun kautta. Tiedon jakamiseen vaikuttaviksi ja edistäviksi tekijöiksi tunnistettiin vuoro-vaikutustilanteessa olevien henkilöiden välinen luottamus, motivaatio ja asiantuntemus. Haasteina hiljaisen tiedon jakamisessa nähtiin sen strateginen, sekä toimintaan ja asiantuntemukseen sidoksissa oleva muoto.

Hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamista edistävät yksilötekijät työyhteisössä

Pro gradu -tutkielman tavoitteena oli tutkia yksilöiden välistä hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamista edistäviä tekijöitä. Yksilötason olosuhteiden tunteminen on tarpeen, jotta organisaation toteuttamat toimenpiteet hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamisen tehostamiseksi ovat tarkoituksenmukaisesti kohdennettuja. Työn teoriaosuudessa keskityttiin tarkastelemaan hiljaisen tietämyksen olemusta sekä hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamista yksilöiden välillä. Tutkielman empiirisessä osuudessa edellä mainittuja tekijöitä tarkasteltiin käytännössä ja pyrittiin selvittämään miten yksilön motivaatioon, mahdollisuuksiin, kykyihin sekä kommunikaatioon liittyvät tekijät edistävät hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamista työyhteisössä. Tutkimuksen kohteena oli erityisesti työtehtävissä esiintyvä hiljainen tietämys ja sen jakamiseen liittyvät yksilötason tekijät. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin haastattelujen ja kyselylomakkeiden avulla. Tutkimuksen perusteella saatiin selkeä kuva siitä, millaiset motivaatioon, mahdollisuuksiin ja kykyihin liittyvät tekijät edistävät hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamista sekä millainen kommunikaatio tukee sitä. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että MOA-tekijät ovat merkittävästi vaikuttamassa yksilöiden väliseen hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamiseen. Tulokset tukivat pääosin aiempaa tutkimusta, mutta tuottivat samalla tieteellistä lisäarvoa tuomalla esiin yksityiskohtaisempia havaintoja eri tekijöiden vaikutuksesta hiljaisen tietämyksen jakamiseen. Erityisesti esiin nousivat yksilöiden väliset hyöty- ja etäisyysnäkökulmat.

Hiljaisen tiedon hyödyntäminen verkostoituneen yrityksen ict-ryhmässä

Työn alustavana tavoitteena oli havaita yrityksen ict-ryhmässä käytettävien teknisten välineiden, informaation hallinnan järjestelmien ja ryhmän työtilojen vaikutus hiljasen tiedon jakamiseen tai sen estymiseen. Työssä tarkasteltiin myös vaikutusta ryhmän oppimiseen sekä ryhmään muodostuvan hiljaisen tiedon syntymisen ja henkilöitymisen syihin sekä hiljaisen tiedon laatuun. Lisäksi työssä pyritään löytämään tapoja, joiden avulla hiljaista tietoa voidaan hyödyntää ja jakaa ryhmässä siten että se mahdollistaa myös ryhmän oppimisen. Haastatteluissa nousivat esiin informaation hallintaongelmat, jotka johtuvat informaation hajautumisesta informaation eri hallinta järjestelmiin, tietoturvamääräysten aiheuttamiin esteisiin ja kriittisen teknisen dokumentaation tallentamiseen. Nämä vaikeuttavat tallennetun informaation hyödyntämistä ict-ryhmässä. Tämä osaltaan aiheuttaa hiljaisen tiedon henkilöitymistä ryhmässä ja hiljaisen tiedon jakamisen menetelmien jää hyödyntämättä. Haastatteluissa osoittautui, että hiljaisen tiedon hyödyntämisongelmat johtuvat osittain ryhmän sisäisten yhteyksien verkoston rakenteesta. Vahvojen linkkien vähyys ryhmässä ja vahvojen linkkien suuntautuminen ryhmän ulkoisiin verkostoihin vaikeuttaa hiljaisen tiedon siirtymistä ryhmässä ja aiheuttaa hiljaisen tiedon henkilöitymistä. Kiire todettiin ryhmän kannalta ongelmalliseksi hiljaisen tiedon jakamisen ja hyödyntämisen esteeksi. Tiedon adaptaatioon ja omaksumiseen liittyvät ongelmat ovat sidoksissa aikaan ja hiljaisen tiedon henkilöitymiseen ryhmässä. Ryhmätyö ja ryhmän päivittäisessä toiminnassa käytettävissä olevat hiljaisen tiedon jakamisen menetelmät osoittautuvat sopivimmiksi edistämään ryhmän yhteistyökykyä sekä sosiaalisen rakenteen ja luottamuksen kehittymistä. Ne poistavat myös tiedon omaksumisen ja adaptaation esteitä. Ryhmätyö vaikuttaa myönteisesti ryhmän kollektiiviseen osaamiseen ja ryhmän hiljaisen tiedon kehittymiseen. Lisäksi se parantaa teknisen dokumentaation ymmärrettävyyttä.

Perheyrityksen sukupolvenvaihdos - hiljaisen tiedon jakaminen luopujan ja jatkajan välillä

Pro gradu –tutkielmassa tarkastellaan hiljaisen tiedon siirtymistä sukupolvenvaihdosprosessissa luopujan ja jatkajan näkökulmista. Tavoitteena on selvittää, miten hiljaista tietoa tehdään näkyväksi, miten tieto siirtyy ja liittykö tiedon siirtymiseen myös tiedon rakentumista. Tutkielma toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena tapaustutkimuksena. Aineisto kerättiin yksilö-haastattelemalla kahden eteläkarjalaisen yrityksen luovuttajaa ja jatkajaa. Aineisto analysoitiin teoriaohjaavaa sisällönanalyysia hyödyntäen. Tutkielma osoitti, että yrityksen sukupolvenvaihdoksessa siirtyy tietoa, josta osa on hiljaista tietoa. Tiedon siirtämistä pidetään tärkeänä, mutta omaa hiljaista tietoa ei tunnisteta hyvin. Tutkielman perusteella voidaan tehdä johtopäätös, että tiedon siirtämisessä on mahdollista rakentaa myös uutta merkityksellistä tietoa. Tulevaisuuden haasteina on tunnistaa yrityksissä olevaa hiljaista tietoa, järjestää ba-tiloja, jotka edesauttavat tiedon siirtymistä vuorovaikutuksessa ja kehittää edelleen menetelmiä, joiden avulla tietoa voidaan siirtää ja rakentaa sukupolvien välillä.

A relação entre confiança interpessoal e compartilhamento de conhecimento tácito

Empresas de negócios, que são constantemente pressionados por inovação, têm na criação de conhecimento organizacional a base para a estratégia de sobrevivência. Muito desse conhecimento acumulado é tácito, encarnado em indivíduos e incorporado pela organização, e que é de difícil articulação. A necessária justificativa de um novo conhecimento torna a sua criação um processo muito frágil. Indivíduos podem sentir-se ameaçados em compartilhar insights, intuição, novas ideias, know-how, habilidades específicas, diante de devastadores mecanismos de controle social como ridículo, difamação e opróbrio, ou pela possibilidade de mau uso de um conhecimento útil e valioso. Por outro lado, com a criança logo ao nascer, e derivado do narcisismo primário, emerge a confiança básica que acompanha o indivíduo ao longo de sua existência, e que, portanto, pode levá-lo a compartilhar seus achados. Esta pesquisa, um ensaio teórico, explorou a relação entre a confiança e compartilhamento de conhecimento tácito nas organizações. Com abordagem multidisciplinar, aderente ao pensamento complexo, incorporou referenciais teóricos advindos de trabalhos de neo-schumpeterianos (Teoria Evolucionária), da sociologia e da psicologia. O percurso metodológico contemplou a busca de artigos em base de dados, leitura de resumos de artigos, busca de autores consagrados na literatura, consulta de autores referenciados nos artigos, leitura e análise de trabalhos selecionados. Mediante análise de conteúdo, que busca identificar o que está sendo dito a respeito do tema, foram criadas as seguintes categorias de análise: inovação, poder, teoria de criação de conhecimento organizacional e confiança humana. Cada uma dessas categorias compôs um capítulo desta dissertação. Embora a escassez de pesquisas empíricas relacionadas ao tema, a análise de conteúdo dos artigos examinados permitiram concluir que a confiança interpessoal mantém relação de poder simétrico entre indivíduos e assim é capaz de acessar o conhecimento tácito enraizado na mente de indivíduos. Dessa forma, com a pesquisa aqui apresentada, espera-se ter contribuído para a literatura e práticas organizacionais relacionadas à gestão de conhecimento. Por fim, foram relatadas limitações no trabalho e sugestões para futuras pesquisas.

Formal and informal mechanisms for knowledge protection and sharing

The most important knowledge in firms is mostly tacit and embedded in individuals within the organization. This background knowledge that firms possess is used for creation of new knowledge and innovations. As firms today greatly concentrate on their core competencies, they need external knowledge from various collaboration partners. Thus, collaborative relationship governance, as well as control (use of appropriability mechanisms) over background (the input from each firm in innovative activities) and foreground knowledge (the output of collaboration activities) is needed in order to successfully create and capture value from innovative activities without losing core knowledge and competitiveness. Even though research has concentrated on knowledge protection and knowledge sharing, studies that combine both of these views and examine the effects of sharing and protection on value creation and capture have been rather limited. Studies have mainly focused on the protection of the output of innovation while forgetting the protection of the input of innovation. On the other hand, as the research concentrating on the output of innovation tends to favor formal mechanisms, informal mechanisms have remained more unknown to researchers as well as managers. This research aims to combine the perspectives of knowledge sharing and knowledge protection and their relationship with value creation and value capture. The sharing and protection are viewed from two points of view: the use of appropriability mechanisms, as well as governance of the collaborative relationship. The study consists of two parts. The first part introduces the research topic and discusses the overall results. The second part comprises six complementary research publications. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used in the study. In terms of results, the findings enhance understanding of the combined use of formal and informal mechanisms for knowledge protection and sharing. Informal mechanisms appear to be emphasized in the protection of background knowledge, and thus are prerequisites for innovation, whereas formal mechanisms are relied on more for protecting the results of innovative activities. However, the simultaneous use of the formal and informal mechanisms that are relevant to the particular industry and innovation context is recommendedthroughout the collaborative innovation process. Further, the study adds to the current knowledge on HRM as an appropriability mechanism: on the firm level its uses include assessing and hedging against employee-related risks such as knowledge leaking and knowledge leaving. A further contribution is to the research on HRM protection and its interrelations with other appropriability mechanisms, its constituents, and its potential use in the area of knowledge protection.

Analyses of Individual and Organizational Competences Associated with Knowledge Management Practice

The research analyzed critical aspects of the knowledge management process based on the analyses of knowledge, abilities and attitudes required to individual knowledge workers and to organizations responsible for the management process. In the present work a characterization of the knowledge management process was developed and information and knowledge wokers defined. Competence concept was discussed and specialists gave opinions about critical competences to knowledge management process. The opinions were organized and analyzed by the Delphi method. The results aggregate to the management context by discussing an extremely important resource to organizations - knowledge - and because they support its management process. The research identified wide critical aspects that are compatible with current organizational challenges, directing the process management to important themes as: the worker able to create, the organization able to convert individual knowledge into organizational knowledge, knowledge sharing while still tacit, the maximization organizational knowledge use, information and knowledge generation and preservation, among others important topics to be observed by knowledge workers and by administrators responsible for the knowledge management process.

Sharing competences in strategic alliances: a case study of the Cosan and Shell biofuel venture

In a competitive world, the way a firm establishes its organizational arrangements may determine the enhancement of its core competences and the possibility of reaching new markets. Firms that find their skills to be applicable in just one type of market encounter constraints in expanding their markets, and through alliances may find a competitive form of value capture. Hybrid forms of organization appear primarily as an alternative to capturing value and managing joint assets when the market and hierarchy modes do not present any yields for the firm's competitiveness. As a result, this form may present other challenging issues, such as the allocation of rights and principal-agent problems. The biofuel market has presented a strong pattern of changes over the last 10 years. New intra-firm arrangements have appeared as a path to participate or survive among global competition. Given the need for capital to achieve better results, there has been a consistent movement of mergers and acquisitions in the Biofuel sector, especially since the 2008 financial crisis. In 2011 there were five major groups in Brazil with a grinding capacity of more than 15 million tons per year: Raízen (joint venture formed by Cosan and Shell), Louis Dreyfus, Tereos Petrobras, ETH, and Bunge. Major oil companies have implemented the strategy of diversification as a hedge against the rising cost of oil. Using the alliance of Cosan and Shell in the Brazilian biofuel market as a case study, this paper analyses the governance mode and challenging issues raised by strategic alliances when firms aim to reach new markets through the sharing of core competences with local firms. The article is based on documentary research and interviews with Cosan's Investor Relations staff, and examines the main questions involving hybrid forms through the lens of the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), Agency Theory, Resource Based View (RBV), and dynamic capabilities theoretical approaches. One focal point is knowledge "appropriability" and the specific assets originated by the joint venture. Once the alliance is formed, it is expected that competences will be shared and new capabilities will expand the limits of the firm. In the case studied, Cosan and Shell shared a number of strategic assets related to their competences. Raízen was formed with economizing incentives, as well to continue marshalling internal resources to enhance the company's presence in the world energy sector. Therefore, some challenges might be related to the control and monitoring agents' behavior, considering the two-part organism formed by distinctive organizational culture, tacit knowledge, and long-term incentives. The case study analyzed illustrates the hybrid arrangement as a middle form for organizing the transaction: neither in the market nor in the hierarchy mode, but rather a more flexible commitment agreement with a strategic central authority. The corporate governance devices are also a challenge, since the alignment between the parent companies in the joint ventures is far more complex. These characteristics have led to an organism with bilateral dependence, offering favorable conditions for developing dynamic capabilities. However, these conditions might rely on the partners' long-term interest in the joint venture.

Enhancing Customer Knowledge and Its Sharing At a Paper Production Line

This study has been made for specific paper production line at an international forest industry company in Finland. The main purpose for the study was a need to examine the current situation of the customer knowledge and its’ sharing at case production line, recognize the problems in it and finally, find out the improvement actions. The study is composed of theoretical and empirical parts. In theoretical part, knowledge management and information sharing in addition to customer knowledge management are presented. Empirical data from case production line was collected by using survey questionnaires. The results are analyzed in discussion and conclusions and finally, study ends with summary which includes recommendations. Based on the study, the amount and quality of customer knowledge and gaining and transferring the customer knowledge were found as the main challenges. The proposed solutions were discovered from moving towards more dynamic operating environment and in the area of customer knowledge management, especially from the communities of creation.

Utilizing social media in software documentation and knowledge management

This Master’s thesis studies the possibilities that social media tools can bring to help knowledge management in software development companies. It will introduce the most popular tools of social media and their usage possibilities in companies, not forgetting the possible downsides. One relevant aspect in this study is to investigate the possibilities of social media to help converting existing tacit knowledge into explicit. The purpose of the work is to create a proposal of social media utilization for a mid-sized software company, which has not utilized social media tools before. To be able to create the proposal, employees of the company are interviewed and a survey is executed to analyze the current situation. In addition a pilot project for trying out new social media tools is executed. The final result of this thesis introduces a tailored solution for the target company to start utilizing social media in its documentation and knowledge sharing processes. This new solution consists of multiple individual suggestions that are categorized and prioritized based on the significance and benefit that they bring to the company.

Role of culture in knowledge transfer and sharing - case ERP implementation

The main objective of this study was to examine how culture influences knowledge transfer and sharing within multicultural ERP project implementation in China. The main interest was to explain how national culture and knowledge are linked by understanding how culture influences knowledge transfer and sharing in a project organization. The other objective of this work was to discuss what Chinese cultural characteristic inhibit and en-hance knowledge sharing in ERP project. The perspective of this study was qualitative and the empirical material was collected from theme interviews among Stora Enso employees. Conclusion of this thesis is that Finns have a very direct style of communication and sharing knowledge whereas Chinese respect face shaving and indirect communication. Another conclusion is that knowledge sharing does not “just happen”, it is needed that project members understand national culture to get all project members commitment to project. In China most important is understand local business processes and understand role of trust and guanxi.

Intra-organizational knowledge transfer in a Finnish multinational company

The ability of a multinational company to effectively transfer knowledge from one unit to another can create a great source of competitive advantage and is crucial for long-term success. However, in their attempts to disseminate existent knowledge across national boundaries, organizations encounter several obstacles. Especially challenging is the transfer of tacit knowledge, the most valuable kind, as it is embedded in the minds and the behavior of people. The purpose of this study is to identify the main factors and challenges to be considered in intra-organizational knowledge transfer and consequently develop a framework that could be utilized to improve the process. The research is of qualitative nature and it adopts an exploratory approach. The study was further conducted as an intensive single-case study through studying a Finnish multinational company, and the researcher adopted a role as a participant observant in the research setting. Other data collection methods include semi-structured interviews and an online survey. The research findings show that knowledge transfer is currently challenging within the international sales organization of the case company. The majority of knowledge is currently concentrated in the company headquarters, and it is not always systematically distributed to the regional offices abroad. The main factor affecting knowledge transfer seems to be the organizational culture, which does not support or encourage knowledge sharing. The company is struggling in having a common place for information and employees that lack proper social networks have difficulties accessing relevant knowledge. Some recommended improvement suggestions include the institutionalization of knowledge transfer by turning it into an articulated organizational goal, and the implementation of a reward system that includes soft factors, such as teamwork and knowledge sharing behavior. Furthermore, the organizational culture should be more open and supportive in order to reinforce trust. Individuals in regional offices should be given better support by offering them dedicated mentors and increasing the amount of expatriation. Finally, knowledge should actively be codified and stored in commonly shared platforms where it is easily accessible by all employees.

Cross-cultural knowledge transfer within a multinational company

The ability to share knowledge efficiently is vital in day-to-day operations of multinational companies. Therefore, the tools for the effective knowledge sharing along with the transfer knowledge models are of a primary interest for the companies. Knowledge transfer often involves participants of different cultural background. The purpose of this research is to investigate how the cross-cultural knowledge transfer in a multinational corporation takes place and how the successful knowledge transfer is ensured. The four sub-questions will help to answer the research question. Firstly, the author will try to identify what difficulties might occur while transferring knowledge in a multicultural environment. Secondly, the cultural differences’ impact on cross-cultural communication will be explored. Thirdly, the tools and models for effective tacit knowledge transfer will be covered by the author. Lastly, the methods of assessing if a knowledge transfer was successful or not will be discussed. The focus of this thesis is on knowledge transfer within a multinational setting. A multinational corporation is used as a practical example for this study; namely the Training Centre of the multinational corporation. The study was carried out by using a qualitative research approach. The four employees of the Training Centre were interviewed in order to obtain the answers to the research questions. The complete idea of the data gathering process can be obtained by reading through the first part of the methodology section Furthermore, the matters of transferability, confirmability, trustworthiness and objectivity were discussed in the methodological section. The study indicates that in order to carry out the successful and efficient knowledge transfer several requests have to be met. Mutual motivation, e.g. the motivation of both knowledge sender and knowledge receiver is one of the most important determinants of knowledge transfer. Sufficient and bearable workload for the knowledge senders is important to ensure the quality and involvement of the knowledge sender into knowledge transfer process. Course contents, infrastructure and other matters will be discussed further on in relation of successful knowledge transfer. Influences of cultural differences on knowledge sharing were studied in this thesis. At the end of the empirical study- a model used to transfer knowledge in Training Centre will be presented. The model created proves to be functional and appropriate for transferring knowledge to representatives of different cultures.