COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN AND SPANISH CRUISE PASSENGERS' BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS

ABSTRACT Earlier studies of cross-national differences in consumer behavior in different consumption sectors have verified that cultural differences have a strong influence on consumers. Despite the importance of cross-national analysis, no studies in the literature examine the moderating effects of nationality on the construction of behavioral intentions and their antecedents among cruise line passengers. This study investigates the moderating effects of nationality on the relationships between perceived value, satisfaction, trust and behavioral intentions among Spanish and (U.S.) American passengers of cruise lines that use Barcelona as home port and port-of-call. A theoretical model was tested with a total of 968 surveys. Structural equation models (SEMs) were used, by means of a multigroup analysis. Results of this study indicated that Spaniards showed stronger relationships between trust and behavioral intentions, and between emotional value and satisfaction. Americans presented stronger relationships between service quality and satisfaction, and between service quality and behavioral intentions.

Viabilidade da utilização de medidas de valor do cliente na Indústria Farmacêutica

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estatística e Gestão de Informação

Technology market transfer plan launch of DELIVES to E.U. Market©

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

Lor’s - Women personal rain protection solutions

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

A gestão centrada no cliente: avaliação do nível de preparação organizacional e proposta de segmentação em ambiente business-to-business

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estatística e Gestão de Informação

eHealth e a adoção da inovação em assisted living technologies : o caso das demências

RESUMO - Assistimos hoje a um contexto marcado (i) pelo progressivo envelhecimento das sociedades ocidentais, (ii) pelo aumento da prevalência das doenças crónicas, de que as demências são um exemplo, (iii) pelo significativo aumento dos custos associados a estas patologias, (iv) por orçamentos públicos fortemente pressionadas pelo controlo da despesa, (v) por uma vida moderna que dificulta o apoio intergeracional, tornando o suporte proporcionado pelos filhos particularmente difícil, (vi) por fortes expectativas relativamente à prestação de cuidados de saúde com qualidade. Teremos assim de ser capazes de conseguir melhorar os serviços de saúde, ao mesmo tempo que recorremos a menos recursos financeiros e humanos, pelo que a inovação parece ser crítica para a sustentabilidade do sistema. Contudo a difusão das Assistive Living Technologies, apesar do seu potencial, tem sido bastante baixa, nomeadamente em Portugal. Porquê? Hamer, Plochg e Moreira (2012), no editorial do International Journal of Healthcare Management, enquadram a Inovação como “podendo ser imprevisível e mesmo dolorosa, pelo que talvez possamos não ficar surpreendidos se surgirem resistências e que, inovações bastante necessárias, capazes de melhorar os indicadores de saúde, tenham sido de adoção lenta ou que tenham mesmo sido insustentáveis”. Em Portugal não há bibliografia que procure caracterizar o modelo de difusão da inovação em eHealth ou das tecnologias de vivência assistida. A bibliografia internacional é igualmente escassa. O presente projeto de investigação, de natureza exploratória, tem como objetivo principal, identificar barreiras e oportunidades para a implementação de tecnologias eHealth, aplicadas ao campo das demências. Como objetivos secundários pretendemse identificar as oportunidades e limitações em Portugal: mapa de competências nacionais, e propor medidas que possa acelerar a inovação em ALT, no contexto nacional. O projeto seguirá o modelo de um estudo qualitativo. Para o efeito foram conduzidas entrevistas em profundidade junto de experts em ALT, procurando obter a visão daqueles que participam do lado da Oferta- a Indústria; do lado da Procura- doentes, cuidadores e profissionais de saúde; bem como dos Reguladores. O instrumento utilizado para a recolha da informação pretendida foi o questionário não estruturado. A análise e interpretação da informação recolhida foram feitas através da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados da Análise de Conteúdo efetuada permitiram expressar a dicotomia barreira/oportunidade, nas seguintes categorias aqui descritas como contextos (i) Contexto Tecnológico, nas subcategorias de Acesso às Infraestruturas; Custo da Tecnologia; Interoperabilidade, (ii) Contexto do Valor Percecionado, nas subcategorias de Utilidade; Eficiência; Divulgação, (iii) Contexto Político, compreendendo a Liderança; Organização; Regulação; Recursos, (iv) Contexto Sociocultural, incluindo nomeadamente Idade; Literacia; Capacidade Económica, (v) Contexto Individual, incluindo como subcategorias, Capacidade de Adaptação a Novas tecnologias; Motivação; Acesso a equipamentos (vi) Contexto Específico da Doença, nomeadamente o Impacto Cognitivo; Tipologia Heterogénea e a Importância do Cuidador. Foi proposto um modelo exploratório, designado de Modelo de Contextos e Forças, que estudos subsequentes poderão validar. Neste modelo o Contexto Tecnológico é um Força Básica ou Fundamental; o Contexto do Valor Percecionado, constitui-se numa Força Crítica para a adoção de inovação, que assenta na sua capacidade para oferecer valor aos diversos stakeholders da cadeia de cuidados. Temos também o Contexto Político, com capacidade de modelar a adoção da inovação e nomeadamente com capacidade para o acelerar, se dele emitir um sinal de urgência para a mudança. O Contexto Sociocultural e Individual expressam uma Força Intrínseca, dado que elas são características internas, próprias e imutáveis no curto-prazo, das sociedade e das pessoas. Por fim há que considerar o Contexto Específico da Doença, nesta caso o das demências. Das conclusões do estudo parece evidente que as condições tecnológicas estão medianamente satisfeitas em Portugal, com evidentes progressos nos últimos anos (exceção para a interoperabilidade aonde há necessidade de maiores progressos), não constituindo portanto barreira à introdução de ALT. Aonde há necessidade de investir é nas áreas do valor percebido. Da análise feita, esta é uma área que constitui uma barreira à introdução e adoção das ALT em Portugal. A falta de perceção do valor que estas tecnologias trazem, por parte dos profissionais de saúde, doentes, cuidadores e decisores políticos, parece ser o principal entrave à sua adoção. São recomendadas estratégias de modelos colaborativos de Investigação e Desenvolvimento e de abordagens de cocriação com a contribuição de todos os intervenientes na cadeia de cuidados. Há também um papel que cabe ao estado no âmbito das prioridades e da mobilização de recursos, sendo-lhe requerida a expressão do sentido de urgência para que esta mudança aconteça. Foram também identificadas oportunidades em diversas áreas, como na prevenção, no diagnóstico, na compliance medicamentosa, na terapêutica, na monitorização, no apoio à vida diária e na integração social. O que é necessário é que as soluções encontradas constituam respostas àquilo que são as verdadeiras necessidades dos intervenientes e não uma imposição tecnológica que só por si nada resolve. Do estudo resultou também a perceção de que há que (i) continuar a trabalhar no sentido de aproximar a comunidade científica, da clínica e do doente, (ii) fomentar a colaboração entre centros, com vista à criação de escala a nível global. Essa colaboração já parece acontecer a nível empresarial, tendo sido identificadas empresas Portuguesas com vocação global. A qualidade individual das instituições de ensino, dos centros de investigação, das empresas, permite criar as condições para que Portugal possa ser país um piloto e um case-study internacional em ALT, desde que para tal pudéssemos contar com um trabalho colaborativo entre instituições e com decisões políticas arrojadas.

Escolhas sequenciais e simultâneas em humanos: processamento independente ou por competição?

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Psicologia

Topics in public finance: social security and taxation

Summary The field of public finance focuses on the spending and taxing activities of governments and their influence on the allocation of resources and distribution of income. This work covers in three parts different topics related to public finance which are currently widely discussed in media and politics. The first two parts deal with issues on social security, which is in general one of the biggest spending shares of governments. The third part looks at the main income source of governments by analyzing the perceived value of tax competition. Part one deals with the current problem of increased early retirement by focusing on Switzerland as a special case. Early retirement is predominantly considered to be the result of incentives set by social security and the tax system. But the Swiss example demonstrates that the incidence of early retirement has dramatically increased even in the absence of institutional changes. We argue that the wealth effect also plays an important role in the retirement decision for middle and high income earners. An actuarially fair, but mandatory funded system with a relatively high replacement rate may thus contribute to a low labor market participation rate of elderly workers. We provide evidence using a unique dataset on individual retirement decisions in Swiss pension funds, allowing us to perfectly control for pension scheme details. Our findings suggest that affordability is a key determinant in the retirement decisions. The higher the accumulated pension capital, the earlier men, and to a smaller extent women, tend to leave the workforce. The fact that early retirement has become much more prevalent in the last 15 years is a further indicator of the importance of a wealth effect, as the maturing of the Swiss mandatory funded pension system over that period has led to an increase in the effective replacement rates for middle and high income earners. Part two covers the theoretical side of social security. Theories analyzing optimal social security benefits provide important qualitative results, by mainly using one general type of an economy. Economies are however very diverse concerning numerous aspects, one of the most important being the wealth level. This can lead to significant quantitative benefit differences that imply differences in replacement rates and levels of labor supply. We focus on several aspects related to this fact. In a within cohort social security model, we introduce disability insurance with an imperfect screening mechanism. We then vary the wealth level of the model economy and analyze how the optimal social security benefit structure or equivalently, the optimal replacement rates, changes depending on the wealth level of the economy, and if the introduction of disability insurance into a social security system is preferable for all economies. Second, the screening mechanism of disability insurance and the threshold level at which people are defined as disabled can differ. For economies with different wealth levels, we determine for different thresholds the screening level that maximizes social welfare. Finally, part three turns to the income of governments, by adding an element to the controversy on tax competition versus tax harmonization.2 Inter-jurisdictional tax competition can generate at least two potential benefits or costs: On a public level, tax competition may result in a lower or higher efficiency in the production of public services. But there is also a more private benefit in the form of an option for individuals to move to a community with a lower tax rate in the future. To explore the value citizens attach to tax competition we analyze a unique popular vote for a complete tax harmonization between communities in the third largest Swiss canton, Vaud. Although a majority of voters would have seemingly benefited from replacing the current tax rate by a revenue-neutral average tax rate, the proposal was rejected by a large margin. Our estimates suggest that the estimated combined perceived benefit from tax competition is in the range of 10%.

Managing Quality under Heterogeneous Consumer Demand and Product Quality, October 2005

Based on accepted advances in the marketing, economics, consumer behavior, and satisfaction literatures, we develop a micro-foundations model of a firm that needs to manage the quality of a product that is inherently heterogeneous in the presence of varying customer tastes or expectations for quality. Our model blends elements of the returns to quality, customer lifetime value, and service profit chain approaches to marketing. The model is then used to explain several empirical results pertaining to the marketing literature by explicitly articulating the trade-offs between customer satisfaction and costs (including opportunity costs) of quality. In this environment firms will find it optimal to allow some customers to go unsatisfied. We show that the relationship between the expected number of repeated purchases by an individual customer is endogenous to the choice of quality by the firm, indicating that the number of purchases cannot be chosen freely to estimate a customer’s lifetime value.

Tapping the innovation potential of corporate engagement with stakeholders

Summary This dissertation explores how stakeholder dialogue influences corporate processes, and speculates about the potential of this phenomenon - particularly with actors, like non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other representatives of civil society, which have received growing attention against a backdrop of increasing globalisation and which have often been cast in an adversarial light by firms - as a source of teaming and a spark for innovation in the firm. The study is set within the context of the introduction of genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) in Europe. Its significance lies in the fact that scientific developments and new technologies are being generated at an unprecedented rate in an era where civil society is becoming more informed, more reflexive, and more active in facilitating or blocking such new developments, which could have the potential to trigger widespread changes in economies, attitudes, and lifestyles, and address global problems like poverty, hunger, climate change, and environmental degradation. In the 1990s, companies using biotechnology to develop and offer novel products began to experience increasing pressure from civil society to disclose information about the risks associated with the use of biotechnology and GMOs, in particular. Although no harmful effects for humans or the environment have been factually demonstrated even to date (2008), this technology remains highly-contested and its introduction in Europe catalysed major companies to invest significant financial and human resources in stakeholder dialogue. A relatively new phenomenon at the time, with little theoretical backing, dialogue was seen to reflect a move towards greater engagement with stakeholders, commonly defined as those "individuals or groups with which. business interacts who have a 'stake', or vested interest in the firm" (Carroll, 1993:22) with whom firms are seen to be inextricably embedded (Andriof & Waddock, 2002). Regarding the organisation of this dissertation, Chapter 1 (Introduction) describes the context of the study, elaborates its significance for academics and business practitioners as an empirical work embedded in a sector at the heart of the debate on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Chapter 2 (Literature Review) traces the roots and evolution of CSR, drawing on Stakeholder Theory, Institutional Theory, Resource Dependence Theory, and Organisational Learning to establish what has already been developed in the literature regarding the stakeholder concept, motivations for engagement with stakeholders, the corporate response to external constituencies, and outcomes for the firm in terms of organisational learning and change. I used this review of the literature to guide my inquiry and to develop the key constructs through which I viewed the empirical data that was gathered. In this respect, concepts related to how the firm views itself (as a victim, follower, leader), how stakeholders are viewed (as a source of pressure and/or threat; as an asset: current and future), corporate responses (in the form of buffering, bridging, boundary redefinition), and types of organisational teaming (single-loop, double-loop, triple-loop) and change (first order, second order, third order) were particularly important in building the key constructs of the conceptual model that emerged from the analysis of the data. Chapter 3 (Methodology) describes the methodology that was used to conduct the study, affirms the appropriateness of the case study method in addressing the research question, and describes the procedures for collecting and analysing the data. Data collection took place in two phases -extending from August 1999 to October 2000, and from May to December 2001, which functioned as `snapshots' in time of the three companies under study. The data was systematically analysed and coded using ATLAS/ti, a qualitative data analysis tool, which enabled me to sort, organise, and reduce the data into a manageable form. Chapter 4 (Data Analysis) contains the three cases that were developed (anonymised as Pioneer, Helvetica, and Viking). Each case is presented in its entirety (constituting a `within case' analysis), followed by a 'cross-case' analysis, backed up by extensive verbatim evidence. Chapter 5 presents the research findings, outlines the study's limitations, describes managerial implications, and offers suggestions for where more research could elaborate the conceptual model developed through this study, as well as suggestions for additional research in areas where managerial implications were outlined. References and Appendices are included at the end. This dissertation results in the construction and description of a conceptual model, grounded in the empirical data and tied to existing literature, which portrays a set of elements and relationships deemed important for understanding the impact of stakeholder engagement for firms in terms of organisational learning and change. This model suggests that corporate perceptions about the nature of stakeholder influence the perceived value of stakeholder contributions. When stakeholders are primarily viewed as a source of pressure or threat, firms tend to adopt a reactive/defensive posture in an effort to manage stakeholders and protect the firm from sources of outside pressure -behaviour consistent with Resource Dependence Theory, which suggests that firms try to get control over extemal threats by focussing on the relevant stakeholders on whom they depend for critical resources, and try to reverse the control potentially exerted by extemal constituencies by trying to influence and manipulate these valuable stakeholders. In situations where stakeholders are viewed as a current strategic asset, firms tend to adopt a proactive/offensive posture in an effort to tap stakeholder contributions and connect the organisation to its environment - behaviour consistent with Institutional Theory, which suggests that firms try to ensure the continuing license to operate by internalising external expectations. In instances where stakeholders are viewed as a source of future value, firms tend to adopt an interactive/innovative posture in an effort to reduce or widen the embedded system and bring stakeholders into systems of innovation and feedback -behaviour consistent with the literature on Organisational Learning, which suggests that firms can learn how to optimize their performance as they develop systems and structures that are more adaptable and responsive to change The conceptual model moreover suggests that the perceived value of stakeholder contribution drives corporate aims for engagement, which can be usefully categorised as dialogue intentions spanning a continuum running from low-level to high-level to very-high level. This study suggests that activities aimed at disarming critical stakeholders (`manipulation') providing guidance and correcting misinformation (`education'), being transparent about corporate activities and policies (`information'), alleviating stakeholder concerns (`placation'), and accessing stakeholder opinion ('consultation') represent low-level dialogue intentions and are experienced by stakeholders as asymmetrical, persuasive, compliance-gaining activities that are not in line with `true' dialogue. This study also finds evidence that activities aimed at redistributing power ('partnership'), involving stakeholders in internal corporate processes (`participation'), and demonstrating corporate responsibility (`stewardship') reflect high-level dialogue intentions. This study additionally finds evidence that building and sustaining high-quality, trusted relationships which can meaningfully influence organisational policies incline a firm towards the type of interactive, proactive processes that underpin the development of sustainable corporate strategies. Dialogue intentions are related to type of corporate response: low-level intentions can lead to buffering strategies; high-level intentions can underpin bridging strategies; very high-level intentions can incline a firm towards boundary redefinition. The nature of corporate response (which encapsulates a firm's posture towards stakeholders, demonstrated by the level of dialogue intention and the firm's strategy for dealing with stakeholders) favours the type of learning and change experienced by the organisation. This study indicates that buffering strategies, where the firm attempts to protect itself against external influences and cant' out its existing strategy, typically lead to single-loop learning, whereby the firm teams how to perform better within its existing paradigm and at most, improves the performance of the established system - an outcome associated with first-order change. Bridging responses, where the firm adapts organisational activities to meet external expectations, typically leads a firm to acquire new behavioural capacities characteristic of double-loop learning, whereby insights and understanding are uncovered that are fundamentally different from existing knowledge and where stakeholders are brought into problem-solving conversations that enable them to influence corporate decision-making to address shortcomings in the system - an outcome associated with second-order change. Boundary redefinition suggests that the firm engages in triple-loop learning, where the firm changes relations with stakeholders in profound ways, considers problems from a whole-system perspective, examining the deep structures that sustain the system, producing innovation to address chronic problems and develop new opportunities - an outcome associated with third-order change. This study supports earlier theoretical and empirical studies {e.g. Weick's (1979, 1985) work on self-enactment; Maitlis & Lawrence's (2007) and Maitlis' (2005) work and Weick et al's (2005) work on sensegiving and sensemaking in organisations; Brickson's (2005, 2007) and Scott & Lane's (2000) work on organisational identity orientation}, which indicate that corporate self-perception is a key underlying factor driving the dynamics of organisational teaming and change. Such theorizing has important implications for managerial practice; namely, that a company which perceives itself as a 'victim' may be highly inclined to view stakeholders as a source of negative influence, and would therefore be potentially unable to benefit from the positive influence of engagement. Such a selfperception can blind the firm from seeing stakeholders in a more positive, contributing light, which suggests that such firms may not be inclined to embrace external sources of innovation and teaming, as they are focussed on protecting the firm against disturbing environmental influences (through buffering), and remain more likely to perform better within an existing paradigm (single-loop teaming). By contrast, a company that perceives itself as a 'leader' may be highly inclined to view stakeholders as a source of positive influence. On the downside, such a firm might have difficulty distinguishing when stakeholder contributions are less pertinent as it is deliberately more open to elements in operating environment (including stakeholders) as potential sources of learning and change, as the firm is oriented towards creating space for fundamental change (through boundary redefinition), opening issues to entirely new ways of thinking and addressing issues from whole-system perspective. A significant implication of this study is that potentially only those companies who see themselves as a leader are ultimately able to tap the innovation potential of stakeholder dialogue.

Asiakkuuden arvon arviointi osana asiakkuudenhallintaa. Case: Martela Oyj

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli laatia Martela Oyj:n-käyttöön asiakkuuden arvoa määrittävä mittaristo, jonka avulla yrityksessä voidaan kehittää asiakkuudenhallintaa sekä asiakkuuden arvoa ja kannattavuutta. Tutkielman tavoitteeseen pääsemiseksi käytettiin konstruktiivista tutkimusmenetelmää. Mallin laatimiseksi perehdyttiin asiakkuudenhallinnan doktriiniin sekäcase -yrityksen nykyisen asiakkuudenhallinnan ongelmiin ja kehittämistarpeisiin. Näiden pohjalta laadittiin asiakkuuden arvoa määrittävä mittaristo, jonka avulla valittu otos yrityksen asiakkaista analysoitiin. Tutkimuksen keskeisempiä tuloksia on laadittu arvoanalyysimalli, jota voidaan jatkossa käyttää apuna asiakkuuksien johtamisessa ja asiakkuudenhallinnan kehittämisessä. Mallin avulla tutkittiin kaikki suurasiakasryhmän asiakkuudet ja tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää heti käytännössä mm. hoitomallien kehittämisessä sekä potentiaalien hyödyntämisessä. Tutkimuksen tuottaman tiedon avulla asiakkuuksien johtamista voidaan tehostaa ja vaikuttaa asiakkuuden arvon kehittymiseen. Tutkielmantulosten avulla voidaan yrityksessä aloittaa asiakkuudenhallinnan nykytilan systemaattinen kehittäminen sekä käynnistää asiakaskannattavuuden laskennan kehittämisprojekti.

Asiakaslaskennan tarkastelua johdon laskentatoimen työkaluna teoriassa ja käytännössä

Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan asiakaskannattavuusanalyysejä teoreettisesti sekä käytännön esimerkkien kautta. Kilpailun intensiivisyyden lisääntyminen asettaa yrityksille haasteita. Siirtyminen tuotekeskeisyydestä asiakaskeskeisyyteen asettaa yritykset uusien haasteiden eteen. Johdon laskentatoimen analyysejä käytetään asiakaslaskennassa. Yritysten ja laskentatoimen näkökulmasta keskeinen kiinnostuksen kohde asiakkaissa on kannattavuus. Kannattavuusnäkökulma ohjaa myöstätä tutkielmaa. Kaikki asiakkaat eivät ole samanarvoisia ja yhtä kannattavia. Yleisesti tunnettu 20/80 sääntö kuvaa tätä hyvin; 20 % asiakkaista vastaa 80 % tuotoista. Asiakaskannattavuus on tärkeä asia seurata.Saatujen tulosten perusteella ymmärretään paremmin, mistä voitot nousevat, mistä asiakkaista tulee pitää kiinni ja mitä asiakkaille ylipäätänsä kannattaa tarjota ja miten. Tämä tutkielma esittelee asiakaslaskennan menetelmät (asiakaskannattavuusanalyysi, asiakassegmentin kannattavuusanalyysi, asiakkaan elinkaarenkannattavuus analyysi, asiakkaan arvostaminen varoina sekä tasapinotetun mittariston asiakasnäkökulma) sekä esittää käytännön esimerkkejä asiakaslaskennan toteutuksesta.

Palvelupisteen rooli monikanavamallissa Case: Etelä-Karjalan Osuuspankki

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli luoda pankin palvelupisteille monikanava-ajattelua tukeva rooli, joka huomioi arvonmuodostumisen sekä asiakkaan että pankin näkökulmasta. Teoriaosassa analysoidaan pankin arvonmuodostumista aikaisemman teoreettisen kirjoittelun perusteella ja luodaan viitekehys arvonmuodostumiselle pankkipalveluissa. Empiirisessä osiossa analysoidaan Etelä-Karjalan Osuuspankin palvelupisteiden nykytilaa ja muodostetaan uusi rooli palvelupisteille. Tutkielman tutkimusote on hermeneuttinen, eli ymmärtävään pyrkivä. Empiirinen osuus sisältää myös normatiivisia piirteitä. Tutkimustulosten mukaan palvelupisteet eivät nykyisessä roolissaan tue monikanavamallia. Uusi rooli on olla lähellä asiakkaita. Mikäli palvelupisteiden toimintaa halutaan jatkaa, on niihin kiinnitettävä enemmän huomiota niin pankin kuin toimihenkilöidenkin taholta.

Strategisten asiakassuhteiden johtaminen - Case: Heath Comm Oy

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten yritys voi luoda itselleen ja asiakkailleen kilpailuetua johtamalla systemaattisesti asiakassuhteitaan nopeasti muuttuvassa ympäristössä. Pyrkimyksenä oli kartoittaa käytännön tekijöitä, joilla yritys voi luoda asiakkailleen ja tuotteidensa loppukäyttäjille lisäarvoa tunnistamalla sopivimmat asiakkaat ja pyrkimällä pitkiin liikesuhteisiin. Tutkielman teoreettisen osan lähdeaineistona käytettiin pääosin avainasiakasajatteluun, liikesuhteisiin ja niiden johtamiseen sekä asiakkaiden analysointiin liittyvää kirjallisuutta ja artikkeleita. Empiirisen tutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin haastattelemalla toimeksiantajayrityksen asiakkaita, johtohenkilöitä ja myynnin henkilökuntaa. Tutkimuksen lähdeaineistoa täydensi tutkijan oma työkokemus. Empiirinen tutkimus oli laadullinen case-analyysi. Asiakashaastattelujen perusteella muodostettiin käsitys pitkäaikaisiin liikesuhteisiin ja niiden johtamiseen vaikuttavista tekijöistä kohdetoimialalla. Yrityksen sisäisten keskustelujen avulla muodostettiin puolestaan käsitys yrityksen nykytoiminnasta. Vertailun pohjalta esitettiin portfolio-malli yrityksen asiakassuhteiden analysointiin sekä asiakkaan hoitosuunnitelma. Lisäksi esitettiin yleisiä toimenpide-ehdotuksia teorian ja asiakashaastattelujen pohjalta. Asiakkaan saamaan arvoon vaikuttavat tuotteiden käytettävyys ja toimintavarmuus, kommunikaation ja palvelun laatu, toimittajan riittävä asiantuntemus sekä toimitusten nopeus ja luotettavuus. Asiakkaat arvostavat erityisesti vilkasta ja avointa tiedon välitystä. Yritysten väliset sidokset voidaan nähdä asiakasosuutta kasvattavina voimina

Asiakas johdon laskentatoimen menetelmissä

Tässä kandidaatintyössä tarkastellaan erilaisia johdon laskentatoimessa käytettyjä menetelmiä, jotka liittyvät asiakkaisiin. Työ on teoriapainotteinen ja se perustuu pitkälti aiheesta kirjoitettuihin artikkeleihin, mutta joukossa on myös muutama käytännön esimerkki. Työn tavoitteena on muodostaa laaja-alainen kirjallisuuskatsaus johdon laskentatoimessa käytettäviin asiakaslaskentamenetelmiin sekä niiden hyötyihin ja ongelmiin. Kiristyvän kilpailun ja globalisaation myötä asiakkaan huomioonottaminen on muodostunut yhä tärkeämmäksi seikaksi yritysmaailmassa. Asiakaslähtöisyydestä on tullut muoti-ilmiö, johon kaikki haluavat panostaa. Tämä lisää johdon tietotarpeita ja asettaa näin uusia vaatimuksia johdon laskentatoimelle. Siirtyminen uusiin laskentamenetelmiin ja toimintatapoihin aiheuttaa jatkuvasti uusia haasteita, sillä muitakaan yrityksen sidosryhmiä ei voi unohtaa asiakaslähtöisyyttä parannettaessa. Yksi eniten huomiota saanut asiakaslaskentamenetelmä on asiakaskannattavuus. Sen tarkoituksena on tutkia, mitkä asiakkaat tai asiakasryhmät ovat kannattavia ja mitkä eivät. Muita esiteltäviä asiakaslaskentamenetelmiä ovat muun muassa asiakkaiden arvottaminen, tavoitekustannuslaskenta, arvoperusteinen hinnoittelu sekä suorituskykymittaristojen asiakasnäkökulmat. Osa asiakaslaskentamenetelmistä on jo nykyisin laajassa käytössä yrityksissä, mutta tulevaisuudessa niiden käyttö lisääntynee entisestään, kun menetelmiä kehitetään helppokäyttöisemmiksi ja luotettavimmiksi.