Större frihet - bättre lokalt anpassad service? : Förvaltningsreformer och kommunernas service för utvecklingsstörda 1994-2000

In the beginning of the 1990s the legislation regarding the municipalities and the system of central government transfers were reformed in Finland. This resulted in a move from detailed governmental control to increased municipal autonomy. The purpose of this decentralization was to enable the municipalities to better adapt their administration and service supply to local needs. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of the increased municipal autonomy on the organization of services for people with intellectual disabilities. Did the increased autonomy cause the municipalities to alter their service supply and production and did the services become more adapted to local needs? The data consists of statistical information on service use and production, and also of background data such as demographics, economics and political elections on 452 municipalities in Finland from the years 1994 and 2000. The methods used are cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and factor analysis. The municipalities could be grouped in two categories: those which offered mainly one kind of residential services and others which had more varied mixes of services. The use of institutional care had decreased and municipalities which used institutional care as their primary form of service were mostly very small municipalities in 2000. The situation had changed from 1994, when institutional care was the primary service for municipalities of all sizes. Also the service production had become more differentiated and the municipalities had started using more varied ways of production. More municipalities had started producing their own services and private production had increased as well. Furthermore, the increase in local autonomy had opened up possibilities for local politics to influence both the service selection and methods of production. The most significant motive for changes in the service structure was high unemployment and an increasing share of elderly people in the population, particularly in sparsely populated areas. Municipalities with a low level of resources had made more changes in their service organization while those with more resources had been able to carry on as before. Key words: service structure, service for people with intellectual disabilities, municipalities, contingency theory, New Public Management

From actin monomers to bundles: The roles of twinfilin and α-actinin in Drosophila melanogaster development

The actin cytoskeleton is essential for a large variety of cell biological processes. Actin exists in either a monomeric or a filamentous form, and it is very important for many cellular functions that the local balance between these two actin populations is properly regulated. A large number of proteins participate in the regulation of actin dynamics in the cell, and twinfilin, one of the proteins examined in this thesis, belongs to this category. The second level of regulation involves proteins that crosslink or bundle actin filaments, thereby providing the cell with a certain shape. α-Actinin, the second protein studied, mainly acts as an actin crosslinking protein. Both proteins are conserved in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. In this thesis, the roles of twinfilin and α-actinin in development were examined using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. Twinfilin is an actin monomer binding protein that is structurally related to cofilin. In vitro, twinfilin reduces actin polymerisation by sequestering actin monomers. The Drosophila twinfilin (twf) gene was identified and found to encode a protein functionally similar to yeast and mammalian twinfilins. A strong hypomorphic twf mutation was identified, and flies homozygous for this allele were viable and fertile. The adult twf mutant flies displayed reduced viability, a rough eye phenotype and severely malformed bristles. The shape of the adult bristle is determined by the actin bundles that are regularly spaced around the perimeter of the developing pupal bristles. Examination of the twf pupal bristles revealed an increased level of filamentous actin, which in turn resulted in splitting and displacement of the actin bundles. The bristle defect was rescued by twf overexpression in developing bristles. The Twinfilin protein was localised at sites of actin filament assembly, where it was required to limit actin polymerisation. A genetic interaction between twinfilin and twinstar (the gene encoding Cofilin) was detected, consistent with the model predicting that both proteins act to limit the amount of filamentous actin. α-Actinin has been implicated in several diverse cell biological processes. In Drosophila, the only function for α-actinin yet known is in the organisation of the muscle sarcomere. Muscle and non-muscle cells utilise different α-actinin isoforms, which in Drosophila are produced by alternative splicing of a single gene. In this work, novel α-actinin deletion alleles, including ActnΔ233, were generated, which specifically disrupted the transcript encoding the non-muscle α-actinin isoform. Nevertheless, ActnΔ233 homozygous mutant flies were viable and fertile with no obvious defects. By comparing α-actinin protein distribution in wild type and ActnΔ233 mutant animals, it could be concluded that non-muscle α-actinin is the only isoform expressed in young embryos, in the embryonic central nervous system and in various actin-rich structures of the ovarian germline cells. In the ActnΔ233 mutant, α-actinin was detected not only in muscle tissue, but also in embryonic epidermal cells and in certain follicle cell populations in the ovaries. The population of α-actinin protein present in non-muscle cells of the ActnΔ233 mutant is referred to as FC-α-actinin (Follicle Cell). The follicular epithelium in the Drosophila ovary is a well characterised model system for studies on patterning and morphogenesis. Therefore, α-actinin expression, regulation and function in this tissue were further analysed. Examination of the α-actinin localisation pattern revealed that the basal actin fibres of the main body follicle cells underwent an organised remodelling during the final stages of oogenesis. This involved the assembly of a transient adhesion site in the posterior of the cell, in which α-actinin and Enabled (Ena) accumulated. Follicle cells genetically manipulated to lack all α-actinin isoforms failed to remodel their cytoskeleton and translocate Ena to the posterior of the cell, while the actin fibres as such were not affected. Neither was epithelial morphogenesis disrupted. The reorganisation of the basal actin cytoskeleton was also disturbed following ectopic expression of Decapentaplegic (Dpp) or as a result of a heat shock. At late oogenesis, the main body follicle cells express both non-muscle α-actinin and FC-α-actinin, while the dorsal anterior follicle cells express only non-muscle α-actinin. The dorsal anterior cells are patterned by the Dpp and Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathways, and they will ultimately secrete the dorsal appendages of the egg. Experiments involving ectopic activation of EGFR and Dpp signalling showed that FC-α-actinin is negatively regulated by combined EGFR and Dpp signalling. Ubiquitous overexpression of the adult muscle-specific α-actinin isoform induced the formation of aberrant actin bundles in migrating follicle cells that did not normally express FC-α-actinin, provided that the EGFR signalling pathway was activated in the cells. Taken together, this work contributes new data to our knowledge of α-actinin function and regulation in Drosophila. The cytoskeletal remodelling shown to depend on α-actinin function provides the first evidence that α-actinin has a role in the organisation of the cytoskeleton in a non-muscle tissue. Furthermore, the cytoskeletal remodelling constitutes a previously undescribed morphogenetic event, which may provide us with a model system for in vivo studies on adhesion dynamics in Drosophila.

On the ecology of cold-water phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea

Increased anthropogenic loading of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) has led to an eutrophication problem in the Baltic Sea, and the spring bloom is a key component in the biological uptake of increased nutrient concentrations. The spring bloom in the Baltic Sea is dominated by both diatoms and dinoflagellates. However, the sedimentation of these groups is different: diatoms tend to sink to the sea floor at the end of the bloom, while dinoflagellates to a large degree are been remineralized in the euphotic zone. Understanding phytoplankton competition and species specific ecological strategies is thus of importance for assessing indirect effects of phytoplankton community composition on eutrophication problems. The main objective of this thesis was to describe some basic physiological and ecological characteristics of the main cold-water diatoms and dinoflagellates in the Baltic Sea. This was achieved by specific studies of: (1) seasonal vertical positioning, (2) dinoflagellate life cycle, (3) mixotrophy, (4) primary production, respiration and growth and (5) diatom silicate uptake, using cultures of common cold-water diatoms: Chaetoceros wighamii, C. gracilis, Pauliella taeniata, Thalassiosira baltica, T. levanderi, Melosira arctica, Diatoma tenuis, Nitzschia frigida, and dinoflagellates: Peridiniella catenata, Woloszynskia halophila and Scrippsiella hangoei. The diatoms had higher primary production capacity and lower respiration rate compared with the dinoflagellates. This difference was reflected in the maximum growth rate, which for the examined diatoms range from 0.6 to 1.2 divisions d-1, compared with 0.2 to 0.3 divisions d-1 for the dinoflagellates. Among diatoms there were species specific differences in light utilization and uptake of silicate, and C. wighamii had the highest carbon assimilation capacity and maximum silicate uptake. The physiological properties of diatoms and dinoflagellates were used in a model of the onset of the spring bloom: for the diatoms the model could predict the initiation of the spring bloom; S. hangoei, on the other hand, could not compete successfully and did not obtain positive growth in the model. The other dinoflagellates did not have higher growth rates or carbon assimilation rates and would thus probably not perform better than S. hangoei in the model. The dinoflagellates do, however, have competitive advantages that were not included in the model: motility and mixotrophy. Previous investigations has revealed that the chain-forming P. catenata performs diurnal vertical migration (DVM), and the results presented here suggest that active positioning in the water column, in addition to DVM, is a key element in this species' life strategy. There was indication of mixotrophy in S. hangoei, as it produced and excreted the enzyme leucine aminopeptidase (LAP). Moreover, there was indirect evidence that W. halophila obtains carbon from other sources than photosynthesis when comparing increase in cell numbers with in situ carbon assimilation rates. The results indicate that mixotrophy is a part of the strategy of vernal dinoflagellates in the Baltic Sea. There were also indications that the seeding of the spring bloom is very important for the dinoflagellates to succeed. In mesocosm experiments dinoflagellates could not compete with diatoms when their initial numbers were low. In conclusion, this thesis has provided new information about the basic physiological and ecological properties of the main cold-water phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea. The main phytoplankton groups, diatoms and dinoflagellates, have different physiological properties, which clearly separate their life strategies. The information presented here could serve as further steps towards better prognostic models of the effects of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.

Theoretical Studies on Coupled Electron and Proton Transfer in Cytochrome c Oxidase

The complexity of life is based on an effective energy transduction machinery, which has evolved during the last 3.5 billion years. In aerobic life, the utilization of the high oxidizing potential of molecular oxygen powers this machinery. Oxygen is safely reduced by a membrane bound enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), to produce an electrochemical proton gradient over the mitochondrial or bacterial membrane. This gradient is used for energy-requiring reactions such as synthesis of ATP by F0F1-ATPase and active transport. In this thesis, the molecular mechanism by which CcO couples the oxygen reduction chemistry to proton-pumping has been studied by theoretical computer simulations. By building both classical and quantum mechanical model systems based on the X-ray structure of CcO from Bos taurus, the dynamics and energetics of the system were studied in different intermediate states of the enzyme. As a result of this work, a mechanism was suggested by which CcO can prevent protons from leaking backwards in proton-pumping. The use and activation of two proton conducting channels were also enlightened together with a mechanism by which CcO sorts the chemical protons from pumped protons. The latter problem is referred to as the gating mechanism of CcO, and has remained a challenge in the bioenergetics field for more than three decades. Furthermore, a new method for deriving charge parameters for classical simulations of complex metalloenzymes was developed.

MECHANISMS AND EFFECTS OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA INSTABILITY AND COPY NUMBER MANIPULATION

Defects in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance cause a range of human diseases, including autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia (adPEO). This study aimed to clarify the molecular background of adPEO. We discovered that deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) metabolism plays a crucial in mtDNA maintenance and were thus prompted to search for therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of cellular dNTP pools or mtDNA copy number. Human mtDNA is a 16.6 kb circular molecule present in hundreds to thousands of copies per cell. mtDNA is compacted into nucleoprotein clusters called nucleoids. mtDNA maintenance diseases result from defects in nuclear encoded proteins that maintain the mtDNA. These syndromes typically afflict highly differentiated, post-mitotic tissues such as muscle and nerve, but virtually any organ can be affected. adPEO is a disease where mtDNA molecules with large-scale deletions accumulate in patients tissues, particularly in skeletal muscle. Mutations in five nuclear genes, encoding the proteins ANT1, Twinkle, POLG, POLG2 and OPA1, have previously been shown to cause adPEO. Here, we studied a large North American pedigree with adPEO, and identified a novel heterozygous mutation in the gene RRM2B, which encodes the p53R2 subunit of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). RNR is the rate-limiting enzyme in dNTP biosynthesis, and is required both for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA replication. The mutation results in the expression of a truncated form of p53R2, which is likely to compete with the wild-type allele. A change in enzyme function leads to defective mtDNA replication due to altered dNTP pools. Therefore, RRM2B is a novel adPEO disease gene. The importance of adequate dNTP pools and RNR function for mtDNA maintenance has been established in many organisms. In yeast, induction of RNR has previously been shown to increase mtDNA copy number, and to rescue the phenotype caused by mutations in the yeast mtDNA polymerase. To further study the role of RNR in mammalian mtDNA maintenance, we used mice that broadly overexpress the RNR subunits Rrm1, Rrm2 or p53R2. Active RNR is a heterotetramer consisting of two large subunits (Rrm1) and two small subunits (either Rrm2 or p53R2). We also created bitransgenic mice that overexpress Rrm1 together with either Rrm2 or p53R2. In contrast to the previous findings in yeast, bitransgenic RNR overexpression led to mtDNA depletion in mouse skeletal muscle, without mtDNA deletions or point mutations. The mtDNA depletion was associated with imbalanced dNTP pools. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of Rrm1 and p53R2 were found to correlate with mtDNA copy number in two independent mouse models, suggesting nuclear-mitochondrial cross talk with regard to mtDNA copy number. We conclude that tight regulation of RNR is needed to prevent harmful alterations in the dNTP pool balance, which can lead to disordered mtDNA maintenance. Increasing the copy number of wild-type mtDNA has been suggested as a strategy for treating PEO and other mitochondrial diseases. Only two proteins are known to cause a robust increase in mtDNA copy number when overexpressed in mice; the mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and the mitochondrial replicative helicase Twinkle. We studied the mechanisms by which Twinkle and TFAM elevate mtDNA levels, and showed that Twinkle specifically implements mtDNA synthesis. Furthermore, both Twinkle and TFAM were found to increase mtDNA content per nucleoid. Increased mtDNA content in mouse tissues correlated with an age-related accumulation of mtDNA deletions, depletion of mitochondrial transcripts, and progressive respiratory dysfunction. Simultaneous overexpression of Twinkle and TFAM led to a further increase in the mtDNA content of nucleoids, and aggravated the respiratory deficiency. These results suggested that high mtDNA levels have detrimental long-term effects in mice. These data have to be considered when developing and evaluating treatment strategies for elevating mtDNA copy number.

Samarbete mellan konkurrenter - en undersökning av österbottniska sm-företag

Under senare tid har förekomsten av samarbete mellan konkurrerande sm-företag ökat. Forskningen kring ämnet har dock bedrivits i mindre skala, framför allt om man beaktar finländska (nordiska) förhållanden. Syftet med denna undersökning är att kartlägga förekomsten av samarbete mellan konkurrerande sm-företag i Österbotten (Finland), samt beskriva dessa. Gällande demografiska variabler jämförs dessa företag även med sm-företag som inte samarbetar. Data insamlades genom en enkät utskickad i november 2001 till 345 sm-företag i Österbotten. Svarsprocenten var 35.1. Av de respondenter som besvarade enkäten, var 47.9 procent involverade i ett eller flera samarbeten med ett eller flera företag som var deras konkurrenter. Samarbete mellan konkurrenter är således inte ett ovanligt fenomen, utan innefattar allt från informella, operativa samarbeten till formella, strategiskt viktiga samarbeten. Samarbete inom produktion var den mest vanligt förekommande formen av samarbete. Partnern kom från Finland, även om målmarknaderna för samarbetet fanns både i Finland och i utlandet. Denna undersökning kunde inte identifiera någon större skillnad mellan de sm-företag som samarbetade med konkurrenter och de sm-företag som inte samarbetade. Det intressanta är således att det inte verkar finnas några skillnader vad gäller ålder, omsättning, omsättningsökning, underleverans- och exportverksamhet mellan de samarbetande och de icke samarbetande företagen. Skillnaderna bör således sökas i andra variabler. Den enda signifikanta skillnaden kunde upptäckas i upplevelsen av konkurrens. Tidigare forskning har identifierat att osäkerhet i konkurrensen är ett incitament till att börja samarbeta med konkurrenter. Denna undersökning förstärker detta antagande. De samarbetande företagen upplevde att konkurrensen var hårdare än de icke samarbetande företagen. Bland de samarbetande företagen var det speciellt de mindre (med en personalstyrka mellan 10 och 50 arbetstagare) som upplevde att konkurrensen var hård. Undersökningen har finansierats med stipendiemedel från Sparbanksstiftelsen i Vasa och Handlande Gustav Svanljungs fond.

Zorros märke : Manligt identitetsbygge i Per Pettersons roman "Jeg forbanner tidens elv"

Avhandlingens syfte är att belysa hur porträtten av jagberättaren Arvid och hans mor växer fram i Per Pettersons roman Jeg forbanner tidens elv. Det paradigm jag utgår ifrån är det psykoanalytiska. Förutom texter av Sigmund Freud och Jacques Lacan stöder jag mig på texter av Peter Brooks och Terry Eagleton. För en tolkning av Arvids sätt att berätta sin historia använder jag mig av James Phelans tankar kring den opålitliga berättaren . Analysen bygger på en närläsning av romanen och några av de intertexter som förekommer i den. Av dessa är särskilt myten om kung Oidipus samt berättelsen om Zorro centrala för förståelsen av Arvids personlighet och hur den manliga identiteten byggs. Andra centrala intertexter som granskas närmare är Erich Maria Remarques roman Triumfbågen och Somerset Maughams roman Den vassa eggen. Porträttet av mor belyses indirekt via den funktion hon har i Arvids berättelse. Arvids porträtt analyseras ur två olika perspektiv. I uppsatsens första del, Romanbygget , undersöker jag hur romanen är uppbyggd och hur bilden av Arvid formas genom vad han berättar om sin mor, sitt liv, sin bakgrund och sina uppväxtår. Det perspektiv som Konung Oidipus i Freuds tolkning av det antika dramat ger, lyfter, som en nyckel in i romanen, fram dynamiken mellan Arvid, mor och den övriga familjen. I romanen dödas far i psykisk bemärkelse, han blir medvetet föraktad och förbisedd som manlig förebild och identifikationsobjekt. Arvids fixering vid mor gör att han ser sig själv med hennes ögon. Också bröderna får sin gestalt som rivaler i kampen om mor. I ljuset av den oidipala problematiken framhåller jag Arvids olösta relation till familjemedlemmarna som den avgörande orsaken till Arvids misslyckanden i livet och hans oförmåga att forma en fungerande och stabil vuxenidentitet. Men jag föreslår också en tidig, omedveten fadersidentifikation, symboliserad av Zorro och Zorros magiska märke, som i sublimeringen eventuellt finner sin lösning i en dröm om att bli författare. I uppsatsens andra del Berättarrösten undersöker jag Arvids sätt att berätta utgående ifrån Phelans tankar kring den opålitliga berättaren . Jag analyserar några centrala avsnitt i romanen med avseende på hur berättarröstens och den implicita författarens framställningar överensstämmer eller skiljer sig ifrån varandra. I min läsning är Arvid en komplext pålitlig och opålitlig berättare. Arvid framhåller i sin berättelse och i sina återblickar ett tillrättalagt och i någon mån förskönat porträtt av sig själv, en livslögn vars upplösning enligt min mening antyds i de avslutande kapitlen. För min förståelse av psykoanalysens teori och hur den kan tillämpas i litteraturforskningen är Ludwig Wittgensteins tankar om bildens användning centrala. I avsnittet om Zorro tar jag kortfattat upp frågan hur psykoanalytisk litteraturtolkning kan leda vilse i form av övertolkning, det vill säga att analysen övergår i fantasi. En annan möjlig felkälla som jag lyfter fram i analysen är att romanen tolkas av en svenskspråkig läsare som eventuellt läser in andra nyanser i den norska texten, än vad författaren avsett. Jag tar också upp frågan om Arvid i Pettersons tidigare produktion och huruvida det är frågan om en fortgående berättelse om Arvid Jansen under olika livsbetingelser. Mitt intryck är att det inte är fråga om ett enhetligt personporträtt utan olika frågeställningar som modelleras ur samma material.

Les fleuves dans l'œuvre romanesque de Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio

Relying on Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of perception and on Mircea Eliade's works on the Sacred and the Profane, this study explores the river as a perceptual space and as the sacred Center in a cosmic vision of the world in twelve of Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio's fictional works, from The Interrogation (1963) to Revolutions (2003). In the first chapter, after introducing the field of study, I discuss the relation between the radical subjectivity and the evasiveness of perceiving subjects in Le Clézio's fiction. Next are some thoughts on the relation between Merleau-Ponty's and Le Clézio's ideas. The second chapter studies the river as an experience in the text, first as a topographical space, then as a sound world. The investigations move on to its water as a visual and a tactile phenomenon. Then follows the human use of the river, the (absence of) baths, and the river as a traveling space. The chapter closes with the study of the metaphorical use of the word, occurring mainly in urban space and for phenomena in the sky. The third chapter is organized around the river as the Center of the world in a religious cosmogony, where the river represents the origin of the world and of the human race. The core analysis shows how the middle of the river is a symbolic space of a new beginning. As a sacred space, the river abolishes time as the object of contemplation and as relative immobility from the point of view of a person drifting downstream. The functions of a new beginning and of abolition of time are combined in the symbolic immersions in the water. Finally, the dissertation explores other symbolical spaces, such as the unknown destination of the drift, and the river as the Center of a utopia. The chapter closes with the existential agony as a result of the elimination of the Center in the urban environment. In the final chapter, the river is compared to other watercourses : the creek, the brook and the rapids. The river is more of a spatial entity, whereas the actual water is more important in the smaller watercourses. The river is more common than the other watercourses as a topographical element in the landscape, whereas the minor watercourses invite the characters to a closer contact with their element, in immersions and in drinking their water. Finally, the work situates the rivers in a broader context of different fictional spaces in Le Clézio's text.

Estudio técnico sobre la sistematización de herramientas informáticas en procesos de troquelería para automoción.

[ES]El presente estudio técnico tiene por objeto desarrollar y exponer la metodología empleada en el análisis CAD/CAE de piezas de chapa conformada en troquelería así como poner de manifiesto las ventajas de dicha técnica frente a las técnicas clásicas. Para ello, en él deben figurar una descripción general de dicha metodología, los objetivos de este estudio, los pasos para alcanzarlos y una distribución en forma de cronograma de las tareas que incluye el mismo. El estudio abarca dos partes claramente diferenciadas:  Descripción de un software CAD/CAE y sus múltiples beneficios en el diseño y desarrollo del producto  Desarrollo y exposición de un ejemplo sencillo Los contenidos del documento se estructuran de la siguiente forma: Inicialmente, se exponen los beneficios que reporta el uso de un programa CAE en empresas de conformado de chapa. A continuación, se describen las características generales de un software de elementos finitos. Finalmente se concluye con un caso ejemplo básico que ilustra las características expuestas anteriormente.

Rationalisierung im Konjunkturverlauf

INHALT EINLEITUNG 1. Einfuhrende Überlegungen 2. Methodische Begründungen ERSTER TEIL: Wirtschaftsentwickung und Rationalisierung 1. Innovation und Wachstum bei J.A.Schumpeter 2. Geschichte der Rationalisierung 2.1. Rationalisierung vor und wahrend der Industriellen Revolution 2.1.1. Rationalisierung durch Arbeitsteilung 2.1.2. Rationalisierung durch Einsatz von Maschinerie 2.2. Rationalisierung seit dem Beginn der "Großen Depression" im Jahre 1873 2.2.1. Der Taylorismus 2.2.2. Der Fordismus 2.2.3. Die Arbeitspsychologie 2.2.4. Die Betriebswirtschaftslehre 2.3. Rationalisierung wahrend der Weimarer Republik 2.3.1. Entstehungsbedingungen 2.3.2. Erscheinungsformen der Rationalisierung 2.3.2.1. Rationalisierung in der Produktion 2.3.2.1.1. Rationalisierung m der Landwirtschaft 2.3.2.1.2. Rationalisierung in der Industrie 2.3.2.2. Rationalisierung in der Zirkulation 2.4. Exkurs: Rationalisierung im konjunkturellen Verlauf der 20er Jahre 2.4.1. "Volkswirtschaftliche" oder "negative" Rationalisierung 2.4.?. Der Rationalisierungsaufscnwung 2.4.3. Die Weltwirtschaftskrise 2.4.4. Rationalisierung, Konjunktur und Krise in den 20er Jahren 2.5. Rationalisierung während des deutschen Faschismus 2.6. Rationalis1erung wahrend der Rekonstruktionsperiode bis zur Krise von 1966/67 2.7. Rationalisierung seit der Krise von 1966/67 3. Verschiedene Sichtweisen von Rationalisierung 3.1. Rationalisierung und technischer Fortschritt 3.2. Rationalisierung als Ausdruck betriebswirtschaftlicher Praxis und aus volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht 3.3. Rationalisierung aus der Sicht der Marxschen Theorie 3.4. Der Rationalisierungsbegriff 3.4.1. Der einzelwirtschaftliche Rationalisierungsbegriff 3.4.2. Der gesamtwirtschaftliche Rationalisierungsbegriff 3.4.3. Rationalisierung und Marxsche Theorie 3.4.4. Der allgemeine Rationalisierungsbegriff ZWEITER TEIL: Ursachen und Wirkungen von Rationalisierung im konjukturellen Verlauf 1. Rationalisierung im konjunkturellen Aufschwung 1.1. Rationalisierung und Investition 1.2. Die Konjunkturtheorie von J.R.Hicks 1.3. Aufschwung und Krise 1.3.1. Die Erholung 1.3.2. Die Expansion 1.3.3. Die Hochkonjunktur 2. Rationalisierung im konjunkturellen Abschwung 2.1. Die Abschwächung 2.2. Die Depression 2.2.1. Desinvestitionen und die Stabilisierung des Abschwungs 2.2.2. Die Strategie der Rationalisierung 2.2.3. Kreislaufwirkungen von Rationalisierungsinvestitionen 2.2.4. Schranken der Rationalisierung 3. Wirtschaftspolitische Überlegungen

Faktor Mensch : Kundenorientierte Führungsstrategie bei flexibler Betriebsorganisation

In den letzten Jahren hat sich der Trend zu forcierter Rationalisierung, zur Automatisierung und Mechanisierung der Produktion beschleunigt. Automatisierung erfordert aber hohe Inverstitionen und lässt so den Fixkostenblock wachsen. Bei einem Rückgang der Kapazitätsauslastung rutscht das Unternehmen aber rasch in die Verlustzone. Deshalb erscheint eine Rückbesinnung auf eher flexiblere, arbeitsorientierte Organisationskonzepte sinnvoll. Vorgestellt wird ein kybernetisches Regelkreismodell mit flacher Hierarchie als "Klammer" und sich weitgehend selbstregulierenden Unternehmenseinheiten.

Vom Trümmerfilm zur Traumfabrik : die "Junge Film-Union". Eine Fallstudie zur westdeutschen Filmproduktion

Die Trümmer des deutschen Reiches waren 1945 auch die Trümmer des deutschen Films. Der Neuaufbau der deutschen Filmwirtschaft, der unter der Ägide der Alliierten begann, eröffnete trotz zahlloser Schwierigkeiten neue Chancen, nicht zuletzt regional: auch Niedersachsen wurde "Filmland". Die "Junge Film-Union", 1947 lizensiert, wurde bald zur größten niedersächsischen Filmproduktionsfirma. Waren die ersten zeitnahen Filme - auch "Trümmerfilme" genannt - noch in mancher Hinsicht improvisiert, so professionalisierte sich die Produktion zusehends. Es wurden eigene Ateliers gebaut, in dem Heideort Bendestorf entstand in kurzer Zeit eine Filmindustrie. Und auch die Filmstoffe wandelten sich, ebenso die Besetzung der Hauptrollen: der "zeitlose" Unterhaltungsfilm wurde selbstverständlich, ein neuer Kult mit alten Stars verdrängte den Nachwuchs. Neben vielen Mißerfolgen der "Jungen Film-Union" wurde schließlich "Die Sünderin" zu einem (Skandal-)Erfolg, der Marika-Rökk-Film "Die Csardas-Fürstin" ein echter Publikumsrenner. Der spektakuläre Neuaufbau dieser Filmproduktion, die wechselvolle Entwicklung, die im Konkurs 1952 ein jähes Ende fand, werfen Fragen auf, denen in dieser Arbeit auf der Basis neuen Quellenmaterials nachgegangen wird. Welche politischen, ökonomischen und kulturellen Einflüsse waren es, die für die "Junge Film-Union" bestimmend wurden. Welche Rolle spielte die britische Filmpolitik? Welche Bedeutung hatte die Währungsreform, wie wirkten sich die Bundesbürgschaften aus? Welche filmischen Traditionen wurden aufgegriffen, und wie spiegelt sich die außerfilmische Realität in den Produktionen? Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung werfen dabei auch ein Licht auf den Neuaufbau der westdeutschen Filmwirtschaft insgesamt.

Flexibel mit „make or buy"

Im Artikel geht es um die Frage, ob es sich für Unternehmen lohnt, Materialen selbst herzustellen oder einzukaufen.

Gemeinkostenerfassung im BDE-System : ein Konzept zur verursachungsgerechten Erfassung der Gemeinkosten im Produktionsprozeß

Eine schnelle Erfassung aller Wartezeiten und Störungen im Produktionsablauf und ihre richtige kostenmäßige Bewertung zu einer wirksamen Kontrolle der Gemeinkosten in der Produktion ist schon seit langem eine betriebliche Forderung. Ihre Erfüllung scheiterte bisher häufig an fehlenden organisatorischen Voraussetzungen und den nicht für diese Zwecke geeigneten EDV-Sachmitteln. Mit Hilfe von online konzipierten, im Dialog arbeitenden BDE-Systemen können diese Mängel jetzt behoben werden. Schwachstellen im Prozess lassen sich aktuell lokalisieren und damit auch rasch beseitigen. Das im folgenden hier vorgestellte Programm zur Erfassung der benötigten Daten ist gleichzeitig die Kernzelle eines zur Planung und Steuerung des Auftragsbearbeitungsprozesses eingesetzten Logistiksystems, mit dem noch eine große Anzahl weiterer organisatorischer Aufgaben gelöst werden kann. Betrachtungsschwerpunkt in diesem Beitrag ist die verursachungsgerechte Erfassung von Gemeinkosten im Prozess.

Qualität fortlaufend erzeugen!

Bei Qualitätsmängeln ist es mit der reihenfolgegerechten und zeitgenauen Anlieferung direkt in den Produktionsbereich nicht mehr möglich, auf Ersatzmaterial zurückzugreifen. Ein wichtiger Schritt zu der daher geforderten Null-Fehler-Rate in der Produktion ist die informationstechnische Einbindung der Qualitätssicherung in das Logistik-Konzept des Unternehmens. der Artikel beschreibt, wie eine solche Einbindung aussieht.