Angiogenesis and angioregression gene expression analyses in swine corpus luteum

The corpus luteum (CL) lifespan is characterized by a rapid growth, differentiation and controlled regression of the luteal tissue, accompanied by an intense angiogenesis and angioregression. Indeed, the CL is one of the most highly vascularised tissue in the body with a proliferation rate of the endothelial cells 4- to 20-fold more intense than in some of the most malignant human tumours. This angiogenic process should be rigorously controlled to allow the repeated opportunities of fertilization. After a first period of rapid growth, the tissue becomes stably organized and prepares itself to switch to the phenotype required for its next apoptotic regression. In pregnant swine, the lifespan of the CLs must be extended to support embryonic and foetal development and vascularisation is necessary for the maintenance of luteal function. Among the molecules involved in the angiogenesis, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is the main regulator, promoting endothelial cells proliferation, differentiation and survival as well as vascular permeability and vessel lumen formation. During vascular invasion and apoptosis process, the remodelling of the extracellular matrix is essential for the correct evolution of the CL, particularly by the action of specific class of proteolytic enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Another important factor that plays a role in the processes of angiogenesis and angioregression during the CL formation and luteolysis is the isopeptide Endothelin-1 (ET-1), which is well-known to be a potent vasoconstrictor and mitogen for endothelial cells. The goal of the present thesis was to study the role and regulation of vascularisation in an adult vascular bed. For this purpose, using a precisely controlled in vivo model of swine CL development and regression, we determined the levels of expression of the members of VEGF system (VEGF total and specific isoforms; VEGF receptor-1, VEGFR-1; VEGF receptor-2, VEGFR-2) and ET- 1 system (ET-1; endothelin converting enzyme-1, ECE-1; endothelin receptor type A, ET-A) as well as the activity of the Ca++/Mg++-dependent endonucleases and gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Three experiments were conducted to reach such objectives in CLs isolated from ovaries of cyclic, pregnant or fasted gilts. In the Experiment I, we evaluated the influence of acute fasting on VEGF production and VEGF, VEGFR-2, ET-1, ECE-1 and ET-A mRNA expressions in CLs collected on day 6 after ovulation (midluteal phase). The results indicated a down-regulation of VEGF, VEGFR-2, ET-1 and ECE-1 mRNA expression, although no change was observed for VEGF protein. Furthermore, we observed that fasting stimulated steroidogenesis by luteal cells. On the basis of the main effects of VEGF (stimulation of vessel growth and endothelial permeability) and ET-1 (stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation and vasoconstriction, as well as VEGF stimulation), we concluded that feed restriction possibly inhibited luteal vessel development. This could be, at least in part, compensated by a decrease of vasal tone due to a diminution of ET-1, thus ensuring an adequate blood flow and the production of steroids by the luteal cells. In the Experiment II, we investigated the relationship between VEGF, gelatinases and Ca++/Mg++-dependent endonucleases activities with the functional CL stage throughout the oestrous cycle and at pregnancy. The results demonstrated differential patterns of expression of those molecules in correspondence to the different phases of the oestrous cycle. Immediately after ovulation, VEGF mRNA/protein levels and MMP-9 activity are maximal. On days 5–14 after ovulation, VEGF expression and MMP-2 and -9 activities are at basal levels, while Ca++/Mg++-dependent endonuclease levels increased significantly in relation to day 1. Only at luteolysis (day 17), Ca++/Mg++-dependent endonuclease and MMP-2 spontaneous activity increased significantly. At pregnancy, high levels of MMP-9 and VEGF were observed. These results suggested that during the very early luteal phase, high MMPs activities coupled with high VEGF levels drive the tissue to an angiogenic phenotype, allowing CL growth under LH (Luteinising Hormone) stimulus, while during the late luteal phase, low VEGF and elevate MMPs levels may play a role in the apoptotic tissue and extracellular matrix remodelling during structural luteolysis. In the Experiment III, we described the expression patterns of all distinct VEGF isoforms throughout the oestrous cycle. Furthermore, the mRNA expression and protein levels of both VEGF receptors were also evaluated. Four novel VEGF isoforms (VEGF144, VEGF147, VEGF182, and VEGF164b) were found for the first time in swine and the seven identified isoforms presented four different patterns of expression. All isoforms showed their highest mRNA levels in newly formed CLs (day 1), followed by a decrease during mid-late luteal phase (days 10–17), except for VEGF182, VEGF188 and VEGF144 that showed a differential regulation during late luteal phase (day 14) or at luteolysis (day 17). VEGF protein levels paralleled the most expressed and secreted VEGF120 and VEGF164 isoforms. The VEGF receptors mRNAs showed a different pattern of expression in relation to their ligands, increasing between day 1 and 3 and gradually decreasing during the mid-late luteal phase. The differential regulation of some VEGF isoforms principally during the late luteal phase and luteolysis suggested a specific role of VEGF during tissue remodelling process that occurs either for CL maintenance in case of pregnancy or for noncapillary vessel development essential for tissue removal during structural luteolysis. In summary, our findings allow us to determine relationships among factors involved in the angiogenesis and angioregression mechanisms that take place during the formation and regression of the CL. Thus, CL provides a very interesting model for studying such factors in different fields of the basic research.

Corpora in the Social Sciences- How corpus-based appraches can support qualitative interview analyses

[EN]Qualitative and quantitative research approaches are often considered as incompatible, and when they are brought together in a study, the analyses often stay within the realm of the same research field. The study at hand aims at combining the two methods from the perspectives of different disciplines and tries to determine to which degree a corpus-based analysis might support the traditional content-focused approach to qualitative data and render additional results.

Teaching and learning stance in specialized English for computing. A corpus linguistics approach

[EN]The use of large corpora in the study of languages is a well established tradition. In the same vein, scholarship is also well represented in the case of the study of corpora for making grammars of languages. This is the case of the COBUILD grammar and dictionary and the case of the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. This means that corpora have been analyzed in order to identify patterns in languages that can be later practised by learners following those patterns described and exemplified with real instances.

Corpus-based teaching of pragmatics

[EN]This paper is a proposal for teaching pragmatics following a corpus-based approach. Corpora have had a high impact on how linguistics is looked at these days. However, teaching linguistics is still traditional in its scope and stays away from a growing tendency of incorporating authentic samples in the theoretical classroom, and so lecturers perpetuate the presentation of the same canonical examples students may find in their textbooks or in other introductory monographs. Our view is that using corpus linguistics, especially corpora freely available in the World Wide Web, will result in a more engaging and fresh look at the course of Pragmatics, while promoting early research in students. This way, they learn the concepts but most importantly how to later identify pragmatic phenomena in real text. Here, we raise our concern with the methodology, presenting clear examples of corpus-based pragmatic activities, and one clear result is the fact that students learn also how to be autonomous in their analysis o f data. In our proposal, we move from more controlled tasks to autonomy. This proposal focuses on students enrolled in the course Pragmática de la Lengua inglesa, currently part of the curriculum in Lenguas Modernas, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

Il corpus DIRSI: creazione e sviluppo di un corpus elettronico per lo studio della direzionalità in interpretazione simultanea

Con questa tesi abbiamo messo a punto una metodologia per l'applicazione del "corpus-based approach" allo studio dell'interpretazione simultanea, creando DIRSI-C, un corpus elettronico parallelo (italiano-inglese) e allineato di trascrizioni di registrazioni tratte da convegni medici, mediati da interpreti simultaneisti. Poiché gli interpreti professionisti coinvolti hanno lavorato dalla lingua straniera alla loro lingua materna e viceversa, il fattore direzionalità è il parametro di analisi delle prestazioni degli interpreti secondo i metodi di indagine della linguistica dei corpora. In this doctoral thesis a methodology was developed to fully apply the corpus-based approach to simultaneous interpreting research. DIRSI-C is a parallel (Italian-English/English-Italian) and aligned electronic corpus, containing transcripts of recorded medical international conferences with professional simultaneous interpreters working both from and into their foreign language. Against this backdrop, directionality represents the research parameter used to analyze interpreters' performance by means of corpus linguistics tools.

Catálogo y estudio de las gramáticas de italiano para hispanohablantes: siglos XVIII y XIX

El objetivo de la presente investigación, el catálogo y estudio de las gramáticas de italiano destinadas a hispanohablantes de los siglos XVIII y XIX, se encuadra en el macrosector gramaticográfico de la historiografía lingüística, en el cual el estudio de las gramáticas de las lenguas dirigidas a hablantes nativos y a hablantes extranjeros, con los consiguientes cruces y trasvases de tradiciones gramaticales, es de significativo interés como destacan: (i) las tesis doctorales defendidas en los últimos quince años; (ii) los proyectos de investigación dirigidos y coordinados por prestigiosos estudiosos del sector; (iii) los congresos organizados para destacar y compartir las principales actualizaciones en torno a los estudios gramaticográficos; y (iv) las publicaciones que surgen de los tres puntos anteriores. El estudio presenta dos partes centrales: la primera (constituida por los capítulos 2 y 3) es la de catálogo y estudio de las diecinueve gramáticas que conforman el corpus en base a ocho áreas descriptivas (1. información catalográfica, 2. autor, 3. editor, 4. hiperestructura, 5. elementos peritextuales, gramaticales y didácticos, 6. variedad de textos y su secuencia didáctica, 7. caracterización, fuentes e influencias, y 8. localización); la segunda (capítulo 4) es la de estudio gramaticográfico de conjunto de los datos más relevantes de las areas de estudio utilizadas en las dos primeras partes. De este modo, daremos un panorama de conjunto sobre (i) la cronología de las obras y sus ediciones y rempresiones; (ii) la nacionalidad, profesión, condición religiosa, etc. de autores; (iii) la geografía de ediciones y editores; (iv) la descripción hiperestructural de las obras; (v) la estructura de los elementos peritextuales; (vi) las partes gramaticales y elementos que las componen; (vii) el verbo: definiciones y paradigma verbal; (vii) los elementos didácticos; (viii) las líneas de descripción gramatical; (ix) la localización de las gramáticas en las bibliotecas españolas.

Linguistic gender identity construction in political discourse : a corpus-assisted analysis of the primary speeches of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton

The present study is concerned with exploring the linguistic identity construction of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton in the context of USA 2008 Democratic Party primaries. Thus, their speeches are examined in order to detect the aspects of identity that each politician resorted to in the process of projecting a political identity. The study, however, takes a special interest in the ways in which gender identity is projected by Obama and Clinton. Moreover, the notions of gender bias as well as gender representations are also investigated.

Les expressions figees dans un corpus litteraire quebecois: Analyse des traductions italiennes et espagnoles

Les expressions figées ont été longtemps considérées comme un aspect marginal de la langue. Il en résulte un traitement très fragmentaire et anarchique dans les dictionnaires, monolingues et bilingues, qui leur ont toujours accordé et continuent de leur accorder une petite place. Les expressions figées comportent, en outre, des difficultés de compréhension et de traduction dans la langue étrangère car elles possèdent des structures syntaxiques particulières qui n’ont pas toujours d’équivalents analogues dans d’autres langues. C’est pourquoi notre travail se donne pour objectif d’évaluer la traduction en italien et, pour quelques ouvrages aussi en espagnol, des québécismes phraséologiques, c’est-à-dire des expressions figées appartenant à la variété québécoise du français. Notre mémoire se divise en quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre présentera les théories linguistiques élaborées au cours des deux derniers siècles, selon les différentes approches que les linguistes ont adoptées pour définir et classifier les expressions figées. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous analyserons le traitement des expressions figées à l’intérieur des dictionnaires bilingues français-italien et français-espagnol, afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure ces outils peuvent satisfaire les exigences des traducteurs. Pour finir, nous expliquerons les problèmes liés à la traduction des expressions figées et les stratégies que les traducteurs adoptent pour résoudre ces problèmes.Dans le troisième chapitre nous nous concentrerons sur la variété diatopique du français du Québec et sur les particularités que les expressions figées québécoises présentent par rapport aux expressions figées du français de référence. Dans le quatrième et dernier chapitre, nous procèderons à l’analyse intralinguistique et contrastive des citations. L’analyse intralinguistique a été possible grâce à la consultation de plusieurs dictionnaires francophones, qui servent pour étudier le sens des québécismes et pour comprendre leur originalité par rapport au FrR. L’analyse contrastive permettra d’évaluer la traduction en italien et en espagnol des expressions figées québécoises.

Bitext alignment: building and evaluating a bilingual corpus and translation memory of academic course descriptions

Following the internationalization of contemporary higher education, academic institutions based in non-English speaking countries are increasingly urged to produce contents in English to address international prospective students and personnel, as well as to increase their attractiveness. The demand for English translations in the institutional academic domain is consequently increasing at a rate exceeding the capacity of the translation profession. Resources for assisting non-native authors and translators in the production of appropriate texts in L2 are therefore required in order to help academic institutions and professionals streamline their translation workload. Some of these resources include: (i) parallel corpora to train machine translation systems and multilingual authoring tools; and (ii) translation memories for computer-aided tools. The purpose of this study is to create and evaluate reference resources like the ones mentioned in (i) and (ii) through the automatic sentence alignment of a large set of Italian and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) institutional academic texts given as equivalent but not necessarily parallel (i.e. translated). In this framework, a set of aligning algorithms and alignment tools is examined in order to identify the most profitable one(s) in terms of accuracy and time- and cost-effectiveness. In order to determine the text pairs to align, a sample is selected according to document length similarity (characters) and subsequently evaluated in terms of extent of noisiness/parallelism, alignment accuracy and content leverageability. The results of these analyses serve as the basis for the creation of an aligned bilingual corpus of academic course descriptions, which is eventually used to create a translation memory in TMX format.

Le sfide traduttive dei sintagmi nominali con modificatori in posizione prenominale nell'interpretazione simultanea dall'inglese in italiano: uno studio sul corpus Epic

Questa ricerca si concentra sulla gestione dei sintagmi nominali complessi nell’interpretazione simultanea in italiano dei discorsi inglesi del corpus elettronico EPIC (European Parliament Interpreting Corpus). EPIC contiene le trascrizioni di discorsi pronunciati al Parlamento europeo in inglese, italiano e spagnolo e le rispettive interpretazioni nelle altre due lingue. Per quest’analisi sono stati utilizzati due sottocorpora: I discorsi originali inglesi e i rispettivi discorsi interpretati in italiano. L’obiettivo del progetto era estrarre i sintagmi nominali complessi dal sottocorpus dei discorsi inglesi e confrontarli con le rispettive traduzioni in italiano per studiare le strategie adottate dagli interpreti. L’ipotesi iniziale era che i sintagmi nominali complessi sono una sfida traduttiva. I sintagmi analizzati erano stringhe di parole formate da una testa nominale preceduta da due o più modificatori, che potevano essere aggettivi, sostantivi, avverbi, numeri cardinali e genitivi. Nel primo capitolo sono state descritte le caratteristiche dei modificatori sia in inglese che in italiano. Il secondo capitolo espone lo stato dell’arte degli studi di interpretazione basati sui corpora, con una sezione dedicata agli studi svolti su EPIC. Il terzo capitolo si concentra sulla metodologia utilizzata. I dati sono stati estratti automaticamente con tre espressioni di ricerca e poi selezionati manualmente secondo dei criteri di inclusione e di esclusione. I sintagmi nominali scelti sono stati confrontati con le corrispondenti traduzioni in italiano e classificati secondo il modello teorico delle relazioni traduttive di Schjoldager (1995). Il quarto capitolo contiene I dati raccolti, che sono stati analizzati nel quinto capitolo sia da un punto di vista quantitativo che qualitativo. I sintagmi nominali in tutto il sottocorpus sono stati confrontati con i sintagmi nominali di gruppi specifici di testi, suddivisi secondo la velocità di eloquio e la modalità di presentazione. L’ipotesi iniziale è stata in parte confermata e sono state descritte le strategie traduttive adottate dagli interpreti.

Corpus (italiano - spagnolo) per la mediazione linguistica nelle cliniche di fecondazione assistita in spagna

Corpus realizzato con i programmi BootCat e AntConc pensato per la mediazione nelle cliniche di fecondazione assistita in Spagna. In queste cliniche numerosi interpreti lavorano al fine di garantire una comunicazione efficace tra medici e pazienti.

La rivoluzione degli ombrelli di Hong Kong attraverso la stampa. Introduzione alla storia di Hong Kong e breve analisi terminologica di un corpus in lingua cinese.

Questo lavoro nasce dalla mia curiosità di comprendere le vicende che hanno sconvolto Hong Kong da settembre 2014 fino ad oggi con l’obiettivo di cogliere le cause principali che hanno innescato le proteste degli abitanti dell’isola. Il mio elaborato è composto da due capitoli: il primo, riguardante la storia di Hong Kong, ne ripercorre tutte le fasi principali: dalla scoperta dell’isola da parte delle navi inglesi fino alla cosiddetta “Rivoluzione degli Ombrelli”, passando per il 1997, anno in cui Hong Kong ritorna alla Cina; il secondo capitolo è dedicato all’analisi terminologica condotta su un corpus di 177,671 token e 15,832 types creato il 5 Maggio 2015 utilizzando i software BootCat e Antconc. L’analisi terminologica ha come scopo quello di analizzare espressioni e termini riguardanti le proteste di Hong Kong, scoppiate il 28 Settembre 2014, per osservare in che modo il linguaggio politico e i simboli della protesta abbiano condizionato la percezione di questi avvenimenti da parte dell’opinione pubblica cinese ed internazionale. Infine, ho organizzato i termini più significativi in schede terminologiche che ho inserito nell’appendice. Gli obiettivi del mio elaborato sono quelli di presentare le recenti rivolte di Hong Kong che, a mio avviso, non hanno avuto una grande risonanza nel nostro paese, cercando di approfondirne gli aspetti più salienti. Inoltre ho scelto di trattare questo argomento perché analizzare le relazioni tra la Cina e una delle proprie “aree periferiche” permette di osservare la politica, la società e la cultura cinese da un punto di vista affascinante e inusuale.

Corpus callosum index and long-term disability in multiple sclerosis patients

Prediction of long-term disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is essential. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement of brain volume may be of predictive value but sophisticated MRI techniques are often inaccessible in clinical practice. The corpus callosum index (CCI) is a normalized measurement that reflects changes of brain volume. We investigated medical records and 533 MRI scans at diagnosis and during clinical follow-up of 169 MS patients (mean age 42 +/- 11 years, 86% relapsing-remitting MS, time since first relapse 11 +/- 9 years). CCI at diagnosis was 0.345 +/- 0.04 and correlated with duration of disease (p = 0.002; r = -0.234) and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score at diagnosis (r = -0.428; p < 0.001). Linear regression analyses identified age, duration of disease, relapse rate and EDSS at diagnosis as independent predictors for disability after mean of 7.1 years (Nagelkerkes' R:0.56). Annual CCI decrease was 0.01 +/- 0.02 (annual tissue loss: 1.3%). In secondary progressive MS patients, CCI decrease was double compared to that in relapsing-remitting MS patients (p = 0.04). There was a trend of greater CCI decrease in untreated patients compared to those who received disease modifying drugs (p = 0.2). CCI is an easy to use MRI marker for estimating brain atrophy in patients with MS. Brain atrophy as measured with CCI was associated with disability progression but it was not an independent predictor of long-term disability.