Kotitalouden opetustilat osana kehittyvää oppimisympäristöä : asumistoiminnot ja opetussuunnitelma muutoksen määrittäjinä

Home Economics Classrooms as Part of Developing the Environment Housing Activities and Curriculums Defining Change --- The aim of the research project was to develop home economics classrooms to be flexible and versatile learning environments where household activities might be practiced according to the curriculum in different social networking situations. The research is based on the socio-cultural approach, where the functionality of the learning environment is studied specifically from an interactive learning viewpoint. The social framework is a natural starting point in home economics teaching because of the group work in classrooms. The social nature of learning thus becomes a significant part of the learning process. The study considers learning as experience based, holistic and context bound. The learning environment, i.e. home economics classrooms and the material tools there, plays a significant role in developing students skills to manage everyday life. --- The first research task was to analyze the historical development of household activities. The second research task was to develop and test criteria for functional home economics classrooms in planning both the learning environment and the students activities during lessons. The third research task was to evaluate how different professionals (commissioners, planners and teachers) use the criteria as a tool. The research consists of three parts. The first contains a historical analysis of how social changes have created tension between traditional household classrooms and new activities in homes. The historical analysis is based on housing research, regulations and instructions. For this purpose a new theoretical concept, the tension arch, was introduced. This helped in recognizing and solving problems in students activities and in developing innovations. The functionality criteria for home economics classrooms were developed based on this concept. These include technical (health, safety and technical factors), functional (ergonomic, ecological, aesthetic and economic factors) and behavioural (cooperation and interaction skills and communication technologies) criteria. --- The second part discusses how the criteria were used in renovating school buildings. Empirical data was collected from two separate schools where the activities during lessons were recorded both before and after classrooms were renovated. An analysis of both environments based on video recordings was conducted. The previously created criteria were made use of, and problematic points in functionality looked for particularly from a social interactive viewpoint. The results show that the criteria were used as a planning tool. The criteria facilitated layout and equipment solutions that support both curriculum and learning in home economics classrooms taking into consideration cooperation and interaction in the classroom. With the help of the criteria the home economics classrooms changed from closed and complicated space into integrated and open spaces where the flexibility and versatility of the learning environment was emphasized. The teacher became a facilitator and counselor instead a classroom controller. --- The third part analyses the discussions in planning meetings. These were recorded and an analysis was conducted of how the criteria and research results were used in the planning process of new home economics classrooms. The planning process was multivoiced, i.e. actors from different interest groups took part. All the previously created criteria (technical, functional and behavioural) emerged in the discussions and some of them were used as planning tools. Planning meetings turned into planning studios where boundaries between organizations were ignored and the physical learning environments were developed together with experts. The planning studios resulted in multivoiced planning which showed characteristics of collaborative and participating planning as well as producing common knowledge and shared expertise. --- KEY WORDS: physical learning environment, socio-cultural approach, tension arch, boundary crossing, collaborative planning.

"Kyl mä varmaan kohta ymmärrän." : Asunnon suunnittelu -opetusohjelma oppilaiden ajattelun ja oppimisen haastajana peruskoulun kotitalousopetuksessa

"I will soon understand." The House Planning Program as an Enhancer of Pupils´ Thinking Skills and Learning in Home Economics at Comprehensive School The aim of the research was to build a study program for home economics education in order to enhance pupils´ thinking skills. The program was based on the intervention programs or strategies known as Cognitive Acceleration (CA), which are founded on the theories of Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Reuven Feuerstein. In addition, Carl Bereiter s theory of knowledge building was integrated to the research. The viewpoint of home economics was based on the multidimensional foundation of home economics science, particularly household technology and house planning. I first analyzed the kind of body of knowledge home economics science and home economics education provides for enhancing thinking skills in home economics. For the study, a CATE (Cognitive Acceleration through Technology Education) program was adapted and modified and a House Planning program was created for home economics classes. The house planning program consisted of five lessons during which pupils learned how to make functional floor plans as well as choose furniture, household appliances and materials for the home. In order to obtain the required data, various classroom experiments were arranged in 2005 with grade 9 pupils at a comprehensive school in Helsinki. All the experiments were videotaped, and five hours of the videotaped material was edited and transcribed for closer examination. The material consisted of all the video-recorded activity of the selected study group. Interaction study and content analysis were used to analyze the data. Following the experiments, a small survey was conducted to solicit pupils´ and teacher´s opinions of the program. The analysis sheds light on the nature of pupils´ interaction and knowledge building in small group activity. Special attention was given to tracking pupils´ interaction during the socalled construction zone activity. The models and qualities of teacher´s aid and support during the lessons were examined as well. The results revealed the versatility of the pupils social interaction and common knowledge building that occurred during the small group activity. The pupils discussions, including their arguments, their sharing of ideas, and the multiple perspectives that emerged reflected home economics knowledge building. The construction zone activity appeared through expressions of cognitive conflict and metacognition. Cognitive conflict was evident in the pupils´ words and involved questioning, doubting and disputing. The metacognitive activity emerged by thinking aloud, choosing the strategies, and negotiating the results. The pupils also coordinated their activity, allocated the responsibility, and systematized their work. The teacher assisted by preparing new themes for the pupils and by participating in the small group work. The teacher´s help during the small group sessions strengthened the pupils activity in the construction zone. The results showed that one can utilize the wide multidisciplinary basis of home economics, which includes scientific knowledge but also the knowledge derived from practical activity and experience. In this study practical activity was undertaken as a planning project the result of which was a plan or a new vision for the house planning situation. The study showed that the House Planning program was able to enhance the pupils´ social interaction and collaboration. The learning environment challenged the pupils in a way that could be a gateway to further developing their thinking skills. The method of analysis created in the study could be a potential tool for examining social interaction, construction zone activity, and knowledge building in other learning environments as well. Key words: home economics, house planning, classroom experiment, thinking skills,cognitive conflict, metacognition, social interaction, knowledge building

Löydöstä muinaispuvuksi : arkeologisten tekstiilien ennallistaminen

From a find to an ancient costume - reconstruction of archaeological textiles Costume tells who we are. It warms and protects us, but also tells about our identity: gender, age, family, social group, work, religion and ethnicity. Textile fabrication, use and trade have been an important part of human civilization for more than 10 000 years. There are plenty of archaeological textile findings, but they are small, fragmentary and their interpretation requires special skills. Finnish textile findings from the younger Iron Age have already been studied for more than hundred years. They have also been used as a base for several reconstructions called muinaispuku , ancient costume. Thesis surveys the ancient costume reconstruction done in Finland and discusses the objectives of the reconstruction projects. The earlier reconstruction projects are seen as a part of the national project of constructing a glorious past for Finnish nationality, and the part women took in this project. Many earlier reconstructions are designed to be festive costumes for wealthy ladies. In the 1980s and 1990s many new ancient costume reconstructions were made, differing from their predecessors at the pattern of the skirt. They were also done following the principles of making a scientific reconstruction more closely. At the same time historical re-enactment and living history as a hobby have raised in popularity, and the use of ancient costumes is widening from festive occasions to re-enactment purposes. A hypothesis of the textile craft methods used in younger Iron Age Finland is introduced. Archaeological findings from Finland and neighboring countries, ethnological knowledge of textile crafts and experimental archaeology have been used as a basis for this proposition. The yarn was spinned with a spindle, the fabrics woven on a warp-weighted loom and dyed with natural colors. Bronze spiral applications and complicated tablet-woven bands have possibly been done by specialist craftswomen or -men. The knowledge of the techniques and results of experimenting and experimental archaeology gives a possibility to review the success of existing ancient costume reconstructions as scientific reconstructions. Only one costume reconstruction project, the Kaarina costume fabricated in Kurala Kylämäki museum, has been done using as authentic methods as possible. The use of ancient craft methods is time-consuming and expensive. This fact can be seen as one research result itself for it demonstrates how valuable the ancient textiles have been also in their time of use. In the costume reconstruction work, the skill of a craftswoman and her knowledge of ancient working methods is strongly underlined. Textile research is seen as a process, where examination of original textiles and reconstruction experiments discuss with each other. Reconstruction projects can give a lot both to the research of Finnish younger Iron Age and the popularization of archaeological knowledge. The reconstruction is never finished, and also the earlier reconstructions should be reviewed in the light of new findings.

Oaklands College: Creating Collaborative Classrooms Online with LAMS (The Learning Activity Management System)

e-Learning Developer, Charlie Williams, has improved efficiencies at Oaklands College with the introduction of LAMS, the Learning Activity Management System. Charlie has worked alongside teachers at the College to create activities for a range of individual tasks, small group work and whole classes, based on online content and collaboration. Since 2010, this blended learning environment has improved retention as students can work at hours that suit them, and has given teachers more time to work on future lessons and other tasks.

The improved management of small-scale cage culture in Asia: final technical report

The purpose of the project is to develop sustained small-scale cage fish culture in inland and coastal waters through improved understanding of the social, institutional and resource environment of resource poor groups. Two Asian countries, Bangladesh (inland systems) and Vietnam (marine), were studied with this workshop bringing together both sides of the project together with representatives of collaborative institutions, government departments and universities. Addressing the overall aim of producing guidelines for the planning and extension of cage aquaculture in Asia a combination of group work and plenary discussion was conducted producing the following outputs. 1) An assessment of cage aquaculture potential, 2) Development options for small-scale cage culture, 3) A review of tools and methodologies and 4) Policy initiatives for sustainable cage culture development. Key issues raised were the use of outputs as a guide to be adapted to regional circumstances to facilitate farmer and extension worker discussion and not as a rigid methodology. The degree of linkage between development, research and government institutions was also considered a crucial factor in benefiting the research and development of cage culture at the local, regional and national level and vital in affecting the future policies by both development and government institutions. [PDF contains 242 pages]

O trabalho político do profissional de saúde mental em um processo de desinstitucionalização: um estudo sobre integralidade e reforma psiquiátrica

O trabalho pretende apresentar uma cartografia das atividades desenvolvidas pelos profissionais de saúde mental que prestam assistência aos moradores dos serviços residenciais terapêuticos do município de Carmo, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Estas moradias constituem uma etapa do processo de desinstitucionalização de um hospital psiquiátrico estadual do tipo colônia agrícola, fundado na década de 40 do século passado, onde estavam internados cerca de 280 pacientes. A partir de 2003, com a extinção do hospital coordenada pelo gestor estadual e a municipalização dos recursos, uma pequena parcela dos internos retornou ao seio familiar, mas a maioria (cerca de 160) foi alocada em moradias assistidas, espalhadas pelas áreas urbana e rural do município. Tomando a tarefa de reinserção social como o viés político da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira, o trabalho cotidiano da equipe multiprofissional é focalizado. Neste plano relacional o texto busca a conceitualização de Política e de um trabalho político, através das idéias de Arendt, Gramsci, Deleuze e Guattari, entre outros; já a ergologia possibilita uma metodologia para a abordagem do trabalho humano. Com base na pesquisa de campo, a cartografia revela como a tarefa política é realizada, nas atividades dos técnicos, quer dizer, na micropolítica dos encontros dos profissionais uns com os outros, com a sociedade civil e com os moradores, onde os valores da Reforma Psiquiátrica são negociados. No fim, trata-se de uma etapa em um processo, ainda a meio caminho entre a gestão estadual e a gestão municipal, onde a proposta mantém-se sustentada pela vontade política do gestor e, na via da hegemonia, deve ser trabalhada entre os profissionais e na sociedade civil. O panorama é heterogêneo, e a dinâmica revela a diversidade de entendimentos e interesses. No cenário do trabalho cotidiano, conceitos como autonomia e cidadania se atualizam em atividades que caracterizam a vida nas cidades e se desdobram em torno de certos temas, como o uso do dinheiro, ou a apropriação do espaço. A experiência dos técnicos envolvidos mais diretamente com os moradores, como os cuidadores, produz uma técnica de escuta e mobilização, que não admite cartilhas nem regras pré-estabelecidas ou imutáveis. Este trabalho conjunto, formador de redes e sustentado na interação, é indicador de integralidade na execução da proposta da Reforma Psiquiátrica.

A educação permanente no processo de organização em serviços de saúde: as repercussões do curso introdutório para equipes de saúde da família experiência do município de Juiz de Fora

O presente estudo analisa um processo educativo de serviço de saúde Curso Introdutório para as equipes de Saúde da Família CI, apoiado e recomendado pelo Ministério da Saúde, como forma de informar e divulgar a política de Saúde da Família. Parte-se da premissa de que o Curso Introdutório da Saúde da Família é uma estratégia inicial de organização da implantação do trabalho das equipes. É um estudo de caso, de natureza qualitativa, realizada com as equipes de Saúde da Família do município de Juiz de Fora, que foram sensibilizadas pelo CI do Polo de Capacitação, Formação e Educação Permanente de Pessoal para a Saúde da Família da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora MG. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os formuladores, implementadores e executores das políticas de saúde do nível federal, estadual e municipal; grupo focal e questionários com as equipes de Saúde da Família. Essa pesquisa revelo que foi consensual entre os sujeitos que o CI estimulou, incentivou e sensibilizou as equipes a desenvolverem a estratégia da SF, a partir de algumas diretrizes implantadas, que auxiliaram na operacionalização e organização do processo de trabalho. O CI é o início da educação permanente, porque apresenta características que o qualificam como tal, apesar de não ser percebido como início e sim como fim, porque não houve continuidade do processo no município. São evidenciadas contradições entre o discurso e a prática, de forma e intensidade diferentes, devido às subjetividades do processo de trabalho em cada uma das equipes. As mudanças sofrem interferências diretas de tecnologia material e não material presente nos serviços, encontrando na categoria apoio da gestão a maior fragilidade para o desenvolvimento da proposta. Mas, pode-se inferir que promoveu crescimento individual e coletivo visualizado através das atividades realizadas. No ensino, levou a discussão da SF para o interior dos cursos de graduação nas disciplinas de conteúdos afins. Os conteúdos agregados na prática foram: saúde, família, território. No discurso: trabalho em equipe, planejamento e diagnóstico. A pesquisa que, em Juiz de Fora, pelo menos três formas de desenvolvimento da SF, após a sensibilização do CI: equipe atuando de acordo com o modelo assistencial proposto, equipe em processo de retrocesso ao modelo assistencial tradicional e outra em que o modelo tradicional está fortemente sobreposto ao da SF. O estudo apontou ainda: a necessidade de fortalecimento da área de recursos humanos, devolvendo ao município a autonomia de gestão dos seus projetos; a educação permanente de pessoal de saúde como estratégia para área de recursos humanos; o grupo focal como ferramenta de acompanhamento e avaliação dos processos educativos e a necessidade de se instituir um processo educativo inicial para as equipes de atenção primária, no qual o CI é um produto a ser considerado.

工作幸福感的结构、测量及作用机制

With the emergence and development of positive psychology, happiness has been the focus of academia and business. However, there is no uniform measure of happiness, because of many different theories of happiness, which are not compatible with others. It bounds the further development of happiness theory. It is also the same with the research of work well-being, which refers to the emotional experience and quality of psychological functioning of employee in the workplace. Subjective well-being (SWB) and psychological well-being (PWB) are two major theories of happiness. Prior research has demonstrated the integration of these two theories theoretically, but still needs more empirical support. Besides, in line with the development of positive psychology, a body of knowledge about positive leadership is advocated. Transformational leadership is treated as one kind of positive leadership, since it emphasizes the leader’s motivational and elevating effect on followers. But the extent to which the transformational leadership can enhance work well-being, and what the mechanism is, these are the questions need to be explored. Based on the integration of SWB and PWB, this research tried to investigate the structure, measurement and mechanism of work well-being, and combining with the theory of transformational leadership, this study also tried to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership and work well-being. The structure and measurement of work well-being, the relationships between work well-being and job characteristics (including job resources and job demands), the relationships among transformational leadership, job resources, work well-being and corresponding outcomes, the relationships among transformational leadership, job demands, work well-being and corresponding outcomes, and the relationships among transformational leadership, group job characteristics, group work well-being and corresponding group outcomes were explored by using content analysis, Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) discussion, and structural questionnaire surveys. More than 7000 subjects were surveyed, and Explore Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirm Factor Analysis (CFA), Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) and other statistics methods were used. The following is the major conclusions. Firstly, work well-being is a two high-order factors structure, which includes affective well-being (AWB) and cognitive well-being (CWB). AWB is similar to SWB, and CWB is similar to PWB. Besides, the construct of AWB includes sub-dimensions of positive emotional experience and negative emotional experience. And the construct of CWB consists of work autonomy, personal growth, work competent, and work significance. Secondly, the relationships between job characteristics and AWB and CWB are different. On one hand job demands are directly related to AWB, and are indirectly related to CWB through the full mediation of AWB, on the other job resources are directly related to CWB, and are indirectly related to AWB through the full mediation of CWB, which means AWB and CWB reciprocally influences each other in the model of job demands-resources. These results were concluded as the process model of work well-being. Thirdly, AWB and CWB are positively related to many workplace outcomes, including job satisfaction, group satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, job performance, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and general psychological health and general physiological health. Fourthly, transformational leadership is indirectly related to CWB through the full mediation of job resources, and is related to AWB through the partial mediation of job demands. Meanwhile, transformational leadership is related to many workplace outcomes through the mediation of job characteristics and work well-being. These results implied that transformational leadership is indeed one kind of positive leadership. Fifthly, in the group level, transformational leadership is indirectly related to group CWB through the full mediation of group job resources, and is related to group AWB through the full mediation of group job demands. Group AWB has positive influence on group CWB, but not vice versa. Group job characteristics and group work well-being fully mediate the relationships between transformational leadership and intragroup cooperation and group performance.

工作群体有效性评价及群体工作设计

This thesis study the problem of work group effectiveness and group job design according to extensive literature investigation and the analysis of realistic background. The whole research consists of four parts: (1) The evaluation of work group effectiveness, the aim is to search to criteria that can describe and analysis work group, and explore the cognitive dimensions of effectiveness of Chinese subjects; (2) The study on the relationship between group job characteristic and effectiveness, the aim is to find the general correlation between work group characteristic and effectiveness, and try to search the most important core variable; (3) The study on the preference for the way of group work; (4) The study of the relationship between group composition and group effectiveness, try to examine how different approaches of personnel selection influence work results. The results indicate: (1) The evaluation of group effectiveness mainly consists of two dimensions: performance and the employee's attitude and feelings toward the group, so we can use these two dimensions and corresponding criteria as the standard of effectiveness evaluation. (2) According to the analysis of related literature, we can determine work group characteristic from five aspects: job design, the interdependence among members, group composition, organizational background, group process. (3) Experimental study find that different group job characteristics have different relationship models with effectiveness criteria. Job design, the interdependence among group members, group composition have significant correlation relationships with two kinds of effectiveness criteria; organizational background mainly has relationships with satisfaction criteria; group process mainly has relationships with performance criteria. (4) The choice for people to select the way of group work has the consistency, that is people prefer to "Self--managed work groups"; but different groups have the difference, the main group dimension is the difference between group members and group leaders. (5) Work groups which were composed accordingly to interpersonal attraction have higher levels of communication, coordination, group cohesion and job satisfaction than ability--based groups based. But the performance evaluation under these two conditions has no difference. The thesis analysis and discuss the research results, also point out several questions that needed to be explored further and the possible research directions in the future. This study has some reference value in group--level performance appraisal and reward design, the content and method of group--level job design, and personnel selection of group, etc.

1968-1969 Progress Report

This report mainly summarizes the Project MAC A.I. Group work between July 1968 and June 1969 but covers some work up to February 1970. The work on computer vision is described in detail. This summary should be read in conjunction with last year's A.I. Group Report which is included at the end of this Memo.

Choices of approaches in e-moderation: conclusions from a grounded theory study

Much has been published in recent years about the desirable nature of facilitated interactions in on-line discussions with educational purposes. However little has been reported about the roles which tutors actually adopt in real life learning contexts, how these range between ‘tutoring, ‘managing’ and ‘facilitating’, and what the distinctions between these three roles may be. In this paper choices of priorities in e-moderation, which were made in three naturalistic (real life) case studies by three higher education practitioners, are identified and discussed. These contrasting approaches were captured and analysed using grounded theory principles. The paper also discusses these occasions when the facilitation was less effective than might have been desired. It finally summarises the potential of various approaches within e-moderation – and some of the attendant risks. The finding is that principles and practices developed for face-to-face support of student-directed learning were found equally applicable in e-moderated online group work, despite several significant differences between the two types of setting. Keywords: higher education, e-learning, e-moderation, asynchronous discussions, learning outcomes, grounded theory

Elterntage an Universitäten

Der Aufsatz befasst sich mit den aktuell an deutschen Universitäten ausgerichteten Elterntagen. Die Grundlage der Analyse bilden Ankündigungen und Programme zu Elterntagen an sieben Universitäten. Hierzu gehören Dresden, Frankfurt/Main, Konstanz, Mainz, Münster, Oldenburg und Osnabrück. Der Text macht deutlich, inwieweit einerseits eine Infantilisierung der Studierenden über die Elterntage stattfindet und andererseits sie Ausdruck des Wettbewerbsdrucks sind, unter den sich die Universität gestellt sieht. (DIPF/Autor)

Redescubrir la dinámica escultórica desde el trabajo en grupo

La iniciativa que se describe en este artículo, surge de una propuesta de investigación plástica, que se inició espontáneamente en el seno de una asignatura de escultura en la Facultad de Bellas Artes del CES Felipe II-UCM, y que tuvo como principal objetivo explorar nuevos modos de enseñanza artística desde la dinámica creativa en sí misma, con el fin de motivar el aprendizaje desde la participación directa en propuestas creativas que se apoyen en métodos de intervención crítica y que exploren las ventajas de las dinámicas interdisciplinares para complementar las eficacias de los ejercicios individuales, y así poder generar un aprendizaje desde dinámicas de trabajo en grupo. Para ello, hemos puesto en marcha procesos de trabajo cooperativo valorando sobre todo la experiencia directa, ofreciendo a los estudiantes contribuir en la actividad, tomar decisiones, lo que les permite aportar ideas, puntos de vista y opiniones sobre la combinación de nuevas tecnologías y técnicas tradicionales de la escultura, usados en proyectos artísticos actuales.

Accounting Undergraduates’ Perceptions of Cooperative Learning as a Model for Enhancing their Interpersonal and Communication Skills to Interface Successfully with Professional Accountancy Education and Training

To interface effectively with professional accountancy training, accounting educationalists should ensure that they turn out graduates who possess the interpersonal and communication skills required of today's accountant. Attainment of these skills is promoted by group work. However, little empirical evidence exists to help academics make an informed choice about which form of group learning enhances interpersonal and communication skills. This paper addresses this deficiency by comparing perceptions of skills enhancement between accounting students who experienced traditional or simple group learning and those who undertook cooperative learning. The findings reveal that the cooperative learning cohort perceived their learning experience to be significantly more effective at enhancing interpersonal and communication skills than that of the simple group learning cohort. This study provides evidence that cooperative learning is a more effective model for delivering interpersonal and communication skills than simple group learning, thereby creating a more successful interface between academic accounting and professional accountancy training.

Multiprofessional Views on Older Patients' Participation in Care Planning Meetings in a Hospital Context

Care planning meetings (CPMs; sometimes referred to as family meetings) for older patients involve group decision-making between the multidisciplinary team, the older person and their family. However, service user participation is challenged by the inequity of knowledge and power between participants, together with organisational and resource pressures for timely discharge. The effective use and perhaps, potential misuse of communication strategies within CPMs is of ethical concern to all participants. Habermas' essential critique of participatory communication provides insight as to how older people's involvement can be either enabled or blocked by healthcare professionals (HCPs) depending on their use of communication strategies. Seven discipline-specific mini-focus groups provided an opportunity for HCPs to reflect on the participation of patients over 65 and their families in CPMs. Findings explore HCPs' understanding of older patients involvement based on key dimensions of communicative participation, namely, mutuality, inclusiveness, patient centredness and clear outcomes. Whilst the benefits of collaborative decision-making were confirmed, legitimate concerns as to the quality of participatory practices, limited attention to group work processes and the exclusion of older patients with cognitive impairment were identified. © 2013 Copyright British Association of Social Workers.