Assessment of the impedance cardiogram recorded by an automated external defibrillator during clinical cardiac arrest

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impedance cardiogram recorded by an automated external defibrillator during cardiac arrest to facilitate emergency care by lay persons. Lay persons are poor at emergency pulse checks (sensitivity 84%, specificity 36%); guidelines recommend they should not be performed. The impedance cardiogram (dZ/dt) is used to indicate stroke volume. Can an impedance cardiogram algorithm in a defibrillator determine rapidly circulatory arrest and facilitate prompt initiation of external cardiac massage?

DESIGN: Clinical study.

SETTING: University hospital.

PATIENTS: Phase 1 patients attended for myocardial perfusion imaging. Phase 2 patients were recruited during cardiac arrest. This group included nonarrest controls.

INTERVENTIONS: The impedance cardiogram was recorded through defibrillator/electrocardiographic pads oriented in the standard cardiac arrest position.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Phase 1: Stroke volumes from gated myocardial perfusion imaging scans were correlated with parameters from the impedance cardiogram system (dZ/dt(max) and the peak amplitude of the Fast Fourier Transform of dZ/dt between 1.5 Hz and 4.5 Hz). Multivariate analysis was performed to fit stroke volumes from gated myocardial perfusion imaging scans with linear and quadratic terms for dZ/dt(max) and the Fast Fourier Transform to identify significant parameters for incorporation into a cardiac arrest diagnostic algorithm. The square of the peak amplitude of the Fast Fourier Transform of dZ/dt was the best predictor of reduction in stroke volumes from gated myocardial perfusion imaging scans (range = 33-85 mL; p = .016). Having established that the two pad impedance cardiogram system could detect differences in stroke volumes from gated myocardial perfusion imaging scans, we assessed its performance in diagnosing cardiac arrest. Phase 2: The impedance cardiogram was recorded in 132 "cardiac arrest" patients (53 training, 79 validation) and 97 controls (47 training, 50 validation): the diagnostic algorithm indicated cardiac arrest with sensitivities and specificities (+/- exact 95% confidence intervals) of 89.1% (85.4-92.1) and 99.6% (99.4-99.7; training) and 81.1% (77.6-84.3) and 97% (96.7-97.4; validation).

CONCLUSIONS: The impedance cardiogram algorithm is a significant marker of circulatory collapse. Automated defibrillators with an integrated impedance cardiogram could improve emergency care by lay persons, enabling rapid and appropriate initiation of external cardiac massage.

The impedance cardiogram recorded through two electrocardiogram/defibrillator pads as a determinant of cardiac arrest during experimental studies

OBJECTIVE: Laypersons are poor at emergency pulse checks (sensitivity 84%, specificity 36%). Guidelines indicate that pulse checks should not be performed. The impedance cardiogram (dZ/dt) is used to assess stroke volume. Can a novel defibrillator-based impedance cardiogram system be used to distinguish between circulatory arrest and other collapse states?

DESIGN: Animal study.

SETTING: University research laboratory.

SUBJECTS: Twenty anesthetized, mechanically ventilated pigs, weight 50-55 kg.

INTERVENTIONS: Stroke volume was altered by right ventricular pacing (160, 210, 260, and 305 beats/min). Cardiac arrest states were then induced: ventricular fibrillation (by rapid ventricular pacing) and, after successful defibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and asystole (by high-dose intravenous pentobarbitone).

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The impedance cardiogram was recorded through electrocardiogram/defibrillator pads in standard cardiac arrest positions. Simultaneously recorded electro- and impedance cardiogram (dZ/dt) along with arterial blood pressure tracings were digitized during each pacing and cardiac arrest protocol. Five-second epochs were analyzed for sinus rhythm (20 before ventricular fibrillation, 20 after successful defibrillation), ventricular fibrillation (40), pulseless electrical activity (20), and asystole (20), in two sets of ten pigs (ten training, ten validation). Standard impedance cardiogram variables were noncontributory in cardiac arrest, so the fast Fourier transform of dZ/dt was assessed. During ventricular pacing, the peak amplitude of fast Fourier transform of dZ/dt (between 1.5 and 4.5 Hz) correlated with stroke volume (r2 = .3, p < .001). In cardiac arrest, a peak amplitude of fast Fourier transform of dZ/dt of < or = 4 dB x ohm x rms indicated no output with high sensitivity (94% training set, 86% validation set) and specificity (98% training set, 90% validation set).

CONCLUSIONS: As a powerful clinical marker of circulatory collapse, the fast Fourier transformation of dZ/dt (impedance cardiogram) has the potential to improve emergency care by laypersons using automated defibrillators.

Montagem de um sistema laboratorial de células de combustível microbianas para aproveitamento energético e tratamento de efluentes doméstico

O presente trabalho objetiva a montagem em escala laboratorial de um grupo de 6 protótipos de Células de Combustível Microbianas (CCM) de Câmara Simples pretendendo constituir um contributo de desenvolvimento de processos anaeróbios para tratamento de águas residuais em Estações de Tratamento de Águas Residuais (ETARs) e produção simultânea de energia elétrica. Em fase preliminar procede-se à montagem de um sistema laboratorial composto por 3 conjuntos de protótipos em duplicados com 3 granulometrias de carvão ativado granular (GAC). Os princípios que fundamentam a seleção do protótipo tipo são uma câmara anódica tubular totalmente preenchida com GAC para facilitar a fixação de biofilmes e a diminuição do espaçamento entre elétrodos com a interposição de um separador para reduzir a resistência interna. A experiência laboratorial inicia-se com uma fase de aclimatação com Água residual artificial e sequencialmente com água residual recolhida na ETAR Faro-Noroeste. Na etapa final a carga orgânica da água residual é incrementada com adição de Acetato de sódio. Os ensaios decorrem em modo de fluxo contínuo. São testados e comparados três tempos de contacto do afluente com o GAC (3, 10 e 30 horas), a combinação destes com dois separadores designados por Daramic HP 200 e GF/A e sem qualquer separador. Finalmente é efetuado um teste incrementando 6 a 8 vezes a carga orgânica do afluente. O desempenho é aferido através do traçado de curvas de polarização, curvas de potência e da percentagem de remoção da Carência Química de Oxigénio (CQO). Conclui que em alguns testes as eficiências de remoção de CQO são adequadas à legislação em vigor, que o aumento e tipo de carga orgânica do afluente e a operação sem separadores incrementam a diferença de potencial e reduzem a resistência interna e que as granulometrias do GAC testadas tiveram pouco efeito na avaliação dos parâmetros considerados.

Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an update to the original Surviving Sepsis Campaign clinical management guidelines, "Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock," published in 2004. DESIGN: Modified Delphi method with a consensus conference of 55 international experts, several subsequent meetings of subgroups and key individuals, teleconferences, and electronic-based discussion among subgroups and among the entire committee. This process was conducted independently of any industry funding. METHODS: We used the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to guide assessment of quality of evidence from high (A) to very low (D) and to determine the strength of recommendations. A strong recommendation (1) indicates that an intervention's desirable effects clearly outweigh its undesirable effects (risk, burden, cost) or clearly do not. Weak recommendations (2) indicate that the tradeoff between desirable and undesirable effects is less clear. The grade of strong or weak is considered of greater clinical importance than a difference in letter level of quality of evidence. In areas without complete agreement, a formal process of resolution was developed and applied. Recommendations are grouped into those directly targeting severe sepsis, recommendations targeting general care of the critically ill patient that are considered high priority in severe sepsis, and pediatric considerations. RESULTS: Key recommendations, listed by category, include early goal-directed resuscitation of the septic patient during the first 6 hrs after recognition (1C); blood cultures before antibiotic therapy (1C); imaging studies performed promptly to confirm potential source of infection (1C); administration of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy within 1 hr of diagnosis of septic shock (1B) and severe sepsis without septic shock (1D); reassessment of antibiotic therapy with microbiology and clinical data to narrow coverage, when appropriate (1C); a usual 7-10 days of antibiotic therapy guided by clinical response (1D); source control with attention to the balance of risks and benefits of the chosen method (1C); administration of either crystalloid or colloid fluid resuscitation (1B); fluid challenge to restore mean circulating filling pressure (1C); reduction in rate of fluid administration with rising filing pressures and no improvement in tissue perfusion (1D); vasopressor preference for norepinephrine or dopamine to maintain an initial target of mean arterial pressure > or = 65 mm Hg (1C); dobutamine inotropic therapy when cardiac output remains low despite fluid resuscitation and combined inotropic/vasopressor therapy (1C); stress-dose steroid therapy given only in septic shock after blood pressure is identified to be poorly responsive to fluid and vasopressor therapy (2C); recombinant activated protein C in patients with severe sepsis and clinical assessment of high risk for death (2B except 2C for postoperative patients). In the absence of tissue hypoperfusion, coronary artery disease, or acute hemorrhage, target a hemoglobin of 7-9 g/dL (1B); a low tidal volume (1B) and limitation of inspiratory plateau pressure strategy (1C) for acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); application of at least a minimal amount of positive end-expiratory pressure in acute lung injury (1C); head of bed elevation in mechanically ventilated patients unless contraindicated (1B); avoiding routine use of pulmonary artery catheters in ALI/ARDS (1A); to decrease days of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay, a conservative fluid strategy for patients with established ALI/ARDS who are not in shock (1C); protocols for weaning and sedation/analgesia (1B); using either intermittent bolus sedation or continuous infusion sedation with daily interruptions or lightening (1B); avoidance of neuromuscular blockers, if at all possible (1B); institution of glycemic control (1B), targeting a blood glucose < 150 mg/dL after initial stabilization (2C); equivalency of continuous veno-veno hemofiltration or intermittent hemodialysis (2B); prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis (1A); use of stress ulcer prophylaxis to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding using H2 blockers (1A) or proton pump inhibitors (1B); and consideration of limitation of support where appropriate (1D). Recommendations specific to pediatric severe sepsis include greater use of physical examination therapeutic end points (2C); dopamine as the first drug of choice for hypotension (2C); steroids only in children with suspected or proven adrenal insufficiency (2C); and a recommendation against the use of recombinant activated protein C in children (1B). CONCLUSIONS: There was strong agreement among a large cohort of international experts regarding many level 1 recommendations for the best current care of patients with severe sepsis. Evidenced-based recommendations regarding the acute management of sepsis and septic shock are the first step toward improved outcomes for this important group of critically ill patients.

Notice of Location of Grave - Wailly Orchard Cemetery

Two notices from the Director of Graves Registration and Enquiries, London, England noting the location of the grave as Wailly Orchard Cemetery near Arras. One of the certificates incorrectly notes the name as S.G. Woodruff while the other correctly has S. D. Woodruff. The number listed for Lieut. S. D. Woodruff's grave site photograph is CCM/9/4433.

Almanaque de El Tiempo diario católico de México

UANL

Effect of albumin dialysis on intracranial pressure increase in pigs with acute liver failure: a randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) worsens the outcome of acute liver failure (ALF). This study investigates the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and evaluates the therapeutic effect of albumin dialysis in ALF with use of the Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System without hemofiltration/dialysis (modified, M-MARS). METHODS: Pigs were randomized into three groups: sham, ALF, and ALF + M-MARS. ALF was induced by hepatic devascularization (time = 0). M-MARS began at time = 2 and ended with the experiment at time = 6. ICP, arterial ammonia, brain water, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and plasma inflammatory markers were measured. RESULTS: ICP and arterial ammonia increased significantly over 6 hrs in the ALF group, in comparison with the sham group. M-MARS attenuated (did not normalize) the increased ICP in the ALF group, whereas arterial ammonia was unaltered by M-MARS. Brain water in the frontal cortex (grey matter) and in the subcortical white matter at 6 hrs was significantly higher in the ALF group than in the sham group. M-MARS prevented a rise in water content, but only in white matter. CBF and inflammatory mediators remained unchanged in all groups. CONCLUSION: The initial development of cerebral edema and increased ICP occurs independently of CBF changes in this noninflammatory model of ALF. Factor(s) other than or in addition to hyperammonemia are important, however, and may be more amenable to alteration by albumin dialysis.

Desarrollo de una metodología fluídica para el estudio del confort climático en el habitáculo de un vehículo

El objetivo primordial de este proyecto es establecer y documentar las condiciones de confort climático y desarrollar un modelo dummy capaz de interpretar la sensación térmica teniendo en cuenta factores internos como; temperatura, velocidad, y dirección del aire.La simulación numérica se realizará con el código Star CCM + de CD- ADAPCO

E-commerce y E-marketing, un excelente modelo de negocio

El propósito de este trabajo es exponer cómo los modelos de e-Commerce & e-Marketing permiten optimizar el desempeño comercial de las empresas, aprovechando los recursos electrónicos, como la internet y los sistemas virtuales de comunicación, en este caso desde la visión que se tiene hacia el cliente. El estudio se realizó en la empresa Blue Trade S.A.S., analizando cómo la implementación de dichos modelos permitieron mejorar su desempeño, de igual manera se exponen dos modelos exitosos de optimización del recurso electrónico, como fue en Avianca y en Carvajal, S.A., quienes tuvieron en cuenta costos, estrategias y acciones a tomar para aplicarlos.

Gestión de recursos TIC en pymes del sector de confecciones de ropa formal (Hombre/Mujer) en la ciudad de Bogotá

El siguiente documento se realizó, con el fin de entender inicialmente la visión mundial y de país de la importancia de las TIC para luego asentarlo en un escenario particular, esencialmente en el sector textil y de confecciones de Bogotá. Desarrollar este conocimiento permite entender los proyectos de integración de software y hardware que las empresas, en este caso las pymes del sector textil, realizan para mejorar ciertos aspectos en las áreas de sus entidades. Durante el desarrollo de este trabajo, se conocerán los modelos y procesos que existen en el tema para poder realizar un proyecto de adquisición de Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación en un pyme del sector textil.

Selección del país objetivo para un plan de internacionalización de teja de arcilla desde Colombia 2013

A partir del conocimiento que se posee referente al desarrollo de las ladrilleras del sector de Nemocón y las herramientas y disciplinas aplicables al estudio de un plan de internacionalización, se determina desarrollar el siguiente proceso. En primer lugar, a partir de la necesidad de diagnosticar un análisis del sector ladrillero en Nemocón Cundinamarca, se hace indispensable utilizar herramientas de la línea de estrategia. Se requiere de un estudio matricial del comportamiento del sector con su respectivo análisis y para generar un mayor soporte técnico al análisis del sector, se requiere de un estudio de planeación estratégica por escenarios el cual proveerá a la investigación de diversas alternativas en la selección de variables fundamentales del sistema. Acerca del estudio de los mercados tanto nacional como internacional, se dispondrá de las habilidades básicas de la línea de mercadeo. Es importante que a partir del análisis del sector y de la obtención de algunas variables importantes, se indague a profundidad acerca de las variables más importantes para el desarrollo de una matriz de mercados. La idea de la aplicación de esta matriz, es generar unos filtros de países seleccionados a partir de variables anteriormente especificadas con el fin de determinar un único mercado que será el objetivo para el plan de internacionalización. Sobre el país seleccionado se aplica un estudio de mercado y un estudio de viabilidad financiera bajo los cuales se obtienen las conclusiones del plan de internacionalización, su viabilidad y sus recomendaciones.

Influence of the lateral pterygoid muscle on the growth of the mandibular condilar cartilage

At the end of the last century, a model to explain clinical observations related to the mandibular growth was developed. According to it, the lateral pterigoid muscle (LPM) was one of the main modulators of the differentiation of mesenquimal cells inside the condyle to condroblasts or osteoblasts, and therefore of the growth of the mandibular condilar cartilage (CCM). The main components of the model were the humoral and the mechanical. Nowadays, the humoral would include growth factors such as IGF-I, FGF-2 and VEGF, which seem to be involved in mandibular growth. Since skeletal muscle can secrete these growth factors, there is a possibility that LPM modulates the growth of CCM by a paracrine or endocrine mechanism. The mechanical component derived from the observations that both the blood flow inside the temporomandibular joint (ATM) and the action of the retrodiscal pad on the growth of the CCM, depend, in part, on the contractile activity of the LPM. Despite the fact that there are some results suggesting  hat LPM is activated under conditions of mandibular protrusion, there is no full agreement on whether this can stimulate the growth of CCM. In this review, the contributions and limitations of the works related to mandibular growth are discussed and a model which integrates the available information to explain the role of the LPM in the growth of the CCM is proposed.

La familia del paciente en Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo (UCI)

Introducción: Ingresar a la UCI no es una experiencia exclusiva del paciente; implica e involucra directamente a la familia, en aspectos generadores de estrés, estrategias de afrontamiento, temores, actitudes y expectativas, la participación de la familia en el cuidado y el rol del psicólogo. Objetivo: Revisar de los antecedentes teóricos y empíricos sobre la experiencia de la familia en UCI. Metodología: Se revisaron 62 artículos indexados en bases de datos. Resultados: la UCI es algo desconocido tanto para el paciente como para la familia, por esto este entorno acentúa la aparición de síntomas ansiosos, depresivos y en algunos casos estrés post traumático. La muerte es uno de los principales temores que debe enfrentar la familia. Con el propósito de ajustarse a las demandas de la UCI, los familiares exhiben estrategias de afrontamiento enfocadas principalmente en la comunicación, el soporte espiritual y religioso y la toma de decisiones. El cuidado centrado en la familia permite una mejor comunicación, relación con el paciente y personal médico. El papel del psicólogo es poco explorado en el espacio de la UCI, pero este puede promover estrategias de prevención y de rehabilitación en el paciente y su grupo familiar. Discusión: es importante tener en cuenta que la muerte en UCI es una posibilidad, algunos síntomas como ansiedad, depresión pueden aparecer y mantenerse en el tiempo, centrar el cuidado en la familia permite tomar las decisiones basados en el diagnóstico y pronóstico y promueve expectativas realistas. Conclusiones: temores, expectativas, actitudes, estrategias de afrontamiento, factores generadores de estrés permiten explicar y comprender la experiencia de la familia del paciente en UCI.

El régimen colombiano de la contratación estatal frente al TLC con Estados Unidos

El presente escrito desarrolla un análisis comparado entre el sistema de compras públicas colombiano y el Tratado de Libre Comercio suscrito con los Estados Unidos en cuanto a compras públicas se refiere, poniendo en evidencia inconsistencias de tipo jurídico para efectos principalmente prácticos, acudiendo a temas de soporte para el desarrollo de las obligaciones contenidas en el acuerdo, como son las Normas de Origen de los Bienes y el régimen de responsabilidad del contratista estatal colombiano.

Observatorio de los tlc´s en Colombia: Oportunidades de internacionalización hacia Estonia, Finlandia, Francia, Grecia y Hungría para las PYMES en Colombia

Dado que el dinamismo del comercio internacional requiere imprescindiblemente de herramientas informativas, permanente flujo de información, estudios constantes, precisos y actualizados; se plantea el presente estudio con el objetivo de posibilitar un acercamiento a estas herramientas con las cuales los empresarios de Pymes colombianas puedan enfocar su actividad económica de manera efectiva, de tal forma que destinen sus exportaciones a los mercados más atractivos por medio de los productos indicados. Este es un análisis útil que podría convertirse en herramienta fundamental para que los empresarios y emprendedores nacionales cuenten con la investigación detallada de los mercados de Estonia, Finlandia, Francia, Grecia y Hungría bajo el marco del TLC Colombia-Unión Europea. Este estudio se realiza a su vez con la finalidad de conservar, fortalecer y expandir el posicionamiento de los productos nacionales en el mercado internacional.