Modelling and design of stress-induced martensite formation in metastable β Ti alloys

The temperature dependence of the stress-induced martensite (SIM) formation in a Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti-1023) alloy under compressive loading has been studied. At low temperatures, the stress level at which martensite starts to form increases linearly with the deformation temperature, while the stress at which the deformation switches to regular plastic deformation is roughly temperature independent. A thermostatistical model for dislocation evolution is employed to describe deformation twinning in martensite. Combined effects of twinning induced plasticity and solid solution strengthening are considered in terms of temperature variations. The SIM effect disappears on deformation at temperatures beyond ~ 233 ° C, which is close to the predicted Ms temperature of 240°C. The thermostatistical model predicts a transition from twinned martensite to pure slip at 250°C. By providing a model to predict the martensite formation, and by describing deformation twinning, the present work provides a number of tools that may be employed to conceive new titanium alloys combining improved strength and ductility. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

On the laminar-turbulent transition of the rotating-disk flow: The role of absolute instability

© 2014 Cambridge University Press. This paper describes a detailed experimental study using hot-wire anemometry of the laminar-turbulent transition region of a rotating-disk boundary-layer flow without any imposed excitation of the boundary layer. The measured data are separated into stationary and unsteady disturbance fields in order to elaborate on the roles that the stationary and the travelling modes have in the transition process. We show the onset of nonlinearity consistently at Reynolds numbers, R, of ∼ 510, i.e. at the onset of Lingwood's (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 299, 1995, pp. 17-33) local absolute instability, and the growth of stationary vortices saturates at a Reynolds number of ∼ 550. The nonlinear saturation and subsequent turbulent breakdown of individual stationary vortices independently of their amplitudes, which vary azimuthally, seem to be determined by well-defined Reynolds numbers. We identify unstable travelling disturbances in our power spectra, which continue to grow, saturating at around R=585, whereupon turbulent breakdown of the boundary layer ensues. The nonlinear saturation amplitude of the total disturbance field is approximately constant for all considered cases, i.e. different rotation rates and edge Reynolds numbers. We also identify a travelling secondary instability. Our results suggest that it is the travelling disturbances that are fundamentally important to the transition to turbulence for a clean disk, rather than the stationary vortices. Here, the results appear to show a primary nonlinear steep-fronted (travelling) global mode at the boundary between the local convectively and absolutely unstable regions, which develops nonlinearly interacting with the stationary vortices and which saturates and is unstable to a secondary instability. This leads to a rapid transition to turbulence outward of the primary front from approximately R=565 to 590 and to a fully turbulent boundary layer above 650.

Testate amoebae (Protozoa : Rhizopoda) from northwest Yunnan, China

A survey of the testate amoebae of northwest Yunnan in the Hengduan Mountains region of southwest China revealed 151 species belonging to 29 genera. Of these, three genera and 27 species were new to the testate amoebae fauna of China. The widely distributed and dominant species were Centropyxis aculeata aculeata, C aerophila aerophila, C. sylvatica, Difflugia elegans, D. globulosa, D. pristis, D. pulex, Phryganella hemisphaerica, Trinema enchelys, and T lineare. The most diverse genera were Difflugia (41 species), Centropyxis (31 species), Arcella (18 species), and Euglypha (11 species). The number of species in each sample varied greatly. It appears that species diversity of testate amoebae is related not only to macro-environments (e.g., geographic zonation) but also to microenvironments (e.g., microhabitats).

Synthesis and luminescence of ZnMgS : Mn2+ nanoparticles

Efficient green emission from ZnMgS:Mn2+ nanoparticles prepared by co-doping Mg2+ and Mn2+ ions into ZnS lattices has been observed. The synthesis is carried out in aqueous solution, followed by a post-annealing process, thus showing the features of less complexity, low cost, and easy incorporation of dopants. In comparison with the emission of ZnS:Mn2+ nanoparticles, which is located generally around 590 nm, the photoluminescence of ZnMgS:Mn2+ nanoparticles is blue-shifted by 14 nm in wavelength, leading to the enhanced green emission. The X-ray diffraction, electron spin resonance, and pressure dependent photoluminescence measurements suggest that the change of the crystal field caused by Mg2+ ionic doping and the lower symmetry in the nanoparticles may account for the blue-shift of the photoluminescence. The ZnMgS:Mn2+ nanoparticles with 1% Mn2+ doping exhibit the strongest luminescence, which could potentially meet the requirements for the construction of green light emitting diodes.

On the formation of well-aligned ZnO nanowall networks by catalyst-free thermal evaporation method

Two-dimensional ZnO nanowall networks were grown on ZnO-coated silicon by thermal evaporation at low temperature without catalysts or additives. All of the results from scanning electronic spectroscope, X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering confirmed that the ZnO nanowalls were vertically aligned and c-axis oriented. The room-temperature photoluminescence spectra showed a dominated UV peak at 378 nm, and a much suppressed orange emission centered at similar to 590 nm. This demonstrates fairly good crystal quality and optical properties of the product. A possible three-step, zinc vapor-controlled process was proposed to explain the growth of well-aligned ZnO nanowall networks. The pre-coated ZnO template layer plays a key role during the synthesis process, which guides the growth direction of the synthesized products. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fabrication of a novel silica PLC hybrid integrated triplexer

A new-style silica planar lightwave circuit (PLC) hybrid integrated triplexer, which can demultiplex 1490-nm download data and 1550-nm download analog signals, as well as transmit 1310-nm upload data, is presented. It combines SiO2 arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) with integrated photodetectors (PDs) and a high performance laser diode (LD). The SiO2 AWGs realize the three-wavelength coarse wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM). The crosstalk is less than 40 dB between the 1490- and 1550-nm channels, and less than 45 dB between 1310- and 1490- or 1550-nm channels. For the static performances of the integrated triplexer, its upload output power is 0.4 mW, and the download output photo-generated current is 76 A. In the small-signal measurement, the upstream 3-dB bandwidth of the triplexer is 4 GHz, while the downstream 3-dB bandwidths of both the analog and digital sections reach 1.9 GHz.

黄土高原子午岭林区6个典型群落优势种的热值和养分特征

能量流动、物质循环和信息传递共同构成了生态系统三大功能。能量是维持生态系统功能与过程的动力,Jordan(1971)认为能量比干物质更能反映出群落对自然资源(特别是太阳能)的利用情况。Long(1934)率先用热值来表示植物所含能量的多少,此后关于植物热值的研究工作逐渐展开。我国的植物热值研究始于20世纪80年代(杨福囤等,1983;祖元刚等,1986),主要集中在海南(林益明等,2000)、福建(林益明等,2004)、广东(任海等,1999)和浙江(郝朝运等,2006)等热带亚热带植物群落以及内蒙古羊草草原(鲍雅静等,2003),但有关黄土高原地区的植被热值研究尚未见报道。子午岭林区是黄土高原主要的天然次生林区,其植被主要是在弃耕地基础上逐渐恢复起来的(邹厚远等,2002)。由于自然因素与人为因素的影响,子午岭的植被在恢复时间上存在较大差异,形成了处于不同演替阶段的各种植被群落类型。本研究选取的6个代表性植被群落分别是沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)群落、山杨(Populus davidiana)群落、白桦(Betula platyphylla)群落、油松(Pinus tabulaeform...

稀土透明发光薄膜的合成及其应用

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO_2、TiO_2等单组份凝胶玻璃及二者混合的双组份二元凝胶玻璃。对其中溶胶的形成、溶胶向凝胶的转化过程及最终凝胶玻璃的形成进行了大量系统的研究。稀土(Tb~(3+)、Eu~(3+))配合物分别以预掺杂法、原位(in-situ)掺杂法及原位两步水解法等方法掺入溶胶中，用旋转涂覆法(spin-coating method)制成发光薄膜。利用荧光光谱、红外光谱、X射线衍射分析等现代谱学方法对薄膜的性能进行了分析。由于稀土Eu~(3+)离子的~5D_0→~7F_2跃迁是对环境变化比较敏感的跃迁超灵敏跃迁，相应于这些跃迁的谱线强度随着环境的不同可改变2-4倍，故将Eu~(3+)离子作为荧光探针引入TiO_2凝胶玻璃中来研究TiO_2凝胶形成中的水解、缩聚过程。差热一热重分析表明在400 ℃左右TiO_2凝胶发生了由无定型向锐钛矿型的晶型的转变，在不同温度下处理的TiO_2凝胶的XRD曲线也可得到同样的结论。当温度达到800 ℃时观察到了金红石相的微小的衍射峰。从Eu~(3+)离子的荧光光谱可以看出对应于610 nm的~5D_0→~7F_2的跃迁强度(I_2)和590 nm的~5D_0→~7F_1的跃迁强度(I_1)随着热处理温度的升高而逐渐增强，说明随着处理温度升高，凝胶中水分子不断挥发，热处理过程中的羟基含量由于缩聚反应的不断进行而逐渐减少。~5D_0→~7F_1的跃迁属于磁偶极跃迁，发射强度I_1变化与环境变化无关。定义两个发射强度的比值R(R=I_2/I_1)，由R值的变化可以看出，TiO_2湿凝胶时Eu~(3+)离子与水成水合离子，干凝胶中水合离子逐渐被(Ti-O)_nEu键所取代，Eu~(3+)离子逐渐进入凝胶网状结构中。同时掺入Al~(3+)离子的凝胶中Eu~(3+)的发光强度要大于不含Al~(3+)离子的凝胶中Eu~(3+)的发光强 度，因为Eu~(3+)离子的聚集对荧光有猝灭作用，掺入Al~(3+)离子之后由于其对Eu~(3+)离子的分散作用使得跃迁强度大大增强。采用预掺杂法；原位掺杂法；原位两步水解法制备了稀土Eu~(3+)、Tb~(3+)的羧酸类配合物，2-2‘联吡啶，1，10-邻菲咯啉，β-二酮类等有机配合物掺杂的溶胶-凝胶发光薄膜。双掺Tb~(3+)和苯甲酸的凝胶荧光薄膜的红外分析结果可以看出，制得的凝胶薄膜的红外光谱图与SiO_2凝胶粉末的红外光谱图几乎一致，Tb~(3+)及有机配体掺入凝胶后配合物没有明显的特征振动吸收峰。说明配合物进入凝胶网状结构中，其振动被缩聚反应形成的微小孔隙结构所限制，没能观察到明显的吸收峰。由几种双掺稀土羧酸配合物的SiO_2凝胶薄膜的激发光谱可以看出，当以稀土Eu~(3+)离子或Tb~(3+)离子的特征发射波长监控时，得到的激发谱均为260 nm-350 nm范围内的宽带代替了稀土离子的特征窄带激发光谱，可以判断在凝胶薄膜中已经形成了配合物。而且双掺凝胶薄膜发射峰值比单掺稀土离子的凝胶薄膜发光强度高几个数量级。同时将薄膜在一定温度下进行热处理发现，对于双掺稀土和羧酸配体的凝胶薄膜，50 ℃时发射光谱无明显的发射峰，而随着热处理温度的逐渐升高出现发射峰并且强度逐渐增强，热处理超过100 ℃时发射峰的强度又有所降低。说明温度的升高使凝胶环境向着有利于稀土配合物形成的方向转变，因为两步水解过程中加入的六次甲基四胺会随着温度升高而逐渐分解出OH~-而仗凝胶环境pH值升高；另一方面，由于分子水和HCl的不断挥发也能提高凝胶环境的pH值，从而使配合物的形成反应更加完全。超过120 ℃后，接近配体的熔点(苯甲酸熔点129 ℃)，由于薄膜相当薄使配体的逐渐分解，荧光逐渐减弱；经175 ℃处理后，荧光几乎消失。除了羧酸配合物外还制备了稀土Tb~(3+) (Eu~(3+))与2-2‘联吡啶(邻菲咯啉)、TTA等二元配合物掺杂的溶胶-凝胶发光薄膜。凝胶薄膜的发光强度与相应的纯配合物薄膜相比由于凝胶的独特网状结构而有了较大的提高，通过荧光光谱和荧光寿命的比较均可以得出这样的结论。对凝胶薄膜和纯配合物/PVB薄膜的热稳定性比较可以看出，溶胶-凝胶发光薄膜的荧光强度随温度升高而降低，但与配合物的PVB薄膜的相比，仍显示了一定的热稳定性，在温度超过配合物的分解温度后仍显示出一定的发光强度，而纯配合物/PVB薄膜中配合物的荧光此时几乎完全消失。除了SiO_2凝胶之外，还制备和研究了TiO_2凝胶以及TiO_2-SiO_2复合凝胶作为基质的发光薄膜，发现在TiO_2凝胶中配合物未能象在SiO_2中那样显示出良好的发光性能，可能是因为作为过渡金属钛由于有d轨道与掺入其中的配体作用参与成键，影响了配体与稀土离子之间的能量转移。本论文中还将在光学领域中有重要作用的染料，例如荧光素(FL)引人TiO_2凝胶中，研究了FL在凝胶中的发光性质，对比了FL掺入TiO_2、TiO_2-SiO_2凝胶前后的吸收光谱、荧光光谱的变化。结果表明吸收峰有了较为明显的位移；荧光发射光谱吸收峰位置也有了较大的红移，这可能是由于凝胶的网状结构及孔道内的Ti-OH键等对染料影响的结果。

钐原子激发态光谱的研究

稀土元素钐(Sm)的基态构型包括7个能级4f~66s~2 ~7F_(Ji) (Ji = 0,1……6)。2个6s外层电子和4f内层电子都有可能激发，产生复杂的光谱。给研究工作带来一定的困难。本文首先在原子束装置中，采用脉冲染料激光器。对钐原子进行一步共振激发。结合Boxcar技术测量了钐原子激发态的荧光衰减曲线。得到八个钐原子低能级的自然辐射寿命。不但对有争议的4f~66s6p ~7D_1~0态寿命值过行了复测，而且其中五个能级~5G_4~0(18503.49cm~(-1)), ~7D_2~0(16681.74cm~(-1)), ~7D_3~0(17243.55cm~(-1)), ~7D_4~0(17959.27cm~(-1))和 ~5G_5~0(18811.11cm~(-1))的寿命值是我们首次测得。另，本文还在原子束中采用激光二步共振激发，记录荧光光谱的方法对钐原子的高激发态新能级进行了测量。实验中选择十四条不同的激发路线，其第一步跃迁波长λ_1分别为：590.260nm, 590.605nm, 590.904nm, 591.636nm, 592.789nm, 597.938nm, 598.968nm, 599.509nm, 600.418nm, 604.500nm, 607.006nm, 608.412nm, 609.990nm及611.779nm。它们将钐原子从基组态~7F激发到4f~66s6p或4f~55d6s~2 构型的奇宇称中间态。第二步激光波长λ_2的扫描范围为556.0-576.0nm，λ_2将钐原子从上述中间态激发到位于34150-37732cm~(-1)能量区间的偶宇称高激发态。我们测定了在此能量范围内的122个偶宇称能级，其中117个能级为我们首次测得。本论文完善了钐原子的能级、寿命的光谱数据，对进一步研究钐原子有重要意义。

Apoptotic activity of frog Bombina maxima skin albumin

Albumin, the most abundant protein components of blood plasma, is synthesized and secreted by liver cells in vertebrates. Recently, it was demonstrated that frog Bombina maxima albumin is also expressed in skin. Both B. maxima albumins from skin and serum (BmA-skin and BmAserum) have similar biochemical characteristics except that the former contains haem b. Present studies showed that BmA-skin exhibited cytotoxic activity on H9 and C8166 cells. Pretreated with hemin to induce erythroid differentiation, K562 cells lost their resistance to cytotoxicity of BmAskin. After treating cells with BmA-skin for 48 h, 50 percentage cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) of BmA-skin on H9, C8166 and hemin-treated K562 cells were 1.31±0.09, 1.59±0.08 and 2.28±0.06 μM, respectively. The cell death induced by BmA-skin was mediated by apoptosis of the tested cell lines, as demonstrated by nuclear morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and DNA hypodiploidy of apoptosis cells. At BmA-skin concentration of 2 μM, 27.3%, 19.7% and 17.8% of H9, C8166 and hemin-treated K562 cells were found to be apoptotic. In contrast, BmA-serum possessed no cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activity on all the cell lines tested, even with concentration used up to 15 μM. These results indicated that bound haem b in BmA-skin contributed significantly to its cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activity on the cell lines assayed.

纳帕海黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)越冬行为生态研究

2006年10月～2007年5月，我们采用固定路线调查、瞬时扫描行为取样法对云南纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤的行为时间分配、鹤群结构、栖息地利用等方面作了研究。 黑颈鹤越冬期日间行为主要以觅食和警戒为主，分别为76.81±9.1％和11.84±5.6％，两种行为共占了黑颈鹤日间行为时间分配比例的88.65％；其它几种行为除理羽（5.18±4.2％）、走动（3.37±2.25％）和休息（1.32±1.7％）外，其所占比例均在1％以下，它们分别为：飞行0.59±0.89 ％、鸣叫0.41±0.63％、争斗0.22±0.30％和其它0.22±47％。越冬期中黑颈鹤日间行为具有明显节律性，觅食行为呈早晚双峰型节律，且傍晚的觅食高峰较高。黑颈鹤在纳帕海越冬期间从数量变化上可分为4个时期：1 早期的越冬集散期；2 中期的越冬稳定期；3 晚期的迁飞集散期；4 末期的幼鹤滞留期。鹤群结构及行为在不同的时期之间有着显著的变化。在越冬期中期，黑颈鹤特别是带有幼鹤的繁殖家庭更偏向于选择以家庭为单位的活动形式活动。集群鹤和领域鹤间在行为的时间分配上存在显著差异，集群活动有着集体警戒的优势使得集群鹤有了更多的时间用于觅食，但集群中的繁殖家庭并不能有效的利用这种优势，集群密集活动中高的争斗比例给集群中的幼鹤带更多的威胁，增加了繁殖家庭中成鹤的负担。家庭鹤为了维护领域不受侵犯，付出了更高的警戒时间，而减少了觅食的时间分配，但稳定的环境给幼鹤的稳定成长提供了更可靠的保证。鹤群结构组成的研究表明，繁殖家庭倾向于选择在一定的家庭领域中单独活动，非繁殖成鹤则更多的选择活动在集群中。集群中的幼鹤跟家庭中的幼鹤在觅食、警戒、理羽、走动、休息、争斗等主要行为上并无差异，但集群中的幼鹤的躲避攻击的行为要显著高于家庭活动中的幼鹤，说明了家庭活动对幼鹤有着更好的保护作用，集群中的高争斗行为对幼鹤产生了一定的不利影响。幼鹤和成鹤间行为存在明显差异：幼鹤的觅食比例比较高，略高于集群中的成鹤而显著高于家庭中的成鹤，走动和休息两种行为高于成鹤，相反鸣叫、争斗行为低于成鹤。这说明，幼鹤在活动中的警戒作用很少，更多时间是用于觅食和休息中，家庭中的幼鹤也并不更多的承担警戒和维护家庭领域的任务，而同样以觅食和休息为主。 越冬鹤群白天栖息地主要有浅水沼泽、农地、草地、猪拱地和开阔水域5种，其中猪拱地与草甸裸地为浅水沼泽和草地的次生生境。5种栖息地中以浅水沼泽利用比例最大为32.26％，其次是猪拱地（31.49％），然后农地（18.01％）和草地（10.91％）；开阔水域最小，只5.55％（图11）。这5种栖息地中，农地和猪拱地中鹤群的觅食比例最大分别为：78.85％和76.61％，是黑颈鹤越冬季觅食的重要地点之一。草地中鹤群的觅食行为比例（61.63％）相对其它4种栖息地中的觅食比例中最低，相反，移动和休整行为比例最高，是鹤群休息和转换觅食地的场所。鹤群对浅水沼泽的利用率最大，但浅水沼泽中鹤群的觅食比例并不是最高（71.22％），略低于农地和猪拱地中鹤群的觅食比例，这可能是因为沼泽中食物营养比较高，鹤群可以在不高的觅食时间中获取足够的能量造成的。猪拱地和裸泥地的利用率及鹤群在此种栖息地中的觅食比例均较高，仅次于浅水沼泽和农地两种最主要的栖息地类型，说明家畜的影响在一定程度上为越冬鹤群增加了新的觅食地，有利于黑颈鹤的越冬。 纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤春季迁徙时间从3月底开始持续至4月中下旬，2007年春季迁徙共持续时间22天。天气条件和日时间对鹤群的迁徙有着明显的影响，鹤群迁徙主要出现在晴天或多云天气的10:00-12:00段。晴朗的天气有利于形成上升气流，10:00-12:00时间段上升气流最强、最为稳定，能为鹤群迁徙节省最多的能量，有利于鹤群的迁徙。

HIGH-QUALITY INGAP AND INGAP/INALP MULTIPLE-QUANTUM-WELL GROWN BY GAS-SOURCE MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY

Using gas-source molecular beam epitaxy, we have obtained high-quality GaInP and (AlGa)InP epilayers lattice-matched to (100) GaAs substrates. All grown layers exhibited mirror-like surfaces. For a 1.7 mum thick Ga0.5In0.5P film, the Hall electron mobility was 3400 and 30,000 CM2/V. s at 300 and 77 K, respectively. The luminescence wavelength of (AlxGa1-x)InP samples ranged from 680 nm (for GaInP) to 590 nm (for AlInP) at room temperature, and from 644 to 513 nm at 77 K. The multiple quantum well (MQW) structure with well width of 40 angstrom showed strong luminescence intensity with wavelength of 647 nm (300 K) or 622 nm (80 K). The satellite peaks can be detected in double-crystal X-ray (DCXR) diffraction measurements of the MQW samples, which indicates the perfect structural periodicity.

MBE生长轻掺Si高迁移率GaAs材料的杂质补偿特性研究

报道了用MBE生长轻掺Si高迁移率GaAs材料的杂质补偿特性实验研究。已得到77K温度下迁移率为16.2×10~4cm~2/(V·s)的GaAs材料。样品的Hall测量结果表明:在较低的杂质浓度范围(1×10~(13)cm~(-3)＜n＜1×10~(15)cm~(-3))内,在大体相同的生长温度(590℃左右)下,选择适当的生长速率Gr会增强对浅受主杂质的抑制作用,同时也会一致Si的自补偿效应,减小杂质的补偿度N_a/N_d之值,从而提高MBE外延GaAs材料的迁移率。

Optical study of electronic states in GaAsN

GaAs1-xNx alloys with small N composition (x<1%) and GaAsN/GaAs quantum wells (QWs) were studied by continuous wave photoluminescence (PL), pulse wave excitaiton PL and time-resolved PL. In the PL spectra an extra transition located at the higher energy side of the commonly reported N-related emissions was observed. By measuring the PL dependence on temperature and excitation power, the new PL peak was identified as a transition of alloy band edge-related recombination in GaAsN and delocalized transition in QWs. The PL dynamics further confirms its intrinsic nature of band edge states rather than N-related bound states.