Espiritualidade no local de trabalho : da liderança ao empenhamento na Cybermap, Lda

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão de Empresas/MBA

Investigation of Changes in Prescribed and Voluntary Job Roles in Community Service Delivery for People who have Intellectual Disabilities after the Implementation of the 3 Rs; Rights, Respect and Responsibility Project

The purpose of this thesis was to explore whether there is change in organizational citizenship behaviours in community agency staff following agency adoption of a rights - based service philosophy. Four community agency support staff were interviewed to investigate how residential care providers in services for persons who have intellectual disabilities describe their voluntary job related behaviours following training about human rights. The major finding was that the participants were actively engaged in displaying civic virtue, courtesy, and altruism discretionary behaviours. There was evidence of a post rights training shift in communication patterns with support staff reporting that they used language that prom,oted and advocated for human rights, and reported increased communication exchanges among persons supported by the agency, support staff and managers. Participants also suggested that the individuals they support asserted their rights more frequently and they were more active in their own life choices following rights training.

Les relations entres les générations, les valeurs au travail et les comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle

Notre recherche a pour but de mieux comprendre les comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle et plus particulièrement ce qui peut les favoriser ou les défavoriser. Nous en avons retenu cinq pour notre recherche: les comportements de vertu civique, d’esprit d’équipe, conformistes, de courtoisie et d’altruisme Nous avons choisi d’étudier l’influence des valeurs au travail sur ces comportements et notre objectif est de vérifier l’influence de 28 valeurs au travail sur nos cinq comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle. Par ailleurs, nous avons choisi d’inclure à notre modèle de recherche la variable des générations. Nous cherchons à savoir si les valeurs au travail peuvent changer en fonction de l’appartenance d’un individu à l’une des 4 générations présentes sur le marché du travail (Vétérans, Baby Boomers, X et Y) et si le fait d’appartenir à une géné-ration plutôt qu’une autre aura un impact sur les comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle. Les données ont été collectées au sein de la firme de sondage l’Observateur. Au total, 278 questionnaires sont utilisables dans le cadre de notre recherche. Des analyses de régression hiérarchiques ont permis de vérifier la capacité explicative des valeurs sur les comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle. Des tests post hoc de Scheffé ont permis de vérifier l’existence de différences de valeurs entre les générations et des analyses de variance nous ont permis de vérifier l’influence des générations sur les comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle. Les résultats indiquent que des liens significatifs existent entre les valeurs et les comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle permettant ainsi de confirmer l’influence favorable ou défavorable de certaines valeurs parmi les 28 à l’étude sur nos cinq comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle. En ce qui a trait aux différences existan-tes entre nos générations à l’étude, les résultats nous révèlent qu’elles sont beaucoup moins importantes que ce que la littérature nous laisse penser. Finalement, nos résultats ne nous permettent pas de confirmer que certaines générations sont plus disposées que d’autres à adopter des comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle. Mots-clés : valeurs au travail, génération, comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle.

L’habilitation individuelle au travail : validation d’une mesure d’habilitation comportementale et vérification du rôle de trois facteurs de l’environnement de travail

Depuis que le concept d’habilitation (empowerment) a été introduit dans le monde du travail, il est rapidement devenu à la mode dû à ses bénéfices anticipés à la fois pour les organisations et pour les travailleurs. Toutefois, bien que l’état d’habilitation psychologique des travailleurs ainsi que ses déterminants soient bien documentés (Seibert, Wang, & Courtright, 2011), il existe peu d’outils pour évaluer de façon comportementale l’habilitation des travailleurs (Boudrias & Savoie, 2006). Cette réalité nuit aux organisations qui tentent de mettre en place des programmes d’habilitation des employés et qui souhaitent en mesurer leurs effets comportementaux. En 2006, Boudrias et Savoie ont amorcé le travail pour pallier cette lacune en créant un cadre conceptuel de l’habilitation comportementale au travail composé de deux approches distinctes, soit l’approche émergente (comportements discrétionnaires) et l’approche structurelle (implication dans la gestion du travail) et en validant un premier questionnaire permettant de mesurer l’approche émergente. La présente thèse vise à poursuivre le travail amorcé, en instrumentant la seconde approche et en poursuivant la validation du concept d’habilitation comportementale. Plus spécifiquement, la thèse vise à : a) valider un questionnaire qui mesure l’implication des employés dans la gestion de leur travail, en deux versions, à savoir une version auto-rapportée ainsi qu’une version destinée au supérieur hiérarchique; b) établir la structure factorielle de l’habilitation comportementale à l’aide des deux approches opérationnalisées; c) vérifier la spécificité du construit d’habilitation comportementale par rapport à d’autres mesures connexes (p.ex. comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle, comportements d’innovation, comportements d’auto-leadership et d’autogestion), et d) vérifier un modèle structurel incluant trois déterminants de l’environnement de travail, à savoir le style de supervision, le soutien des collègues et la latitude décisionnelle, comme prédicteur de l’habilitation individuelle au travail, évaluée à l’aide d’une mesure d’habilitation psychologique et des mesures des deux approches d’habilitation comportementale. Pour ce faire, trois études distinctes ont été réalisées auprès de travailleurs variés et quatre échantillons ont été constitués dont trois comprenant uniquement des données auto-rapportées (N = 274, 104, 249) et un quatrième incluant aussi des données rapportées par le supérieur (N = 151). Les résultats des analyses factorielles confirmatoires démontrent que la structure de l’instrument d’implication dans la gestion ainsi que celle de l’habilitation comportementale composée des deux approches sont constantes d’un échantillon à l’autre et dans ses deux versions. De plus, les propriétés métriques du questionnaire validé sont satisfaisantes. D’autre part, les résultats des analyses corrélationnelles indiquent que les mesures d’habilitation comportementale présentent une validité discriminante par rapport à des mesures d’autres construits connexes. Enfin, les analyses acheminatoires pour vérifier le modèle structurel anticipé indiquent que l’habilitation psychologique agit comme variable médiatrice dans les relations entre, d’une part, la latitude décisionnelle et les pratiques de gestion des supérieurs, et, d’autre part, les deux approches d’habilitation comportementale. Le soutien des collègues, de son côté, n’est pas relié à l’habilitation des travailleurs.

Managerial Performance – An Analysis of Selected Antecedents and Mediators

The primary focus of this study was to asses the impact of selected antecedent variables namely Psychological Empowerment at Work (PEW), Psychological Contract Violation (PCV), Work Life Balance (WLB), Job Satisfaction (JS) and Affective Organisational Commitment (AOC) on Managerial Performance (MP) of middle level managers of private sector manufacturing and service sector organisations in Kerala.The study brings out the significance of Job Attitudes namely Job Satisfaction and Affective Organisational Commitment in meaningfully explaining the linkage between the rest of the antecedent variables in the study and Managerial Performance. The study interestingly revealed that Job Attitudes play a mediating role in explaining performance of managers unlike visualised in the initial conceptual framework. The study points to the importance of taking care of job attitudes in the work place to ensure performance of managers. The result of the study also brings out the significance of maintaining work-life balance especially in service sector organisations because it will have a direct impact on the level of performance of managers than most of the other contextual factors. Hence, it is the responsibility of HR department to initiate activities which are customised to the collective aspirations of the members of respective organisations to ensure positive job attitudes. HR departments should advice and convince the top management to provide resource support and endorsement to such initiatives.

Influencia de la relación estratégica comunitaria y el marketing en la salud financiera de las organizaciones en mercados internacionales

La globalización de mercados ha generado una serie de cambios en la estructura del comercio internacional, como el surgimiento de áreas de libre comercio, que son el resultado de las integraciones económicas, las cuales han facilitado los flujos de capital, recursos y personas. La internacionalización no solamente se ha convertido en una estrategia para aprovechar las oportunidades que se dan en los mercados internacionales, sino también en un medio de diversificación del riesgo para reducir la dependencia del mercado doméstico. Sin embargo, para emprender un proceso de internacionalización, es necesario conocer muy bien el contexto dentro del cual se desarrollan los clientes, puesto que la falta de conocimiento del entorno puede perjudicar la salud financiera de la empresa. De ahí la importancia de utilizar una definición de comunidad y unas estrategias comunitarias con las cuales se identifiquen las necesidades, objetivos e intereses de la comunidad, para establecer un relación a largo plazo que procure el desarrollo de ambas partes. La relación estratégica comunitaria y el marketing impactan positivamente la salud financiera de la empresa, en la medida en que este desarrollo mutuo, tanto de la comunidad como de la empresa, no solamente incrementa el interés y el compromiso por seguir interactuando; también crea vínculos afectivos entre ambas partes, lo cual consolida aún más la perdurabilidad de la relación, logrando así una fidelización de los clientes y por ende aumentando la rentabilidad de la empresa.

Frontline safety: understanding the workplace as a site of regulatory engagement

The concept of frontline safety encapsulates an approach to occupational health and safety that emphasizes the 'other side of the regulatory relationship' – the ways in which safety culture, individual responsibility, organizational citizenship, trust, and compliance are interpreted and experienced at the local level. By exploring theoretical tensions over the most appropriate way of conceptualizing and framing frontline regulatory engagement, we can better identify the ways in which conceptions of individuals (as rational, responsible, economic actors) are constructed and maintained through workplace interactions and decision-making, as part of the fulfilment of the ideological and constitutive needs of neoliberal labor markets.

Análise das variáveis organizacionais do comportamento de compra das grandes empresas industriais do Rio Grande do Sul

Compreender o comportamento de compra das organizações é um importante desafio, tanto para os meios acadêmicos quanto empresariais, não apenas pela abrangência e complexidade do tema, mas também pelos volumes de negócios envolvidos entre empresas. Com o intuito de contribuir com o aprofundamento dos conhecimentos atinentes ao assunto, o presente estudo objetivou descrever as variáveis organizacionais referentes ao comportamento de compra das grandes empresas industriais associadas à Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram pesquisadas 82 organizações com mais de 500 funcionários e analisados seus comportamentos relativos à compra de itens considerados "A" de estoque e utilizados diretamente em seus processos produtivos. Buscou-se verificar a utilização da tecnologia como forma de otimização de processos, o nível de prúfissionalização dos funcionários dos departamentos, a fonnalização e centralização empregadas nas atividades de compras, as principais políticas, regras e procedimentos da área, a participação da mesma em decisões consideradas de alto nível relativas a fontes de suprimentos e a predominância de atividades estratégicas ou operacionais no funcionamento dos setores de compras. Visou-se também identificar a existência de associações entre tais aspectos e o tamanho das empresas. Verificou-se que as empresas preocupam-se com o investimento em recursos para os setores de compras, através do oferecimento de treinamentos a seus funcionários e da disponibilização de tecnologias para a otimização de rotinas. Constatou-se também que as organizações são, em geral, bastante formalizadas e centralizadas, e que o comprador dispõe de pouca autonomia. Com relação às políticas relativas a fontes de fornecimento, observou-se que a maioria das empresas pratica a terceirização de seus processos produtivos e possui relacionamentos mais estreitos com seus fornecedores, sem entretanto, limitar-se a uma base local de suprimento, pois reconhecem e adquirem insumos de acordo com as alternativas globais. Identificou-se ainda a prevalência de atividades operacionais em relação às estratégicas no funcionamento dos setores de aquisição pesquisados. Com relação ao tamanho das organizações, foi possível constatar que as maiores tendem a oferecer mais treinamentos a seus profissionais de compras, possuem mais recursos tecnológicos alocados a estes setores, mais comumente estabelecem relacionamentos de longo prazo com os fornecedores e importam componentes.

A confiança interorganizacional nas compras

This research is part of the field of organizational studies, focusing on organizational purchase behavior and, specifically, trust interorganizational at the purchases. This topic is current and relevant by addressing the development of good relations between buyer-supplier that increases the exchange of information, increases the length of relationship, reduces the hierarchical controls and improves performance. Furthermore, although there is a vast literature on trust, the scientific work that deal specifically at the trust interorganizational still need further research to synthesize and validate the variables that generate this phenomenon. In this sense, this investigation is to explain the antecedents of trust interorganizational by the relationship between the variable operational performance, organizational characteristics, shared values and interpersonal relationships on purchases by manufacturing industries, in order to develop a robust literature, most consensual, that includes the current sociological and economic, considering the effect of interpersonal relationships in this phenomenon. This proposal is configured in a new vision of the antecedents of interorganizational trust, described as significant quantitative from models Morgan and Hunt (1994), Doney and Cannon (1997), Zhao and Cavusgil (2006) and Nyaga, Whipple, Lynch (2011), as well as qualitative analysis of Tacconi et al. (2011). With regard to methodological aspects, the study assumes the form of a descriptive, survey type, and causal trace theoretical and empirical. As for his nature, the investigation, explicative character, has developed a quantitative approach with the use of exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling SEM, with the use of IBM software SPSS Amos 18.0, using the method of maximum verisimilitude, and supported by technical bootstraping. The unit of analysis was the buyer-supplier relationship, in which the object under investigation was the supplier organization in view of the purchasing company. 237 valid questionnaires were collected among key informants, using a simple random sampling developed in manufacturing industries (SIC 10-33), located in the city of Natal and in the region of Natal. The first results of descriptive analysis demonstrate the phenomenon of interorganizational trust, in which purchasing firms believe, feel secure about the supplier. This demonstration showed high levels of intensity, predominantly among the vendors that supply the company with materials that are used directly in the production process. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, performed on each variable alone, generated a set of observable and unobservable variables more consistent, giving rise to a model, that needed to be further specified. This again specify model consists of trajectories was positive, with a good fit, with a composite reliability and variance extracted satisfactory, and demonstrates convergent and discriminant validity, in which the factor loadings are significant and strong explanatory power. Given the findings that reinforce the model again specify data, suggesting a high probability that this model may be more suited for the study population, the results support the explanation that interorganizational trust depends on purchases directly from interpersonal relationships, sharing value and operating performance and indirectly of personal relationships, social networks, organizational characteristics, physical and relational aspect of performance. It is concluded that this trust can be explained by a set of interactions between these three determinants, where the focus is on interpersonal relationships, with the largest path coefficient for the factor under study

Burnout and work engagement among teachers: an application of the job demands-resources model

The present dissertation focuses on burnout and work engagement among teachers, with especial focus on the Job-Demands Resources Model: Chapter 1 focuses on teacher burnout. It aims to investigate the role of efficacy beliefs using negatively worded inefficacy items instead of positive ones and to establish whether depersonalization and cynism can be considered two different dimensions of the teacher burnout syndrome. Chapter 2 investigates the factorial validity of the instruments used to measure work engagement (i.e. Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, UWES-17 and UWES-9). Moreover, because the current study is partly longitudinal in nature, also the stability across time of engagement can be investigated. Finally, based on cluster-analyses, two groups that differ in levels of engagement are compared as far as their job- and personal resources (i.e. possibilities for personal development, work-life balance, and self-efficacy), positive organizational attitudes and behaviours (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviour) and perceived health are concerned. Chapter 3 tests the JD-R model in a longitudinal way, by integrating also the role of personal resources (i.e. self-efficacy). This chapter seeks answers to questions on what are the most important job demands, job and personal resources contributing to discriminate burned-out teachers from non-burned-out teachers, as well as engaged teachers from non-engaged teachers. Chapter 4 uses a diary study to extend knowledge about the dynamic nature of the JD-R model by considering between- and within-person variations with regard to both motivational and health impairment processes.

Human resources policies for strategic csr. The experience of ree (Red Eléctrica de España)

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies have a strong link with human resources policies. Not only because employees are one of the main stakeholders and because leaders’ style is directly related to the deployment of the strategy, but also, and with a growing importance, because a company culture aligned with CSR values could be a key competitive factor. The relationships among CSR values, employees’ commitment and productivity is one of the research lines of the GIOS (Grupo de Investigación de Organizaciones Sostenibles, Sustainable Organizations Research Group). Employees’ commitment management is one of the main challenges managers face, particularly in companies with a high proportion of knowledge workers. Many pieces of research indicate the direct relationship between employees’ commitment and company success. In this paper the results of a case study in REE (Red Eléctrica de España) identify some key variables to demonstrate that relationship. Based on commitment construct with the duality of emotional and rational commitment, and on the REE employee satisfaction survey, a direct relationship with organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) variables appears. These OCB variables are an intermediate step with CSR values.From the results analysis of this survey a direct linear relationship can be seen between commitment and organizational citizenship behaviours. The relationships among emotional and rational commitment and OCB are examined separately with the conclusion being reached that there is a strong correlation in both cases. Moreover, the correlation between emotional commitment and OCB is somewhat stronger than that existing between rational commitment and OCB. it can also be seen how emotional commitment increases more strongly than rational commitment as organizational citizenship behaviours are gradually incorporated.

Herramientas de gestión de compromiso para trabajadores del conocimiento

El objetivo de la línea de investigación seguida en esta tesis consiste en identificar palancas de gestión de las personas en las organizaciones que permitan mejorar su rendimiento mediante la gestión del compromiso de los profesionales de las organizaciones inmersas en la denominada sociedad del conocimiento. Para identificar dichas palancas se analizan algunos de los factores que, según la literatura científica, tienen como consecuencia cambios en la productividad, como son el compromiso organizacional y las conductas cívicas dentro de la organización. También, por su actualidad y relevancia en las prácticas de gestión de recursos humanos, se han analizado el impacto que tienen en estos factores en las prácticas empresariales que permiten conciliar vida profesional y personal el efecto del género en las distintas variables analizadas. Por todo lo anterior, en la investigación se analizan algunos de los factores de carácter psicosocial que promueven el compromiso en una organización, y se profundiza en dos conceptos: el análisis del compromiso de los profesionales con la organización para la que trabajan, y los comportamientos de ciudadanía organizativa que se exhiben en la organización por sus miembros. Para ello, se realiza un encuadramiento teórico de los siguientes conceptos: el compromiso como eje del trabajo; la ciudadanía organizativa como modelo cultural de la organización que promueve el compromiso; el rol de los líderes; los efectos de las políticas de conciliación; las diferencias de percepciones derivadas del género y un sistema de revisión de retributiva eficiente y coherente con el marco conceptual planteado. La metodología seleccionada para este trabajo ha sido el análisis en profundidad del caso de una empresa española, Red Eléctrica de España a través de tres pilares básicos: el primero consiste en el análisis exhaustivo de los datos obtenidos en las dos encuestas de clima social que dicha empresa realizó en el período 2006-2009; el segundo se centra en el desarrollo de un modelo matemático para el cálculo eficiente de recompensas salariales a través de un modelo de optimización; y el tercero es la consecuencia del conocimiento profundo que el autor tiene de la propia empresa, su cultura y funcionamiento, fruto de su experiencia profesional como directivo en el área de desarrollo de recursos humanos, función que desempeñó en la organización durante nueve años. En el análisis de este caso se ha investigado la influencia del género en el compromiso y la ciudadanía organizativa de los empleados de dicha organización, para identificar las diferencias de percepción que puedan ser explicadas por el género en una empresa muy masculina como es aquella. También, se ha incluido en este estudio de caso el análisis del efecto que presentan las medidas de conciliación en el compromiso de los empleados, por la relevancia que tiene este asunto en el panorama laboral español actual. Este análisis permite conocer hasta qué punto son o no motivadoras estas medidas en la organización analizada y, como consecuencia de ello, el tipo de gestión más oportuna de las mismas para conseguir no sólo los fines sociales que pretenden, garantizar que los empleados puedan compatibilizar sus exigencias laborales con una vida personal adecuada, sino también mejorar el clima, productividad y compromiso de éstos con la empresa. Para completar este análisis del caso, se han identificado de forma analítica los factores que mejor explican el clima de la organización y se ha concluido el papel central de la dirección que se concreta en la actuación de cada jefe, como motor del clima social en el equipo que dirige. Dado que la tesis pivota sobre el papel relevante que tiene la generación de una cultura de ciudadanía organizativa, se ha complementado el análisis con el desarrollo una herramienta de cálculo que facilita la determinación de los incrementos de la retribución fija de acuerdo con los principios de transparencia, equidad y justicia acordes con el modelo de empresa que promueve la virtud cívica de las personas empleadas en ella. Para ello se ha desarrollado un nuevo método de cálculo del incremento de retribución fija mediante un modelo analítico innovador y compacto de programación lineal entera mixta. Este modelo permite a las organizaciones realizar diseños de política retributiva de forma sencilla y rápida, a la vez que facilita la transparencia de las mismas en el proceso de gestión de la compensación. No se ha abordado el asunto de la determinación de la retribución variable, por ser un asunto relativamente menos complejo y profusamente tratado en la práctica directiva de las empresas. La primera de las conclusiones de la investigación realizada se refiere a los aspectos de la cultura organizativa que pueden identificarse como motores del compromiso. Se concluye que en el caso de estudio hay una fuerte relación mutua entre los rasgos que definen el compromiso emocional y los rasgos que determinan un comportamiento caracterizado como de ciudadanía organizativa. Se ha encontrado una correlación significativa y alta entre indicadores de compromiso y factores que recogen comportamientos de ciudadanía organizativa, correlación muy notable tanto para los factores de compromiso racional como para los de compromiso emocional. También se ha evidenciado que la correlación entre compromiso emocional y rasgos de comportamientos de ciudadanía organizacional es mayor que la que aparece entre compromiso racional y rasgos de comportamientos de ciudadanía organizacional. Desde el punto de vista de la práctica de gestión de recursos humanos, estas relaciones indican la conveniencia de promover una cultura organizacional basada en los principios de la ciudadanía organizativa para alcanzar altos niveles de compromiso emocional de los profesionales y mejorar la eficiencia organizativa. La segunda de las conclusiones se refiere al efecto de las políticas de conciliación en las organizaciones. Sobre este asunto se concluye que en el caso de estudio no puede considerarse que las medidas de conciliación tengan una fuerte relación con el compromiso emocional, y menos que puedan considerarse directamente una herramienta de generación de compromiso emocional. Sin embargo, sí que se detecta una cierta relación entre las percepciones de conciliación y de compromiso con la organización, y sobre todo, con el compromiso racional con la organización, que puede tener que ver con que para los empleados de la organización analizada, las medidas de conciliación son consideradas como una parte más de las condiciones laborales que ofrece la organización a los trabajadores. La tercera conclusión se refiere a la relación entre el género de los trabajadores y su nivel de compromiso y de ciudadanía organizativa. En el caso de estudio no se identifica una relación entre el género y el nivel de compromiso de los profesionales ni tampoco con la percepción de ciudadanía organizativa, variando la situación del período 2006 al período 2009. La cuarta conclusión se refiere al impacto que la actuación de los líderes (jefes) tiene en el clima social. En el caso de estudio, la actuación de los directivos y el nivel de compromiso que genera en los profesionales explica por sí sola más de un tercio de la varianza del clima organizativo, entendido como tal el que refleja el conjunto global de preguntas que constituyen la encuesta de clima del caso de estudio. Del análisis realizado se concluye que en el caso de estudio la percepción que los empleados tienen de sus jefes tiene un efecto relevante sobre el resto de percepciones de compromiso, ciudadanía organizativa y otros factores que conforman el clima social de la organización. La quinta y última conclusión supone la aportación de un modelo novedoso de cálculo de la recompensa económica coherente con un modelo de gestión empresarial mediante una cultura de ciudadanía organizativa. La solución que obtiene este modelo es el incremento salarial individual de cada profesional, que tiene en cuenta su rendimiento, posicionamiento salarial y encuadramiento profesional. Además de las restricciones presupuestarias, se consideran los principios de transparencia, equidad y justicia coherentes con el modelo conceptual planteado. La principal contribución de este trabajo es la formulación matemática de los criterios cualitativos que se emplean habitualmente en el proceso de revisión salarial. El método planteado supone una innovación que permite automatizar la metodología tradicional de gestión de incrementos salariales basados en matrices de incremento, así como evitar la aplicación de limitaciones en las valoraciones de desempeño derivadas de las restricciones presupuestarias que toda organización tiene. De esta manera se puede disponer de un mecanismo de revisión salarial que tiene en cuenta el desempeño de los profesionales, pero que permite la gestión “desacoplada” de la evaluación de rendimiento y la actualización de la retribución fija. ABSTRACT The aim of the research pursued in this thesis is to identify some human resources management levers in organizations to improve their performance through individual’s commitment management, focusing in organizations immersed in the so-called knowledge society. In order to find out these levers, the author analysed some of the psychosocial factors that promote engagement to the organizations and, according to the scientific literature, have effects in their productivity. These factors analysed are organisational commitment and citizenship behaviours. Additionally, the investigation also focuses on work-life balance policies and gender considerations, because of their relevance and topicality for the human resources’ policies. In the light of this, the investigation focuses on some of the psychosocial factors that promote organisational commitment, and delves into two concepts: the analysis of the commitment of professionals to the organization for which they work, and the organizational citizenship behaviours exhibited in the organization by its members. For this, a theoretical framework is performed for the following items: the professional’s commitment which is the pillar of this work; the organisational citizenship as a cultural model to promote that commitment; the role of the leaders; the effects of the work-life balance policies; the different perceptions of the professionals because of their gender; and an efficient salary review system, which is coherent with the conceptual framework set. The methodology selected for this work was the analysis in depth of the case of a Spanish company, Red Eléctrica de España, through three basic subjects: the first consists of a thorough analysis of the data obtained in the two work climate surveys made by this company in 2006 and 2009; the second focuses on the development of a mathematical model for calculating efficient salary reviews through an optimization model; and the third is the result of the author’s deep understanding of the company, its culture and its performance because of his professional experience as a manager in the area of human resource development, which was his role in the organization for nine years. The author investigated in the analysis of this case about the influence of gender on the employees’ organizational commitment and citizenship behaviours, in order to find out perception differences that can be explained by the highly masculine organisational culture such Red Eléctrica de España had during the studied period. Additionally, because of the importance of the work-life balance promotion in the Spanish labour scene, the case study analysis includes their effect in the employees’ commitment. This analysis allows to know motivating are these measures in the studied organization and, as a result, the most appropriate type of management thereof for social purposes, not only intended to ensure that employees can balance their work and personal demands, but also improving the work climate, the productivity and the organisational commitment. The investigation identifies the factors which best explain the work climate of the organization and concludes the central role of the leadership, embodied in the performance of every manager, to boost the work climate in their teams. Since this thesis pivots on the important role the generation of a culture of organizational citizenship has, the investigation has been complemented with the development of a analytic tool that facilitates the calculation of the salary review increments according to the principles of transparency, equity and justice in line with a work culture that promotes organisational citizenship behaviours. For this, this works develops a new method for calculating fixed salary increases through an innovative and compact mixed integer linear programming model. This model enables organizations to design compensation policies easily and quickly, and facilitates the transparency of the compensation management system. The method for determining variable remuneration has not been addressed because it is relatively less complex issue and widely discussed. The first conclusion of the conducted investigation concerns aspects of organizational culture that could be identified as commitment drivers. In the case study exists a strong and mutual relationship between the characteristics defining the emotional commitment and the organisational citizenship behaviours. The investigation has found out a meaningful and high correlation between indicators of commitment and the factors collecting organizational citizenship behaviour. This correlation with organisational citizenship is remarkable for both, rational and emotional, commitment. The correlation between organizational citizenship behaviours and emotional commitment and is greater than the one with rational commitment. From the practitioner point of view, these relationships show the importance of promoting an organizational culture based on the principles of organizational citizenship to achieve high levels of emotional engagement of professionals and improve organizational efficiency. The second conclusion relates to the effect of work-life balance policies in organizations. On this matter, the investigation concludes that for the case study, work-life balance measures do not have a strong relationship with the emotional commitment, and unless they can be usually considered as a tool to improve employees’ emotional commitment. However, a certain relationship between perceptions of work-life facilities and organisational commitment exists, especially with the rational commitment to the organization. This relationship appears because for employees of the analysed organization, work-life balance measures could be considered as a part of working conditions offered to them by the organization. The third conclusion concerns the relationship between the gender of workers and their level of commitment and organizational citizenship. In this case study, there is not any relationship between gender and the professional’s commitment level nor the perception of organizational citizenship; and the situation varies during the period studied. The fourth conclusion refers to the impact that the actions of the leaders have on the work climate. In the case study, the performance of management and the level of commitment generated, explains more than a third of the variance of work climate - understood as such reflecting the overall set of questions that constitute the work climate survey -. The analysis concludes that in the case study perception that employees have of their leaders has a significant effect on the rest of perceptions of commitment, organizational citizenship and other factors making the work climate of the organization. The fifth and last conclusion represents the contribution of a new model for calculating the salary increment, coherent with a corporate citizenship management culture. The solution obtained from this model consists of salary increases for each employee; these increases consider the employee’s professional performance, salary level relative to peers within the organization, and professional group. In addition to budget constraints, we modelled other elements typical of compensation systems, such as equity and justice. The major contribution of this work is the mathematical formulation of the criteria that are typically the basis for salary management. The compact formulation and the ease of obtaining the optimal solution facilitate its use in large companies that maintain very high levels of homogeneity across employees. Designing different strategies for specific groups within a company is also possible. A major benefit of this method is that it allows a company to independently manage its salary and assessment policies. Because obtaining salary-revision matrices without using the mathematical model we present in this paper is typically done iteratively by tuning previously defined matrices, managers commonly tune values for assessing employee performance to ensure that salary increases and performance assessments are consistent; however, this distorts the evaluation process and decreases employee motivation. In this MILP model, employee performance is only one parameter of several input parameters used in designing a salary policy that is independent of the results of performance-assessment values.

Effects of psychological contract breach on performance of IT employees: The mediating role of affective commitment

In this study, we investigated the relationships between psychological contract breach, affective commitment, and two types of employee performance (i.e. civic virtue behaviour and in-role performance). It was predicted that an experience of contract breach can severely hurt the affective commitment of the employees and this, in turn, results in poor in-role performance and less civic virtue behaviours. Results revealed that affective commitment had differential mediating effects on the two types of employee performance. That is, affective commitment mediated the relationship between breach and self-reported and supervisor-rated civic virtue, but not the relationship between breach and in-role performance.

Workplace familism and psychological contract breach in the Philippines

The present study addresses the call for theory-based investigations on workplace familism. It contributes to the literature by proposing and testing the moderating role of workplace familism between psychological contract breach and civic virtue behaviour. We surveyed 267 full-time employees and found main effects of both types of workplace familism (i.e. workplace organisational and workplace supervisor familism) and breach of relational obligations on civic virtue behaviour. Workplace supervisor familism also moderated the relationship between breach and civic virtue behaviour, with the negative relationship between breach and civic virtue behaviour stronger when workplace supervisor familism was high. This suggests that employees with a high level of workplace supervisor familism may feel a sense of betrayal and, therefore, respond more negatively to contract breach. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed.

O IMPACTO DAS POLÍTICAS E PRÁTICAS DE RECURSOS HUMANOS SOBRE OS COMPORTAMENTOS DE CIDADANIA ORGANIZACIONAL

O objetivo deste estudo é investigar se as políticas e práticas de recursos humanos (PPRH) impactam os comportamentos de cidadania organizacional (CCO), a fim de proporcionar aos gestores uma compreensão de como os indivíduos, tão diferentes entre si, comportam-se dentro e fora da organização diante daquilo que lhes é estabelecido pela área de recursos humanos. No campo teórico, foram consideradas as obras de Milkovich e Boudreau (1994), Dessler (2002), Demo et al. (2012) entre outros para abordar a questão de PPRH e os trabalhos de Handy (1978), Organ (1990), Siqueira (2003) entre outros para a temática CCO. A metodologia utilizada nesse estudo trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa entre 156 trabalhadores de empresas públicas, privadas e mistas localizadas no Estado de São Paulo, sendo que para a captação dos dados foram aplicados questionários de autopreenchimento, composto por duas escalas, sendo uma voltada a PPRH (DEMO et al., 2012) e outra cujas questões são relacionadas a CCO (BASTOS et al., 2014). Como resultados, identificou-se que PPRH impacta de forma significativa CCO e que a política de envolvimento, que trata da criação de um vínculo afetivo entre a organização e seus colaboradores, contribuindo para o seu bem-estar em termos de reconhecimento, relacionamento, participação e comunicação (Demo et al., 2012, p.38), é a única que impacta de forma significativa CCO, se comparados aos impactos causados pelas políticas de recrutamento e seleção, treinamento e desenvolvimento, condições de trabalho, avaliação de desempenho e remuneração e recompensas. Conclui-se também que o conjunto de PPRH impacta com maior significância os fatores de CCO denominados divulgação da imagem organizacional e sugestões criativas. Não houve impacto significativo entre PPRH e o fator cooperação com os colegas.