Palkitsemisen rooli varainhoitoyrityksessä

Tässä tutkielmassa keskityttiin varainhoitoyrityksen aineellisiin ja aineettomiin palkitsemistapoihin ja arvioitiin niiden vaikutusta tarkasteltavan liiketoimintayksikön tavoitteiden täyttymiseen. Tutkimuksessa tutkittiin myös työmotivaatioon vaikuttavia tekijöitä sekä mahdollisia parannuksia toteutettavaan palkitsemiseen. Tutkimus toteutettiin tapaustutkimuksena laadullisen tutkimuksen keinoin.

Relação entre mercado de terras, crescimento econômico e insegurança fundiária explicada por um modelo a "geração imbricada"

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the land market failures and the economic growth in Brazil, starting from an overlapping model including two sectors: agricultural and industrial. The land is both a specific factor for agriculture and an asset that can be substituted to the capital used in industry. The trade-off between land and capital holding depends, among other factors, on the transaction costs on the land market. These costs result from land insecurity and generate a decrease in the land price that favors capital accumulation. Two assumptions follow from our model: one the one hand, land insecurity has a negative effect on the land price; one the other hand it has a positive effect on economic growth. These two hypotheses are tested on panel data for Brazilian Federation. The econometric results do not reject our hypothesis.

The Dynamic Relationship between Finnish Stock Market and Commodities

Since different stock markets have become more integrated during 2000s, investors need new asset classes in order to gain diversification benefits. Commodities have become popular to invest in and thus it is important to examine whether the investors should use commodities as a part for portfolio diversification. This master’s thesis examines the dynamic relationship between Finnish stock market and commodities. The methodology is based on Vector Autoregressive models (VAR). The long-run relationship between Finnish stock market and commodities is examined with Johansen cointegration while short-run relationship is examined with VAR models and Granger causality test. In addition, impulse response test and forecast error variance decomposition are employed to strengthen the results of short-run relationship. The dynamic relationships might change under different market conditions. Thus, the sample period is divided into two sub-samples in order to reveal whether the dynamic relationship varies under different market conditions. The results show that Finnish stock market has stable long-run relationship with industrial metals, indicating that there would not be diversification benefits among the industrial metals. The long-run relationship between Finnish stock market and energy commodities is not as stable as the long-run relationship between Finnish stock market and industrial metals. Long-run relationship was found in the full sample period and first sub-sample which indicate less room for diversification. However, the long-run relationship disappeared in the second sub-sample which indicates diversification benefits. Long-run relationship between Finnish stock market and agricultural commodities was not found in the full sample period which indicates diversification benefits between the variables. However, long-run relationship was found from both sub-samples. The best diversification benefits would be achieved if investor invested in precious metals. No long-run relationship was found from either sample. In the full sample period OMX Helsinki had short-run relationship with most of the energy commodities and industrial metals and the causality was mostly running from equities to commodities. During the first sub period the number of short-run relationships and causality shrunk but during the crisis period the number of short-run relationships and causality increased. The most notable result found was unidirectional causality from gold to OMX Helsinki during the crisis period.

Inflação e deflação de ativos a partir do mercado imobiliário americano

This paper deals with the financial crisis triggered after the default of subprime mortgages in the United States which expanded to a global systemic crisis. It is divided into a brief introduction and three sections. The first section sums up the dynamics of inflation and deflation of real estate and financial assets which characterizes finance-led cycles. The second section covers major effect of financial assets deflation on the American and European banks. The third section focuses on measures implemented by central banks in order to manage this financial crisis.

A arquitetura do sistema financeiro internacional contemporâneo

This paper discusses some features of financial institutions and instruments which originated the financial crisis triggered by increasing default rate, household real estate and financial asset depreciation combined with U.S. subprime mortgages. The first part presents major crisis events in a chronological order. The second part describes the interconnection of the institutions and markets which engendered a global shadow financial system. The third part focuses on an overview of measures taken by government authorities and large banks to bring about possible solutions for the global financial crisis.

REIT-yhtiöiden arvonmääritys

Sijoittajat ovat historiallisen alahaisesta korkotasosta johtuen etsineet viime vuosina vaihtoehtoisia sijoitusmuotoja korkosijoitusten tilalle. Yksi hyvä vaihtoehto on välillinen kiinteistösijoittaminen pörssinoteeratun kiinteistösijoitusrahaston eli REIT-yhtiön (real estate investment trust) osakkeisiin. REIT-yhtiö harjoittaa kiinteistösijoitustoimintaa eikä se maksa toiminnastaan veroja, mikäli se vain täyttää sille asetetut lainsäädännölliset vaatimukset. REIT-yhtiöt sisältävät sekä suorien kiinteistösijoitusten että osakesijoittamisen piirteitä. REIT-yhtiöiden toiminta on erittäin pääomaintensiivistä, minkä johdosta niiden arvonmääritys ei toimi samalla tavoin kuin tavallisten osakkeiden. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on syventyä REIT-yhtiöihin ja niiden arvonmääritykseen. Tavoitteena on tutkia, miten REIT-yhtiöiden arvonmääritys tapahtuu, mitä erilaisia arvonmääritysmalleja ja -tekniikoita on kehitetty REIT-yhtiöiden arvonmääritykseen ja mitä näistä suomalaiset analyytikot, salkunhoitajat ja asiantuntijat käytännössä käyttävät määrittäessään REIT-yhtiöiden arvoja. Tämän tutkimuksen tutkimusmateriaali koostuu oppikirjoista, lehtiartikkeleista, aiheesta kirjoitetuista akateemisista tutkimuksista, investointipankkien ja muiden yritysten tutkimuksista sekä haastatteluista. Empiriaosuuden aineistonkeruumuotona tässä tutkimuksessa käytetään puolistrukturoitua haastattelua eli teemahaastattelua. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella REIT-yhtiöiden arvonmääritys voidaan toteuttaa eri tavoilla ja käytetyt arvonmääritysmenetelmät ja -mallit ovat pitkälti riippuvaisia siitä, mihin tarkoitukseen arvonmääritystä tehdään. Esimerkiksi analyytikko ja rahaston salkunhoitaja toteuttavat REIT-yhtiöiden arvonmääritystä eri tavoin. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella REIT-yhtiöitä tulisi kohdella arvonmäärityksessä omana pääomaluokkanaan, mutta ne muistuttavat kuitenkin selvästi enemmän osakkeita kuin suoria kiinteistösijoituksia. Hajautuksen suhteen markkinoilla arvostetaan eniten REIT-yhtiöitä, jotka ovat keskittyneet maantieteellisesti tietylle alueelle ja tietyntyyppisiin kiinteistöihin, jolloin sijoittaja tietää tarkemmin mihin sijoittaa sekä saa itse tehdä hajautuksen. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella yksittäisistä arvonmääritysmalleista Suomessa eniten käytössä on yhtiön nettovarallisuutta mittaava NAV-luku (net asset value). Myös REIT-yhtiön operatiivista tulosta mittaavat mallit, kuten EPRA-earnings ja FFO (funds from operations) ovat laajalti käytössä. Tavallisten osakkeiden arvonmäärityksessä yleisesti käytettyä P/E-lukua ei REIT-yhtiöiden arvonmäärityksessä käytetä lainkaan.

Public-private partnership investments in dry ports – Russian logistics markets and risks

The investments have always been considered as an essential backbone and so-called ‘locomotive’ for the competitive economies. However, in various countries, the state has been put under tight budget constraints for the investments in capital intensive projects. In response to this situation, the cooperation between public and private sector has grown based on public-private mechanism. The promotion of favorable arrangement for collaboration between public and private sectors for the provision of policies, services, and infrastructure in Russia can help to address the problems of dry ports development that neither municipalities nor the private sector can solve alone. Especially, the stimulation of public-private collaboration is significant under the exposure to externalities that affect the magnitude of the risks during all phases of project realization. In these circumstances, the risk in the projects also is becoming increasingly a part of joint research and risk management practice, which is viewed as a key approach, aiming to take active actions on existing global and specific factors of uncertainties. Meanwhile, a relatively little progress has been made on the inclusion of the resilience aspects into the planning process of a dry ports construction that would instruct the capacity planner, on how to mitigate the occurrence of disruptions that may lead to million dollars of losses due to the deviation of the future cash flows from the expected financial flows on the project. The current experience shows that the existing methodological base is developed fragmentary within separate steps of supply chain risk management (SCRM) processes: risk identification, risk evaluation, risk mitigation, risk monitoring and control phases. The lack of the systematic approach hinders the solution of the problem of risk management processes of dry port implementation. Therefore, management of various risks during the investments phases of dry port projects still presents a considerable challenge from the practical and theoretical points of view. In this regard, the given research became a logical continuation of fundamental research, existing in the financial models and theories (e.g., capital asset pricing model and real option theory), as well as provided a complementation for the portfolio theory. The goal of the current study is in the design of methods and models for the facilitation of dry port implementation through the mechanism of public-private partnership on the national market that implies the necessity to mitigate, first and foremost, the shortage of the investments and consequences of risks. The problem of the research was formulated on the ground of the identified contradictions. They rose as a continuation of the trade-off between the opportunities that the investors can gain from the development of terminal business in Russia (i.e. dry port implementation) and risks. As a rule, the higher the investment risk, the greater should be their expected return. However, investors have a different tolerance for the risks. That is why it would be advisable to find an optimum investment. In the given study, the optimum relates to the search for the efficient portfolio, which can provide satisfaction to the investor, depending on its degree of risk aversion. There are many theories and methods in finance, concerning investment choices. Nevertheless, the appropriateness and effectiveness of particular methods should be considered with the allowance of the specifics of the investment projects. For example, the investments in dry ports imply not only the lump sum of financial inflows, but also the long-term payback periods. As a result, capital intensity and longevity of their construction determine the necessity from investors to ensure the return on investment (profitability), along with the rapid return on investment (liquidity), without precluding the fact that the stochastic nature of the project environment is hardly described by the formula-based approach. The current theoretical base for the economic appraisals of the dry port projects more often perceives net present value (NPV) as a technique superior to other decision-making criteria. For example, the portfolio theory, which considers different risk preference of an investor and structures of utility, defines net present value as a better criterion of project appraisal than discounted payback period (DPP). Meanwhile, in business practice, the DPP is more popular. Knowing that the NPV is based on the assumptions of certainty of project life, it cannot be an accurate appraisal approach alone to determine whether or not the project should be accepted for the approval in the environment that is not without of uncertainties. In order to reflect the period or the project’s useful life that is exposed to risks due to changes in political, operational, and financial factors, the second capital budgeting criterion – discounted payback period is profoundly important, particularly for the Russian environment. Those statements represent contradictions that exist in the theory and practice of the applied science. Therefore, it would be desirable to relax the assumptions of portfolio theory and regard DPP as not fewer relevant appraisal approach for the assessment of the investment and risk measure. At the same time, the rationality of the use of both project performance criteria depends on the methods and models, with the help of which these appraisal approaches are calculated in feasibility studies. The deterministic methods cannot ensure the required precision of the results, while the stochastic models guarantee the sufficient level of the accuracy and reliability of the obtained results, providing that the risks are properly identified, evaluated, and mitigated. Otherwise, the project performance indicators may not be confirmed during the phase of project realization. For instance, the economic and political instability can result in the undoing of hard-earned gains, leading to the need for the attraction of the additional finances for the project. The sources of the alternative investments, as well as supportive mitigation strategies, can be studied during the initial phases of project development. During this period, the effectiveness of the investments undertakings can also be improved by the inclusion of the various investors, e.g. Russian Railways’ enterprises and other private companies in the dry port projects. However, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the participation of different investors in the project lack the methods and models that would permit doing the particular feasibility study, foreseeing the quantitative characteristics of risks and their mitigation strategies, which can meet the tolerance of the investors to the risks. For this reason, the research proposes a combination of Monte Carlo method, discounted cash flow technique, the theory of real options, and portfolio theory via a system dynamics simulation approach. The use of this methodology allows for comprehensive risk management process of dry port development to cover all aspects of risk identification, risk evaluation, risk mitigation, risk monitoring, and control phases. A designed system dynamics model can be recommended for the decision-makers on the dry port projects that are financed via a public-private partnership. It permits investors to make a decision appraisal based on random variables of net present value and discounted payback period, depending on different risks factors, e.g. revenue risks, land acquisition risks, traffic volume risks, construction hazards, and political risks. In this case, the statistical mean is used for the explication of the expected value of the DPP and NPV; the standard deviation is proposed as a characteristic of risks, while the elasticity coefficient is applied for rating of risks. Additionally, the risk of failure of project investments and guaranteed recoupment of capital investment can be considered with the help of the model. On the whole, the application of these modern methods of simulation creates preconditions for the controlling of the process of dry port development, i.e. making managerial changes and identifying the most stable parameters that contribute to the optimal alternative scenarios of the project realization in the uncertain environment. System dynamics model allows analyzing the interactions in the most complex mechanism of risk management process of the dry ports development and making proposals for the improvement of the effectiveness of the investments via an estimation of different risk management strategies. For the comparison and ranking of these alternatives in their order of preference to the investor, the proposed indicators of the efficiency of the investments, concerning the NPV, DPP, and coefficient of variation, can be used. Thus, rational investors, who averse to taking increased risks unless they are compensated by the commensurate increase in the expected utility of a risky prospect of dry port development, can be guided by the deduced marginal utility of investments. It is computed on the ground of the results from the system dynamics model. In conclusion, the outlined theoretical and practical implications for the management of risks, which are the key characteristics of public-private partnerships, can help analysts and planning managers in budget decision-making, substantially alleviating the effect from various risks and avoiding unnecessary cost overruns in dry port projects.

Liquidity Risk in the Finnish Stock Market

This study explores the pricing of liquidity risk and its effect on stock returns in the Finnish stock market. In addition to that, it investigates whether there is a trend in liquidity risk. Finally, it analyzes whether the two chosen liquidity measures provide different results. The data consists of all the common shares listed in the Finnish stock market during the period of 1/1997–7/2015. To examine whether liquidity risk affects stock returns in the Finnish stock market, this study utilizes a conditional version of liquidity-adjusted capital asset pricing model (LCAPM) by Acharya and Pedersen (2005). Two recently proposed illiquidity measures – PQS and AdjILLIQ – are used in the empirical estimation to see whether there are differences in the results between the measures. The time-varying conditional liquidity risks are estimated by using a multivariate DCC-GARCH model, while the pricing of the liquidity risk is conducted by applying fixed effect panel regression. The results imply that investors in the Finnish stock market are willing to pay a premium to hedge from wealth shocks and having liquid assets during the declined market liquidity. However, investors are not willing to pay a premium for stocks with higher returns during illiquid markets. The total annualized illiquidity premiums found in the Finnish stock market are 1.77% and 1.04%, based on the PQS and AdjILLIQ measures, respectively. The study also shows that liquidity risk does not exhibit decreasing trend, and investors should consider liquidity risk in their portfolio diversification in the Finnish stock market.

Price movement in the Brazilian land market (1994-2010): an analysis in the light of post-Keynesian theory

ABSTRACT The present study aims to evaluate crop, pasture and forest land prices in Brazil, between 1994 and 2010, in the light of Post-Keynesian theory. The results provide evidence that land, more than just a simple factor of production, must be conceived of as an economic asset. In fact, the price of rural land is determined not only by the expected profitability deriving from agricultural activities but also by the agents' expectations about its future appreciation and liquidity in an economic environment permeated with uncertainty. In this context, as an object of speculation, land has been particularly important as a store of value.

Tuotteen identifiointi tuotantoyksikössä

Tämän kandidaatintyön tarkoituksena on käsitellä tuotteen identifiointia. Työssä määritellään mitä tuotteen identifiointi tarkoittaa käsitteenä ja mitä teknologiaa on identifioinnin takana. Työn tärkein anti on konkreettiseen kohdeyritykseen sovellettavien tuotteen identifiointimenetelmien esitteleminen, vertaileminen ja soveltuvimman menetelmän valitseminen. Työssä etsitään soveltuvinta tuotteen identifiointimenetelmää kohdeyrityksen tuotantolinjan vaatimin rajauksin. Tärkeimpiä rajauksia kohdeyrityksen tuotantoon etsittävään menetelmään ovat tuotteen identifioinnin sähköistäminen ja automatisointi. Näiden rajauksien puitteissa kolmeksi tutkittavaksi menetelmäksi on valikoitunut RFID-menetelmä, RuBee-menetelmä ja viivakoodimenetelmä. Näistä jokaisesta menetelmästä esitellään työssä niiden ominaisuudet, laitteistot ja yritysesimerkki, missä käytetään kyseistä menetelmää. Menetelmien ominaisuuksien avulla työssä vertaillaan niiden soveltuvuutta kohdeyrityksen tuotantolinjastoon sen vaatimuksineen. Työssä esiintyvien menetelmien ominaisuuksien vertailua suoritettiin tietyin painoarvoin. Identifiointimenetelmien ominaisuudet ovat hyvin erilaisia ja painoarvottamalla ominaisuuksia on saatu soveltuvin menetelmä kohdeyritykseen. Kohdeyritykseen soveltuvimmaksi menetelmäksi on valittu viivakoodimenetelmä sen ollessa kustannustehokkain kohdeyrityksen tuotannon rajauksien puitteissa.

Financial working capital - management and measurement

Unexpected changes in cash flow have started to occur more frequently after the financial crisis. The capital structures of companies have also changed, and financial flexibility as well as flexible asset management have therefore become more important. This thesis aims at presenting financial working capital management, a part of flexible asset management, as a possibility to gain financial flexibility and survive the changes. This thesis operates in the interface of corporate finance, strategic management and management accounting, and it has two main objectives: to examine financial working capital management and to develop measures of financial working capital. The research in this thesis has been conducted using archival research and design science. Qualitative comparative analysis and model building are used to formulate tools and strategies for financial working capital management. The tools are tested with simulations, case studies and statistical analysis. The empirical data is collected from companies listed in the Helsinki Stock Exchange. The results of this thesis indicate that there are several possible financial working capital management strategies. FOCAL matrix is created in the thesis to assist in the selection of a strategy. The results also imply that profitability can be improved by reducing financial working capital, which creates a need to change the financial working capital management strategy. Financial flow cycle, and its modification, is developed in this thesis to measure financial working capital. Financial working capital as a concept is presented in this thesis with an orientation towards the management view. New dimensions have also been produced to financial management and working capital management, while providing a holistic approach to financial flexibility. Financial working capital management strategies are presented to managers and practical tools are provided for decision-making.

Suomen laskusuhdanteiden vertailu: 1990-luvun laman ja 2000-luvun globaalin finanssikriisin vaikutukset kuluttajille

Suomessa merkittävimpiä talouden laskusuhdanteita ja talouskriisejä ovat sotien jälkeen olleet 1990-luvun alun lama sekä vuonna 2008 alkanut finanssikriisin jälkeinen taantuma. Näillä kahdella ilmiöllä on ollut laajalti vaikutuksia koko kansantalouteemme, ja luonnollisesti suomalaisten kuluttajien taloudellinen hyvinvointi on muuttunut ilmiöiden myötä. Yksilöiden aiempaa huonompi taloudellinen hyvinvointi laskusuhdanteissa aiheutuu laskeneista tuloista, työttömyydestä ja varallisuushintojen laskusta sekä edellä mainittujen seurauksista. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on analysoida ja vertailla 1990-luvun laman ja 2000-luvun globaalin finanssikriisin aiheuttamia taloudellisia vaikutuksia suomalaisille kuluttajille. Lisäksi tarkoituksena on selvittää, minkä eri tekijöiden kautta laskusuhdanteet vaikuttavat kuluttajiin ja miksi. Tutkielman empiirisessä osiossa käytetään pääasiassa Tilastokeskuksen tuottamaa kvantitatiivista materiaalia sekä analyysin rikastamiseksi erilaisia kvalitatiivisia tutkimustuloksia aiheesta. Tutkielman lopputuloksena voidaan todeta 1990-luvun laman vaikuttaneen suomalaisiin kuluttajiin voimakkaammin ja pitkäkestoisemmin kuin finanssikriisin aiheuttaman taantuman. Laman vaikutukset kestivät useita vuosia, ja palautuminen oli hidasta. Erityisen suureksi ongelmaksi nousi työttömyyden voimakas kasvu. Finanssikriisin myötä työttömyys reagoi bruttokansantuotteen laskuun nähden sen sijaan maltillisesti, eivätkä esimerkiksi kotitalouksien tulot laskeneet samalla tavalla kuin laman aikana. Lisäksi merkittävässä osassa 1990-luvun lamaa oli asuntomarkkinoiden hintakupla ja sen puhkeaminen, jolla oli voimakas vaikutus reaalitalouteen. Laskukausien toisistaan poikkeavat vaikutukset johtuvat pitkälti niiden syntyyn johtaneiden syiden eroista sekä valtion talouspoliittisista toimista laskukausien helpottamiseksi. Siinä missä 1990-luvun lama johtui pääasiassa Suomen sisäisistä poliittisista päätöksistä ja pankkisektorista, oli finanssikriisi Suomen ulkopuolinen globaalin rahoitusmarkkinoiden häiriö.

Impact of Product-harm Crisis on Brand Equity: the Moderating Role of Corporate Social Performance

There is an increasing amount of product-harm crisis in the past few years; and the impact of a product-harm crisis becomes more and more influential due to the high increasing speed of globalization. And it is believed that the negative damages to a firm leading to a loss of the intangible assets is bigger than other costs such as the cost of the product recall. Brand equity is a very important and valuable intangible asset for a firm; and it is particularly vulnerable during the crisis. And CSP (CSP) is a hot concept associated with product-harm crisis and brand equity. The aim of this study is to understand how product-harm crisis influences by simultaneously involving CSP as a moderator in a consumer-based level. An experimental study was conducted through an online questionnaire among 198 students in Finland. The questionnaire mainly assessed the consumers’ attitudes towards CSP and brand before/after a fictional product-harm crisis. The results shows that the brand equity was negatively related to the product-harm crisis. And the extent level of crisis’s severity was positively related to the loss of the brand equity; whereas, acknowledged blame was more useful to compensate the loss of brand equity in the low-severity crisis. CSP acted as a moderator role which could compensate the loss of brand equity caused by the product-harm crisis. Managerial implications are also offered for crisis managers, brand managers, and CSR managers.

Markkinointisuunnitelma B2B-konsulttiyritykselle

Kandidaatintyössä luodaan markkinointisuunnitelma Asset Vision Oy:lle. Työssä vastataan tutkimuskysymykseen sekä kahteen alakysymykseen: miten B2B-yritys voi lähestyä potentiaalisia asiakkaitaan, keitä ovat Asset Visionin potentiaaliset asiakkaat ja mitä keinoja yrityksellä on niiden saavuttamiseksi. Työ on rajattu Asset Visionin markkinointisuunnitelman luomiseen sekä sen soveltuvuuden tarkasteluun yritysten välisillä markkinoilla toimivan konsulttiyrityksen markkinoinnissa. Työn teoriaosiossa tarkastellaan kirjallisuuden avulla erilaisia markkinointisuunnitelman luomisessa tarvittavia teoriaviitekehyksiä markkinointialan kirjallisuutta sekä tieteellisiä artikkeleita hyödyntäen. Empiriaosiossa luodaan markkinointisuunnitelma Asset Vision Oy:lle. Asset Visionin tulee viestiä markkinoinnissaan lisäarvon luontia painottamalla markkinoinnissaan kilpailuetujaan laatua ja asiantuntijuutta. Yrityksen on oltava itse aloitteellinen ottamalla yhteyttä potentiaalisiin asiakkaisiin ja markkinoimalla myymiään palveluita. Suunnitelma soveltuu pienin täydennyksin käytettäväksi Asset Visionin markkinoinnissa. Lisäksi sitä voidaan käyttää lähtökohtana luotaessa markkinointisuunnitelmaa yritysten välisillä markkinoilla toimivalle konsulttiyritykselle. Tällaisen yrityksen on viestittävä markkinoinnissaan lisäarvon tuottamista asiakkaalle kilpailuetujen avulla.

Pricing of Liquidity Risks in London Stock Exchange

This thesis aims to investigate pricing of liquidity risks in London Stock Exchange. Liquidity Adjusted Capital Asset Pricing Model i.e. LCAPM developed by Acharya and Pedersen (2005) is being applied to test the influence of various liquidity risks on stock returns in London Stock Exchange. The Liquidity Adjusted Capital Asset Pricing model provides a unified framework for the testing of liquidity risks. All the common stocks listed and delisted for the period of 2000 to 2014 are included in the data sample. The study has incorporated three different measures of liquidity – Percent Quoted Spread, Amihud (2002) and Turnover. The reason behind the application of three different liquidity measures is the multi-dimensional nature of liquidity. Firm fixed effects panel regression is applied for the estimation of LCAPM. However, the results are robust according to Fama-Macbeth regressions. The results of the study indicates that liquidity risks in the form of (i) level of liquidity, (ii) commonality in liquidity (iii) flight to liquidity, (iv) depressed wealth effect and market return as well as aggregate liquidity risk are priced at London Stock Exchange. However, the results are sensitive to the choice of liquidity measures.