Born Globals - da formatação da oportunidade à aprendizagem global

Doutoramento em Gestão.

ADAPTABILIDAD DE LAS FAMILIAS AGRÍCOLAS ANTE PRESIONES ECONÓMICAS Y ECOLÓGICAS: UN CASO DE CAFÉ DE ALTURA EN LEÓN CORTÉS, COSTA RICA

Resumen Los medios de vida de las familias productoras de café de altura están ligados a la finca. Esta relación tan marcada (familia – finca) los hace vulnerables a presiones externas que alteran el funcionamiento cotidiano interno de la unidad productiva. Dentro de estas presiones externas se encuentran los bajos precios, efectos climáticos y plagas en el cafetal. El artículo busca identificar los impactos que ejercen dichas presiones sobre los medios de vida de las familias cafetaleras del cantón de León Cortés, además se intenta mostrar las estrategias que han seguido estas unidades familiares para poder soportar y reponerse a los impactos generados por el clima, las plagas y la inestabilidad de precios del café. Las familias han generado diversas “estrategias de adaptación” en relación con los precios bajos, las organizaciones de productores han buscado nuevas alternativas de comercialización del café, tales como mercado justo y denominación de origen; además, han buscado la generación de un mayor valor agregado mediante la diversificación del producto final enfocado al café de calidad y a la presentación de café molido. Por su parte, las unidades familiares han buscado alternativas de diversificación como la siembra de aguacate. Para combatir las plagas los productores se han enfocado en la introducción de prácticas de conservación de suelos, mejorar sistemas de recolección e introducir sombra en los cultivos; el combate químico también ha sido una estrategia. Por último, la presión del clima no había sido muy tomada en cuenta por los caficultores de la zona, sin embargo, la Tormenta Alma sufrida en el año 2008 hizo que los caficultores comenzaran a pensar en un manejo adecuado y sostenible de la finca que minimice el riesgo climático. Abstract Livelihoods of family coffee growers are strongly determined by their farm. This makes families vulnerable to external shocks that affect the operations in the plot. Within these external shocks are included low prices, pests, and climate effects on the plantation. This paper aims to identify the impact of the aforementioned shocks on family coffee grower livelihoods in the canton of León Cortés. For this purpose, the article shows the strategies followed by families in order to support and recover themselves from the impact which come from climate, pests, and coffee price instability. Families have pursued various “adapting strategies”. Regarding low prices, producers' organizations have sought coffee marketing alternatives, such as fair trade and appellation of origin. Likewise, they work on increasing added value through diversification, improving coffee quality, and by a better packaging of ground coffee. Also, households have sought diversification options, such as avocado production. In order to combat pests, producers have focused on the introduction of soil conservation practices, improvement of collection systems, growing trees on coffee plantations, and chemical control. Finally, climate shocks had not been considered as a real problem by the farmers until the storm Alma affected the region. Nowadays, they think more about sound and sustainable management for their farm.

O mandado de injunção e a abstrativização do exercício da jurisdição constitucional

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Direito, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Estado e Constituição, 2016.

La requalification professionnelle : cas des aides familiales résidantes du Québec

Le Programme des aides familiales résidantes (PAFR) a été en vigueur de 1992 jusqu’au 30 novembre 2014. Il s’agit d’un programme fédéral canadien par lequel des femmes originaires des Philippines en majorité et ayant obtenu un diplôme d’études postsecondaires migraient partout au Canada. Sous ce programme, celles-ci se retrouvaient avec un statut de migrante temporaire. Elles avaient la possibilité d’obtenir leur résidence permanente après avoir complété 24 mois de travail en tant qu’aides familiales. Elles devaient travailler au domicile privé d’un employeur dont le nom était inscrit sur leur permis de travail, chez qui elles avaient aussi l’obligation de résidence. En travaillant en tant qu’aides familiales résidantes, ces femmes étaient et sont toujours placées dans une situation de déqualification professionnelle inévitable qui semble se prolonger à long terme. Cette situation est notamment attribuable à la non-reconnaissance de leurs qualifications étrangères ainsi qu’à la structure du PAFR. Cette recherche porte donc sur le parcours de requalification professionnelle de ces migrantes, que certaines utilisent comme stratégie pour remédier à cette situation. En plus de s’intéresser à leur période de travail en tant qu’aides familiales résidantes, cette recherche étudie le parcours de requalification professionnelle en quatre étapes : la décision de participer à la formation ; le choix de l’orientation professionnelle ; le déroulement des études ; l’accès à un emploi correspondant à la formation. L’objectif est de connaître l’impact qu’aura le passage de celles-ci par le PAFR, sur leur parcours de requalification. Les résultats obtenus à l’aide de onze entretiens semi-dirigés, avec des femmes étant venues à Montréal par le programme, montrent qu’à long terme, le diplôme obtenu localement peut améliorer une situation professionnelle, mais ce n’est pas une garantie. Des obstacles comme l’isolement ainsi que l’impossibilité pour ces femmes de se construire un capital financier et social persistent et affectent toutes celles ayant migré sous le programme, qu’elles aient fait un retour aux études ou non.

Not Getting By: Poverty Management and Homelessness in Miami

Urban inequality has emerged as one of the dominant themes of modern life and globalization. More than three million people experienced homelessness in the United States last year; in Miami-Dade, more than 15,000 individuals were homeless. Surviving extreme poverty, and exiting or avoiding homelessness, involves negotiating a complex mix of public and private assistance. However, a range of factors influence what types of help are available and how they can be accessed. Frequently, larger social structures determine which resource are available, leaving many choices entirely out of the individual’s control. For single men, who are ineligible for many benefits, homelessness can be difficult to avoid and even harder to exit. My study seeks to better understand how adult, minority men living in extreme poverty in Miami-Dade negotiate their daily survival. Specific research questions address: Do black and Hispanic men who are homeless or at risk of homelessness have different personal characteristics and different experiences in avoiding or exiting homelessness? How does Miami’s response to extreme poverty/homelessness, including availability of public benefits and public and private service organizations, either maximize or constrain the choices available to this population? And, what is the actual experience of single, adult men who are homeless or at risk of homelessness, in negotiating their daily survival? A mixed methods approach combines quantitative survey data from 7,605 homeless men, with qualitative data from 54 semi-structured interviews incorporating the visual ethnography techniques of Photo Elicitation Interviewing. Results show the differences experienced by black and Hispanic men who are poor and homeless in Miami. Findings also highlight how the community’s official and unofficial responses to homelessness intersect with the actual experiences of the persons targeted by the policies and programs, challenging preconceived notions regarding the lives of persons living in extreme poverty. It adds to the existing body of literature by focusing on the urban Miami context, emphasizing disparities amongst racial and ethnic groups. Findings are intended to provide an empirically grounded thesis that humanizes the subjects and illuminates their personal experiences, helping to inform public policy around the needs of extremely poor populations.

An Analysis of the Factors that Influence Regional Economic Development Cooperation

This dissertation is a comparative case study of regional cooperation in the field of economic development. In the 21st century global economy, proponents of regionalism have put forth fresh arguments for collective action. A regional approach to economic development activity presents a classic social dilemma: How can local officials collectively improve the economic prospects of a region, and remain autonomous to act in the best interest of the local community? This research examines the role of social capital in overcoming this social dilemma. Three (3) comparable Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) form the empirical basis of this research. The Houston MSA, the Atlanta MSA and the Miami MSA present distinct variations of regionalized economic development activity. This dissertation seeks to explain this disparity in the dependent variable. The hypothesis is that accrued social capital is crucial to obtaining economic development cooperative agreements. This qualitative research utilized secondary demographic and economic databases, survey instruments, interviews, field observations, and a review of legislative and administrative decisions to formulate a clear understanding of the factors influencing the current state of regional economic development cooperation within each region. The study concludes that the legislative and executive decisions of state government exert inordinate influence on the capacity of local officials to cooperate regionally for economic development purposes.

Tocqueville in Miami : political culture and political organizing in Miami's Cuban community

This study examines the effectiveness of civic organizations focusing on leadership and the role of culture in politics. The study is based on a quasi-experimental research design and relies primarily on qualitative data. The study focuses on Miami's Cuban community in order to examine the role of public initiative in grassroots civic and community organizations. The Miami Cuban community is a large, institutionally complex and cohesive ethnic community with dense networks of community organizations. The political and economic success of the community makes it an opportune setting for a study of civic organizing. The sheer number of civic organizations to be found in Miami's Cuban community suggests that the community's civic organizations have something to do with the considerable vibrancy and civic capacity of the community. How have the organizations managed to be so successful over so many years and what can be learned about successful civic organizing from their experience? Civic organizations in Miami's Cuban community are overwhelmingly ethnic-based organizations. The organizations recreate collective symbols that come from community members' memories of and attachments to the place of origin they hold dear as ethnic Cubans. They recreate a collective Cuban past that community members remember and that is the very basis of the community to which they belong. Cuban Miami's ethnically based civic organizations have generally performed better than the literature on civic organizations says they should. They gained greater access to community ties and social capital, and they exhibited greater organizational longevity. The fit between the political culture of civic organizations and that of the broader political community helps to explain this success. Yet they do not perform in the same way or in support of the same social purposes. Some stress individual agency rather than community agency, and some pursue an externally-oriented social purpose, whereas others focus on building an internal community.

Book review: Laurel Kamada, Hybrid Identities and Adolescent Girls: Being Half in Japan. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2010

Arguably, the catalyst for the best research studies using social analysis of discourse is personal ‘lived’ experience. This is certainly the case for Kamada, who, as a white American woman with a Japanese spouse, had to deal first hand with the racialization of her son. Like many other mixed-ethnic parents, she experienced the shock and disap-pointment of finding her child being racialized as ‘Chinese’ in America through peer group taunts, and constituted as gaijin (a foreigner) in his own homeland of Japan. As a member of an e-list of the (Japan) Bilingualism Special Interest Group (BSIG), Kamada learnt that other parents from the English-speaking foreign community in Japan had similar disturbing stories to tell of their mixed-ethnic children who, upon entering the Japanese school system, were mocked, bullied and marginalized by their peers. She men-tions a pervasive Japanese proverb which warns of diversity or difference getting squashed: ‘The nail that sticks up gets hammered down’. This imperative to conform to Japanese behavioural and discursive norms prompted Kamada’s quest to investigate the impact of ‘otherization’ on the identities of children of mixed parentage. In this fascinat-ing book, she shows that this pressure to conform is balanced by a corresponding cele-bration of ‘hybrid’ or mixed identities. The children in her study are also able to negotiate their identities positively as they come to terms with contradictory discursive notions of ‘Japaneseness’, ‘whiteness’ and ‘halfness/doubleness’.The discursive construction of identity has become a central concern amongst researchers across a wide range of academic disciplines within the humanities and the social sciences, and most existing work either concentrates on a specific identity cate-gory, such as gender, sexuality or national identity, or else offers a broader discussion of how identity is theorized. Kamada’s book is refreshing because it crosses the usual boundaries and offers divergent insights on identity in a number of ways. First, using the term ‘ethno-gendering’, she examines the ways in which six mixed-ethnic girls living in Japan accomplish and manage the relationship between their gender and ethnic ‘differ-ences’ from age 12 to 15. She analyses in close detail how their actions or displays within certain situated interactions might come into conflict with how they are seen or constituted by others. Second, Kamada’s study builds on contemporary writing on the benefits of hybridity where identities are fluid, flexible and indeterminate, and which contest the usual monolithic distinctions of gender, ethnicity, class, etc. Here, Kamada carves out an original space for her findings. While scholars have often investigated changing identities and language practices of young people who have been geographi-cally displaced and are newcomers to the local language, Kamada’s participants were all born and brought up in Japan, were fluent in Japanese and were relatively proficient in English. Third, the author refuses to conceptualize or theorize identity from a single given viewpoint in preference to others, but in postmodernist spirit draws upon multiple perspectives and frameworks of discourse analysis in order to create different forms of knowledge and understandings of her subject. Drawing on this ‘multi-perspectival’ approach, Kamada examines grammatical, lexical, rhetorical and interactional features from six extensive conversations, to show how her participants position their diverse identities in relation to their friends, to the researcher and to the outside world. Kamada’s study is driven by three clear aims. The first is to find out ‘whether there are any tensions and dilemmas in the ways adolescent girls of Japanese and “white” mixed parentage in Japan identify themselves in terms of ethnicity’. In Chapter 4, she shows how the girls indeed felt that they stood out as different and consequently experienced isolation, marginalization and bullying at school – although they were able to make better sense of this as they grew older, repositioning the bullies as pitiable. The second aim is to ask how, if at all, her participants celebrate their ethnicity, and furthermore, what kind of symbolic, linguistic and social capital they were able to claim for themselves on the basis of their hybrid identities. In Chapter 5, Kamada shows how the girls over time were able to constitute themselves as insiders while constituting ‘the Japanese’ as outsiders, and their network of mixed-ethnic friends was a key means to achieve this. In Chapter 6, the author develops this potential celebration of the girls’ mixed ethnicity by investigating the privileges they perceived it afforded them – for example, having the advantage of pos-sessing English proficiency and intercultural ‘savvy’ in a globalized world. Kamada’s third aim is to ask how her participants positioned themselves and performed their hybrid identities on the basis of their constituted appearance: that is, how the girls saw them-selves based on how they looked to others. In Chapter 7, the author shows that, while there are competing discourses at work, the girls are able to take up empowering positions within a discourse of ‘foreigner attractiveness’ or ‘a white-Western female beauty’ discourse, which provides them with a certain cachet among their Japanese peers. Throughout the book, Kamada adopts a highly self-reflexive perspective of her own position as author. For example, she interrogates the fact that she may have changed the lived reality of her six participants during the course of her research study. As the six girls, who were ‘best friends’, lived in different parts of the Morita region of Japan, she had to be proactive in organizing six separate ‘get-togethers’ through the course of her three-year study. She acknowledges that she did not collect ‘naturally occurring data’ but rather co-constructed opportunities for the girls to meet and talk on a regular basis. At these meetings, she encouraged the girls to discuss matters of identity, prompted by open-ended interview questions, by stimulus materials such as photos, articles and pic-tures, and by individual tasks such as drawing self-portraits. By giving her participants a platform in this way, Kamada not only elicited some very rich spoken data but also ‘helped in some way to shape the attitudes and self-images of the girls positively, in ways that might not have developed had these get-togethers not occurred’ (p. 221). While the data she gathers are indeed rich, it may well be asked whether there is a mismatch between the girls’ frank and engaging accounts of personal experience, and the social constructionist academic register in which these are later re-articulated. When Kamada writes, ‘Rina related how within the more narrow range of discourses that she had to draw on in her past, she was disempowered and marginalized’ (p. 118), we know that Rina’s actual words were very different. Would she really recognize, understand and agree with the reported speech of the researcher? This small omission of self-reflexivity apart – an omission which is true of most lin-guistic ethnography conducted today – Kamada has written a unique, engaging and thought-provoking book which offers a model to future discourse analysts investigating hybrid identities. The idea that speakers can draw upon competing discourses or reper-toires to constitute their identities in contrasting, creative and positive ways provides linguistic researchers with a clear orientation by which to analyse the contradictions of identity construction as they occur across time in different discursive contexts

La requalification professionnelle : cas des aides familiales résidantes du Québec

Le Programme des aides familiales résidantes (PAFR) a été en vigueur de 1992 jusqu’au 30 novembre 2014. Il s’agit d’un programme fédéral canadien par lequel des femmes originaires des Philippines en majorité et ayant obtenu un diplôme d’études postsecondaires migraient partout au Canada. Sous ce programme, celles-ci se retrouvaient avec un statut de migrante temporaire. Elles avaient la possibilité d’obtenir leur résidence permanente après avoir complété 24 mois de travail en tant qu’aides familiales. Elles devaient travailler au domicile privé d’un employeur dont le nom était inscrit sur leur permis de travail, chez qui elles avaient aussi l’obligation de résidence. En travaillant en tant qu’aides familiales résidantes, ces femmes étaient et sont toujours placées dans une situation de déqualification professionnelle inévitable qui semble se prolonger à long terme. Cette situation est notamment attribuable à la non-reconnaissance de leurs qualifications étrangères ainsi qu’à la structure du PAFR. Cette recherche porte donc sur le parcours de requalification professionnelle de ces migrantes, que certaines utilisent comme stratégie pour remédier à cette situation. En plus de s’intéresser à leur période de travail en tant qu’aides familiales résidantes, cette recherche étudie le parcours de requalification professionnelle en quatre étapes : la décision de participer à la formation ; le choix de l’orientation professionnelle ; le déroulement des études ; l’accès à un emploi correspondant à la formation. L’objectif est de connaître l’impact qu’aura le passage de celles-ci par le PAFR, sur leur parcours de requalification. Les résultats obtenus à l’aide de onze entretiens semi-dirigés, avec des femmes étant venues à Montréal par le programme, montrent qu’à long terme, le diplôme obtenu localement peut améliorer une situation professionnelle, mais ce n’est pas une garantie. Des obstacles comme l’isolement ainsi que l’impossibilité pour ces femmes de se construire un capital financier et social persistent et affectent toutes celles ayant migré sous le programme, qu’elles aient fait un retour aux études ou non.

NEIGHBORHOOD PERCEPTION OF SAFETY AND THE MOBILITY GAP BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN OLD AGE

Thesis (Master, Community Health & Epidemiology) -- Queen's University, 2016-10-02 21:02:07.735

Playing with tension; national charisma at Euro 2012

European National football came together in the summer of 2012 for the 14th occasion. This book sets out to examine the enduring social tensions between supporters and authorities, as well as those between local, national and European identities, which formed the backdrop to the 14th staging of the European National football tournament, Euro2012. The context of the tournament was somewhat unique from those staged in previous years, being jointly hosted for the first time by two post-Communist nations still in the process of social and economic transition. In this respect, the decision to stage Euro 2012 in Poland and Ukraine bore its own material and symbolic legacies shaping the tournament: the unsettling of neo-liberal imaginings and emergent ‘East-West’ fears about poor infrastructure, inefficiencies and corruption jostled with moral panics about racism and fears surrounding the potentially unfulfilled consumerist expectations of west European supporters. The book seeks to explore the ideologies and practices invoked by competing national sentiments and examine the social tensions, ambiguities and social capital generating potentials surrounding national, ethnic, European identity, with respect to national football teams, supporters and supporter movements.

Entrepreneurship: a long way to go

Entrepreneurship education has emerged as one popular research domain in academic fields given its aim at enhancing and developing certain entrepreneurial qualities of undergraduates that change their state of behavior, even their entrepreneurial inclination and finally may result in the formation of new businesses as well as new job opportunities. This study attempts to investigate the Colombian student´s entrepreneurial qualities and the influence of entrepreneurial education during their studies.

Papel de la comunidad internacional en la resocialización de niños soldados desvinculados del ejército de resistencia del señor en Uganda (2002-2013)

El objetivo de esta investigación diagnóstica es evaluar las acciones de la Comunidad Internacional en materia de resocialización de niños soldados desvinculados del Ejército de Resistencia del Señor (ERS) en Uganda durante el periodo de 2002 a 2013. Para ello, se hace un análisis de las causas de la existencia de niños soldados, donde se tiene en cuenta la evolución del concepto de la infancia y las particularidades que éste representa en el contexto africano. Así mismo, son analizados los alcances y limitaciones del modelo de asistencia humanitaria para la protección de la niñez enfatizando en los procesos de resocialización brindados a los niños desvinculados del ERS. Esto con el fin de evidenciar las limitaciones de la actuación de la Comunidad Internacional, y brindar una serie de recomendaciones para la implementación de programas de resocialización enfocados en la infancia.

Inteligencia territorial para la recuperación de las dinámicas socio-productivas en la subregión de Lengupá (Boyacá, Colombia)

Este documento corresponde al ejercicio preliminar de la línea de investigación en dinámicas territoriales, y es uno de los artículos científicos propuestos como resultado del Proyecto de investigación “Inteligencia territorial para la recuperación de las dinámicas socio-productivas de la subregión de Lengupá”. Por lo tanto, presenta los resultados de la fase exploratoria, correspondiente al diagnóstico regional en el marco de los enfoques teóricos desde los cuales la región es estudiada. A continuación, se presentarán los dos pilares fundamentales de ésta investigación: el territorio y la Inteligencia Territorial. En el caso del territorio, este proceso de investigación parte de un diferenciación previa respecto al lugar y al espacio, debido a que en el territorio se dan relaciones históricas y de poder en una relación dialéctica, entre los atributos ecológicos y culturales, teniendo en cuenta el planteamiento de Sasquet, (2015) cuando menciona que para comprender el territorio es necesario comprender el espacio geográfico, territorialidad humana, en escala subregional y a través del tiempo.

Accidentes de trabajo e índice de masa corporal en vigilantes atendidos en una I.P.S. de salud ocupacional, Bogotá - Colombia, 2015

INTRODUCCIÓN: Todos los individuos dentro de una sociedad tienen derecho a disfrutar de una integridad física, mental y de sus bienes materiales, que en principio debe ser garantizada por el Estado, sin embargo, debido a la ineficacia y falta de alcance en la disponibilidad de hombres y mujeres para cuidar a cada persona y empresa, la Seguridad Privada ha surgido como actividad económica para garantizar éste servicio de manera individualizada. No obstante a ello, poco se sabe acerca de las características de las personas que desempeñan ésta labor, así como las demandas inherentes a ésta actividad económica; sin embargo, en poblaciones económicamente similares, se documenta a través de la literatura la aparente relación entre la condición física del individuo y la presentación de accidentes de trabajo. OBJETIVO: Establecer la relación entre los accidentes de trabajo y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en vigilantes atendidos en una I.P.S. de Salud Ocupacional en la ciudad de Bogotá-Colombia, durante el año 2015. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de corte transversal, con datos secundarios de una base de datos de 76 registros, procedentes de las historias clínicas médico ocupacionales realizadas a una población de trabajadores del sector de la Vigilancia o Seguridad Privada, durante su atención en una Institución Prestadora de Salud (I.P.S.) de Salud Ocupacional. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, ocupacionales, las relacionadas con los accidentes de trabajo y el índice de masa corporal. Se obtuvieron las frecuencias univariadas y para las variables de tipo cuantitativo, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, además de buscar potenciales asociaciones estadísticas, para conocer las variables que se relacionan con el evento estudiado. RESULTADOS: En éste proyecto se destaca que de los trabajadores que desempeñan la actividad económica de Vigilancia y Seguridad Privada, se encuentran en el grupo de 20 a 39 años (56.5%) y pertenecen al género masculino (84.2%); dichos factores contribuyen a la ocurrencia de los accidentes de trabajo (OR de 1.7 y 2.0 respectivamente). Además el I.M.C. de sobrepeso (OR 1.8), la obesidad (OR 1.4); y en sí el cargo de Vigilante concurren a la accidentalidad laboral (OR de 1.1) y con ello al incremento de incapacidad laboral en un 85.5% de 0 a 60 días. CONCLUSIONES: Se deben establecer medidas encaminadas al emprendimiento de sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica que mitiguen y minimicen el riesgo, con ello la presencia de eventos no deseados en el ámbito laboral para ésta población y la disminución del ausentismo laboral.