Rural Food System Change in Tanzania during the Post-Ujamaa Era. A Case Study from Western Bagamoyo District

Food systems in Sub-Saharan Africa have been rapidly transforming during the recent decades with diverse outcomes on human development and environment. This study explores the food system change in rural villages in eastern Tanzania where subsistence agriculture has traditionally been the main source of livelihood. The focus is on the salient changes in the spatial dimensions and structural composition of the food system in the context of economic liberalization that has taken place after the end of the socialist ujamaa era in the mid-1980s. In addition, the linkages of the changes are examined in relation to food security, socio-economic situation, livelihoods, and local environment. The approach of the study is geographical, but also involves various multi-disciplinary elements, particularly from development studies. The research methods included thematic and questionnaire interviews, participatory tools, and the analysis of land use/ cover data and official documents. Several earlier studies that were made in the area during the late 1970s and 1980s provided an important reference base. The study shows that subsistence farming has lost its dominant role in food provisioning due to the declining productivity of land, livestock losses, and the increasing shift of labour to non-farm sectors. Also rapid population growth has added to the pressure on land and other natural resources. Despite the increasing need for money for buying marketed foods and other necessities, the nutritional situation shows improvement and severe malnutrition has diminished. However, the long-term sustainability of this transformation raises concerns. Firstly, the food security situation continues to be fragile and prone to shocks such as adverse climatic conditions, crop failures and price hikes. Secondly, the commodification of the food system and livelihoods in general is linked to rapid environmental degradation in the area, particularly the loss of soil fertility and deforestation. The situation calls for efforts that take more determined and holistic approaches towards sustainable development of the rural food system with particular focus on the role and viability of small-scale farming.

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Omakotitalojen hintadynamiikka Suomessa

Tämän tutkielma tutkii omakotitalojen hintadynamiikkaa Suomessa 1985Q1-2009Q2 välisenä aikana. Tarkoituksena on luoda pitkänaikavälin tasapainomalli sekä lyhyenajan vektorivirheenkorjausmalli, jonka avulla voidaan selvittää asuntojen hintojen mukautumisnopeus kohti tasapainotilaa. Pitkänajan tasapainomallin mukaan omakotitalojen hintaan vaikuttavat eniten kotitalouksien käytettävissä olevat tulot sekä suhteellinen velkaantuneisuus. Koron merkitys jäi mallissa suhteellisen pieneksi. Sekä tulot että velkaantuneisuus vaikuttavat omakotitalojen hintaan positiivisesti. Asuntojen hintojen mukautumisnopeus kohti tasapainotilaa on kohtalaisen nopeaa. Mallin mukaan Suomessa ei ole havaittavissa selvää asuntojen hintakuplaa.

Pikavipit – Kuluttajien riistoa vai tiukan valvonnan alla olevaa liiketoimintaa?

Pikavippi on nykykäsityksen mukaan vakuudeton, lyhytaikainen, euromääräisesti pienehkö luotto, joka hankitaan yleensä joko tekstiviestillä tai Internetissä täytettävällä hakemuksella. Luotto maksetaan hakijan tilille asiakkaan suostuttua luotontarjoajan ehtoihin luottotietojen tarkistuksen jälkeen. Tutkielmassa on selvitetty millainen oli lainsäädännöllinen lähtötilanne, kun pikavipit tulivat markkinoille. Lisäksi halusin selvittää lainsäätäjän toimia alaa kohtaan, sekä selvittää ovatko pikaluotot koronkiskontaa tai ovatko ne sitä joskus olleet. Tutkielma toteutettiin lainopillista ja de lege ferenda – menetelmiä käyttäen. Lainsäätäjä on tehnyt kaksi merkittävää lainmuutospakettia pikaluottoja kohtaan erityisesti kuluttajansuojan parantamiseksi. Pikaluotot eivät ole täyttäneet missään vaiheessa koronkiskonnan tunnusmerkistöä. Jos maksamattomat luotot päätyvät oikeuteen perittäviksi niin perintäkulut muodostuvat lain asettamien taulukkohintojen mukaisesti, vaikka kuluttajasta saattaa tuntua kohtuuttomalta maksaa suuria perintäkuluja. Mikäli pikaluotot kielletään, siirtynevät lyhytaikaisten pienluottojen markkinat ainakin osittain pimeille markkinoille tai tarjolle tulee lakia kiertäviä korvaavia lainatuotteita.

Reflexive model of research-based theatre – processing innovation at the crossroads of theatre, reflection and practice-based innovation activities

Contemporary organisations have to embrace the notion of doing ‘more with less’. This challenges knowledge production within companies and public organisations, forcing them to reorganise their structures and rethink what knowledge production actually means in the context of innovation and how knowledge is actually produced among various professional groups within the organisation in their everyday actions. Innovations are vital for organisational survival, and ‘ordinary’ employees and customers are central but too-often ignored producers of knowledge for contemporary organisations. Broader levels of participation and reflexive practices are needed. This dissertation discusses the missing links between innovation research conducted in the context of industrial management, arts, and culture; applied drama and theatre practices (specifically post-Boalian approaches); and learning – especially organising reflection – in organisational settings. This dissertation (1) explores and extends the role of research-based theatre to organising reflection and reflexive practices in the context of practice-based innovation, (2) develops a reflexive model of RBT for investigating and developing practice-based organisational process innovations in order to contribute to the development of a tool for innovation management and analysis, and (3) operationalises this model within private- and publicsector organisations. The proposed novel reflexive model of research-based theatre for investigating and developing practice-based organisational process innovations extends existing methods and offers a different way of organising reflection and reflexive practices in the context of general innovation management. The model was developed through five participatory action research processes conducted in four different organisations. The results provide learning steps – a reflection path – for understanding complex organisational life, people, and relations amid renewal and change actions. The proposed model provides a new approach to organising and cultivating reflexivity in practice-based innovation activities via research-based theatre. The results can be utilised as a guideline when processing practice-based innovation within private or public organisations. The model helps innovation managers to construct, together with their employees, temporary communities where they can learn together through reflecting on their own and each others’ experiences and to break down assumptions related to their own perspectives. The results include recommendations for practical development steps applicable in various organisations with regard to (i) application of research-based theatre and (ii) related general innovation management. The dissertation thus contributes to the development of novel learning approaches in knowledge production. Keywords: practice-based innovation, research-based theatre, learning, reflection, mode 2b knowledge production

The demand for global student talent: Capitalizing on the value of university-industry collaboration

The university sector in Europe has invested money and effort into the internationalization of higher education. The benefits of internationalizing higher education are fuelled by changing global values, choices and practices. However, arguments that serve the internationalization of higher education tend to stress either local organizational or individual interests; seldom do they emphasize the societal benefits. This dissertation investigates how collaboration between university and industry facilitates a shift in thinking about attracting and retaining global student talent, in terms of co-creating solutions to benefit the development of our knowledge society. The macro-structures of the higher education sector have the tendency to overemphasize quantitative goals to improve performance verifiability. Recruitment of international student talent is thereby turned into a mere supply issue. A mind shift is needed to rethink the efficacy of the higher education sector with regard to retaining foreign student talent as a means of contributing to society’s stock of knowledge and through that to economic growth. This thesis argues that academic as well as industrial understanding of the value of university-industry collaboration might then move beyond the current narrow expectations and perceptions of the university’s contribution to society’s innovation systems. This mind shift is needed to encourage and generate creative opportunities for university-industry partnerships to develop sustainable solutions for successful recruitment of foreign student talent, and thereby to maximize the wealth-creating potential of global student talent recruitment. This thesis demonstrates through the use of interpretive and participatory methods, how it is possible to reveal new and important insights into university-industry partnering for enhancing attraction and retention of global student talent. It accomplishes this by expressly pointing out the central role of human collaborative experiencing and learning. The narratives presented take the reader into a Finnish and Dutch universityindustry partnering environment to reflect on the relationship between the local universities of technology and their operational surroundings, a relationship that is set in a context of local and global entanglements and challenges.

Kirurgisten potilasohjeiden laatu ja valmius tukea voimavaraistavaa potilasohjausta sekä infektioiden torjuntaan liittyvä sisältö

Hoitotyössä infektioiden torjunnan painopistealueena on ollut lisätä potilaiden osallistuvuutta voimavaraistavalla potilasohjauksella. Potilasohjauksen apuna käytetään usein kirjallisia potilasohjeita, joiden rakenne ja laatu tulee olla hyvä. Lisäksi potilasohjeiden tulee omata valmiuksia tukea voimavaraistavaa potilasohjausta. Kirjalliset potilasohjeet ovat hyvä potilasohjauksen keino, mutta systemaattinen tieto potilasohjeiden laadusta, valmiuksista tukea voimavaraistavaa potilasohjausta sekä infektioiden torjunnan sisällöstä puuttuu. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli analysoida Suomen yliopistosairaaloiden kirurgisten potilasohjeiden infektioiden torjuntaan liittyvää sisältöä. Lisäksi oltiin kiinnostuneita potilasohjeiden laadusta hyvien kirjallisten potilasohjeiden ominaispiirteiden toteutumisessa sekä potilasohjeiden valmiuksista tukea voimavaraistavaa potilasohjausta. Tutkimuksen aineistona oli viiden yliopistosairaalan kirurgisille aikuispotilaille tarkoitetut potilasohjeet (N = 237). Organisaatioittain joka viides potilasohje (n = 50) analysoitiin potilasohjeiden laadun osalta sisällönerittelyllä ja aikaisemmin kehitetyn mittarin avulla (Salanterä ym. 2004). Deduktiivisella sisällönanalyysillä analysoitiin potilasohjeiden valmiuksia tukea voimavaraistavaa potilasohjausta, jonka ulottuvuuksien esiintyvyyden arviointiasteikko oli kehitetty tätä tutkimusta varten. Induktiivisella sisällönerittelyllä analysoitiin infektioiden torjuntaan liittyvä sisältö. Potilasohjeiden laadussa oli paljon vaihtelua, ja vain 36 % (n = 18) potilasohjeista oli julkaistu viimeisen kolmen vuoden (2010–2012) aikana. Potilasohjeet olivat ulkoasultaan selkeitä ja johdonmukaisia, jolloin kirjallisten potilasohjeiden ominaisuuksista parhaiten toteutuivat ulkoasun sekä kielen ja rakenteen ominaisuudet. Potilasohjeet kuvasivat toimenpidettä ja siitä selviytymistä, antaen parhaiten valmiuksia tukea toiminnallista ja bio-fysiologista selviytymistä potilasohjauksella. Infektioiden torjuntaan liittyvä sisältö oli pääasiassa esitetty epäsuorasti toisen asian kautta. Infektioiden syntyyn tai torjuntaan ei viitattu, vaan asiaa tarkasteltiin muusta näkökulmasta esimerkiksi ylipainon ja ihon kunnon osalta. Yleisin infektioiden torjuntaan liittyvä sisältö koski käsihygieniaa, vaikka sen toteuttamista ei opastettu tai ohjeistettu. Tutkimus tarjoaa lähtökohdan kehittää potilasohjeiden infektioiden torjuntaan liittyvää sisältöä sekä potilaan osallistuvuuden lisäämistä. Erityisesti tulisi kehittää potilaan osallistuvuuden tukemista voimavaraistavalla potilasohjauksella. Jatkotutkimuksena tulisi kartoittaa potilaiden tarpeet infektioiden torjunnan sisällöstä sekä kehittää kansallinen ohjeistus potilasohjeiden infektioon torjuntaan liittyvästä sisällöstä ja rakenteesta.

Measuring effects of strategic utilization of social media in business-to-business marketing: Case Greenlux Finland Oy

Utilization of social media is increasingly common in B2B marketing. Social media is an efficient and cheap marketing and communication channel available for everyone, and thus extremely attractive marketing medium. The more companies get involved in social media the more failures are reported. It is not enough for a company to just be present in social media. Succeeding on it requires hard work, investing time and money, and ability to measure and to monitor performance. With an increasing number of companies failing in utilizing social media, together with lack of research on strategic utilization of social media focusing on B2B marketing, measuring, and monitoring create a purpose for this research. The aim of this research is to discover methods for measuring and monitoring effects of strategic utilization of social media in B2B marketing. Most relevant financial and non-financial indicators are discussed, and the methods by which these can be monitored and measured. In addition, effects of strategic utilization of social media on the case company are measured and analyzed. The research methodology used in this research is a participatory action research, which includes elements of both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The case company examined in the research provides a unique opportunity to follow through all phases of strategic utilization of social media for B2B marketing purposes concluding real effects of social media to the case company, and thus gain a deep understanding about this new marketing medium in the perspective of B2B marketing. Duration of the research period is seven months. During this time, information is collected, measured, and analyzed. Case company does not have any other marketing activities simultaneously which makes it possible to examine social media apart from effects of other visible marketing activities. Effects of strategic utilization of social media can be monitored and measured in many ways. Methods that should be used depend on goals set for social media. Fundamental nature of social media requires multidimensional assessment, and thus effects should be measured, and monitored considering both financial and non-financial indicators. The results implicates that effects of strategic utilization of social media are relatively wide ranged. According to the findings, social media affects positively on brand, number of web page visitors, visitor behavior, and on distribution of awareness. According to investment calculations social media is a legitimate investment for case company. Results also implicate that by using social media case company gains conversation, arouses interest, gets attention, and creates interactivity. In addition and as a side note, winter holiday season appears to have a great effect on social media activity of B2B companies’ representatives.

Asunto-osakeyhtiön tilintarkastuksen erityispiirteet ja tarpeellisuus – empiirinen tutkimus

Asunto-osakeyhtiölain mukaan asunto-osakeyhtiössä ei tarvitse valita tilintarkastajaa, jos yhtiössä on alle 30 huoneistoa. Lisäksi tilintarkastajan valitsematta jättäminen edellyttää, että tilintarkastuslain mukaiset rajat eivät ylity eikä yhtiöjärjestys velvoita valitsemaan tilintarkastajaa. Jos tilintarkastajaa ei valita eikä yhtiöjärjestyksessä toisin määrätä, on asunto-osakeyhtiöön valittava aiemman maallikkotilintarkastajan korvaava toiminnantarkastaja. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli osoittaa asunto-osakeyhtiön tilintarkastuksen erityispiirteet. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli tutkia, onko asunto-osakeyhtiön tilintarkastus tarpeellista. Empiirinen osuus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena tutkimuksena. Tutkimusaineistoa kerättiin teemahaastattelemalla asunto-osakeyhtiön tilintarkastajaa, toiminnantarkastajaa, kirjanpitäjää, osakkeenomistajaa ja pankin edustajaa. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella asunto-osakeyhtiön tilintarkastus ei eroa osakeyhtiön tilintarkastuksesta perusasioissaan. Asunto-osakeyhtiön tilintarkastuksen erityispiirteet muodostuvat sääntelyn lisäksi asunto-osakeyhtiöille ominaisista laskelmista kuten lainaosuus-, hankeosuus- ja vastikerahoituslaskelmista sekä talousarviovertailusta. Asunto-osakeyhtiön tilintarkastukseen tuovat erityispiirteitä myös osakeyhtiöstä poikkeavat tuloksenjärjestelykeinot kuten poistojen vapaaehtoisuus, erilaiset rahastoinnit ja asuintalovaraus. Lisäksi asunto-osakeyhtiöissä korostuu osakkeenomistajien yhdenvertaisuus. Tutkimus osoitti, että pienissä asunto-osakeyhtiöissä tilintarkastajan vapaaehtoinen valinta ei ole tarpeellista, jos asunto-osakeyhtiössä on vain perustoimintaa. Tilintarkastaja kannattaa valita vapaaehtoisesti, jos asunto-osakeyhtiössä on suuria remontteja tai lainaosuuslaskelmia. Tilintarkastuksesta hyötyvät erityisesti osakkeenomistajat, mutta myös isännöitsijä, hallitus, kirjanpitäjä ja verottaja.

Inbound marketing in practice. Case study: Lainaaja.fi

The general purpose of the thesis was to describe and explain the particularities of inbound marketing methods and the key advantages of those methods. Inbound marketing can be narrowed down to a set of marketing strategies and techniques focused on pulling prospects towards a business and its products on the Internet by producing useful and relevant content to prospects. The main inbound marketing methods and channels were identified as blogging, content publishing, search engine optimization and social media. The best way to utilise these methods is producing great content that should cover subjects that interest the target group, which is usually a composition of buyers, existing customers and influencers, such as analysts and media The study revealed increase in Lainaaja.fi traffic and referral traffic sources that was firmly confirmed as statistically significant, while number of backlinks and SERP placement were clearly positively correlated, but not statistically significant. The number of new registered users along with new loan applicants and deposits did not show correlation with increased content producing. The conclusion of the study shows inbound marketing campaign clearly increasing website traffic and plausible help on getting better search engine results compared to control period. Implications are clear; inbound marketing is an activity that every business should consider implementing. But just producing content online is not enough; equal amount of work should be put into turning the visitors into customers. Further studies are recommended on using inbound marketing combined with monitoring of landing pages and conversion optimization to incoming visitors.

Yrittäjyyskasvatuksen arvoja etsimässä. Design-tutkimus opettajankoulutuksen opetussuunnitelmien kehittämisessä

This research is a survey on values related to entrepreneurship education and a participatory action research on entrepreneurship education curricula in teacher education. Research problems, rising from the practical development work, were solved by several methods, following the principles of design-based research. Values related to entrepreneurship education were studied among teachers, headmasters, teacher educators, researchers and officers in the field of entrepreneurship education in 16 European Union countries. Fifteen most important values related to entrepreneurship education were listed based on two qualitative surveys (N 124 and N 66). Values were also surveyed among Finnish teacher trainees (N 71). Results of the surveys show that the values given by the teacher trainees did not differ much from the ones given by the professionals already working in the field. Subsequently, emergence of these values was studied in documents that steer education. The values gathered in the surveys did not occur in the documents to a substantial degree. Development of entrepreneurship education curricula in teacher education was conducted by means of participatory action research. The development project gathered 55 teacher trainers from 15 teacher education organisations in Finland. The starting point of the phenomenon based project (see Annala and Mäkinen 2011) was the activity plan created for developing entrepreneurship education curricula. During the project, the learning of the teacher educators proceeded in a balanced way as brightening visions, stronger motivation, increasing understanding and new practices, following Shulman and Shulman’s model (2004). Goals of the development project were set to each teacher educator acquiring basic knowledge on entrepreneurship education, organization of obligatory courses on entrepreneurship education, and making entrepreneurship education a cross-curricular theme in teacher education. The process increased the understanding and motivation of teacher educators to develop and teach entrepreneurship education. It also facilitated collaboration as well as creating visions on entrepreneurship education. Based on the results, the concept of enterprisingness was defined, and recommendations were given for developing curricula in entrepreneurship education.

Vesihuollon aluesaneerausten arvottamisen kehittäminen Jyväskylässä

Vesihuoltoverkostojen ikääntyminen ja niiden kunnon heikentyminen ovat useimpien vesihuoltolaitosten ongelmia. Tekemättä jääneistä saneerauksista muodostuu saneerausvelkaa, jonka hoitaminen vaatii tehokkaita toimenpiteitä.Saneerausten tehokas kohdentaminen on tärkeää, koska käytettävissä olevat taloudelliset ja toiminnalliset resurssit ovat rajallisia. Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää laskentamalli, jonka avulla vesihuollon huonokuntoiset alueet voidaan arvottaa saneerausjärjestykseen. Tutkimusmenetelminä käytettiin vesihuollon yleisten tietojen osalta kirjallisuustutkimusta sekä toimeksiantajan verkostotietojen osalta tapaustutkimusta. Malliin valittiin arvottamisen kannalta merkittävimmät tekijät. Valinta tehtiin tekijöiden arvottamis- ja laskentakelpoisuuden perusteella. Tutkimustietojen perusteella saatiin määritettyä putkimateriaalien ikä- ja materiaalikertoimet. Niiden lisäksi laskennassa huomioidaan putkien kunnossapitotietoja. Tutkimuksen lopputuloksena saatiin kehitettyä laskentamalli, joka vastaa asetettua työn tavoitetta. Laskennan tuloksena saadaan lukuarvo, joka perustuu verkostojen ikä- ja materiaalijakaumaan sekä kunnossapitotietoihin. Suurin lukuarvo vastaa kiireellisimmin saneerattavia kohteita.

Performance measurement and management in a collaborative network

This study concerns performance measurement and management in a collaborative network. Collaboration between companies has been increased in recent years due to the turbulent operating environment. The literature shows that there is a need for more comprehensive research on performance measurement in networks and the use of measurement information in their management. This study examines the development process and uses of a performance measurement system supporting performance management in a collaborative network. There are two main research questions: how to design a performance measurement system for a collaborative network and how to manage performance in a collaborative network. The work can be characterised as a qualitative single case study. The empirical data was collected in a Finnish collaborative network, which consists of a leading company and a reseller network. The work is based on five research articles applying various research methods. The research questions are examined at the network level and at the single network partner level. The study contributes to the earlier literature by producing new and deeper understanding of network-level performance measurement and management. A three-step process model is presented to support the performance measurement system design process. The process model has been tested in another collaborative network. The study also examines the factors affecting the process of designing the measurement system. The results show that a participatory development style, network culture, and outside facilitators have a positive effect on the design process. The study increases understanding of how to manage performance in a collaborative network and what kind of uses of performance information can be identified in a collaborative network. The results show that the performance measurement system is an applicable tool to manage the performance of a network. The results reveal that trust and openness increased during the utilisation of the performance measurement system, and operations became more transparent. The study also presents a management model that evaluates the maturity of performance management in a collaborative network. The model is a practical tool that helps to analyse the current stage of the performance management of a collaborative network and to develop it further.

Building organizational creativity – a multitheory and multilevel approach for understanding and stimulating organizational creativity

Organizational creativity is increasingly important for organizations aiming to survive and thrive in complex and unexpectedly changing environments. It is precondition of innovation and a driver of an organization’s performance success. Whereas innovation research increasingly promotes high-involvement and participatory innovation, the models of organizational creativity are still mainly based on an individual-creativity view. Likewise, the definitions of organizational creativity and innovation are somewhat equal, and they are used as interchangeable constructs, while on the other hand they are seen as different constructs. Creativity is seen as generation of novel and useful ideas, whereas innovation is seen as the implementation of these ideas. The research streams of innovation and organizational creativity seem to be advancing somewhat separately, although together they could provide many synergy advantages. Thereby, this study addresses three main research gaps. First, as the knowledge and knowing is being increasingly expertized and distributed in organizations, the conceptualization of organizational creativity needs to face that perspective, rather than relying on the individual-creativity view. Thus, the conceptualization of organizational creativity needs clarification, especially as an organizational-level phenomenon (i.e., creativity by an organization). Second, approaches to consciously build organizational creativity to increase the capacity of an organization to demonstrate novelty in its knowledgeable actions are rare. The current creativity techniques are mainly based on individual-creativity views, and they mainly focus on the occasional problem-solving cases among a limited number of individuals, whereas, the development of collective creativity and creativity by the organization lacks approaches. Third, in terms of organizational creativity as a collective phenomenon, the engagement, contributions, and participation of organizational members into activities of common meaning creation are more important than the individualcreativity skills. Therefore, the development approaches to foster creativity as social, emerging, embodied, and collective creativity are needed to complement the current creativity techniques. To address these gaps, the study takes a multiparadigm perspective to face the following three objectives. The first objective of this study is to clarify and extend the conceptualization of organizational creativity. The second is to study the development of organizational creativity. The third is to explore how an improvisational theater based approach fosters organizational creativity. The study consists of two parts comprising the introductory part (part I) and six publications (part II). Each publication addresses the research questions of the thesis through detailed subquestions. The study makes three main contributions to the research of organizational creativity. First, it contributes toward the conceptualization of organizational creativity by extending the current view of organizational creativity. This study views organizational creativity as a multilevel construct constituting both of individual and collective (group and organizational) creativity. In contrast to current views of organizational creativity, this study bases on organizational (collective) knowledge that is based on and demonstrated through the knowledgeable actions of an organization as a whole. The study defines organizational creativity as an overall ability of an organization to demonstrate novelty in its knowledgeable actions (through what it does and how it does what it does).Second, this study contributes toward the development of organizational creativity as multi-level phenomena, introducing developmental approaches that face two or more of these levels simultaneously. More specifically, the study presents the cross-level approaches to building organizational creativity, by using an approach based in improvisational theater and considering assessment of organizational renewal capability. Third, the study contributes on development of organizational creativity using an improvisational theater based approach as twofold meaning. First, it fosters individual and collective creativity simultaneously and builds space for creativity to occur. Second, it models collective and distributed creativity processes, thereby, contributing to the conceptualization of organizational creativity.

Valmentava johtaminen ja sen kehittäminen koulutusorganisaatiossa

Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin Pohjois-Karjalan koulutuskuntayhtymälle. Koulutusorganisaatiossa tapahtuu lähitulevaisuudessa rakenteellisia muutoksia. Organisaation pääprosessi (opetusprosessi) muuttuu ryhmäopetuksesta yksilöä valmentavaan suuntaan. Tämä aiheuttaa myös johtamisen ja organisaatiokulttuurin muutoksen, vanhat toimintatavat eivät enää riitä. Organisaation rajapinnoilla toimivien esimiesten asema on muutoksessa avainasemassa. Jotta toiminta voi jatkua ja kilpailuetu pystytään säilyttämään, rakennetaan valmentavan johtamisen ja osallistavan organisaatiokulttuurin avulla tukiprosessit pääprosessin ympärille. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena tapaustutkimuksena (case). Tutkimuksessa keskityttiin yhden Pohjois-Karjalaisen ammattiopiston nykytilan johtamismallin vertaamista kehitettävään uuteen toimintamalliin. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin puolistrukturoidulla teemahaastattelulla. Tutkimuksessa haastateltiin yhdeksää esimiestä (koulutusjohtajia ja lähiesimiehiä). Tutkimustulosten mukaan valmentavaa johtamista ja organisaatiokulttuurin muutosta ei ymmärretä selkeästi. Koulutusjohtajilla on selkeämpi käsitys muutoksesta kuin lähiesimiehillä. Lähiesimiehillä esiintyy selkeää muutosvastarintaa. Selkeimmät haasteet muutoksessa liittyvät resurssien käyttöön, hankkeiden ja projektien hallintaan sekä osastojen väliseen yhteistyöhön ja verkostoitumiseen. Tärkeintä on ymmärtää, että valmentama toiminta on jatkuvaa kehittämistä ja ihmisten välistä vuorovaikutusta. Tässä tutkimuksessa saatiin havaintoja, jotka tukevat esitettyä teoriaa.