Muotin suunnittelu- ja valmistusprossin parantaminen solumuoviteollisuudessa

Diplomityö tehtiin Pohjoismainen Solumuovi Oy:lle. Tutkimusongelmaksi määriteltiin hyvin selkeästi tiedon puute muottien suunnittelusta sekä valmistuksesta. Työn tavoite oli parantaa solumuovituotteiden valmistuksessa käytettävien muottien laatua. Työn rajaus asettuu uusien muottien suunnittelu- ja valmistusprosessin parantamiseen. Työssä käsiteltiin tämän prosessin lisäksi mm. mallisuunnittelua, sekä koneen ja prosessien ominaisuuksia niiden muoteille asettamien vaatimusten pohjalta. Muottien ominaisuuksien oikeaoppinen suunnittelu on erittäin tärkeässä roolissa tulevien tuotantokustannusten muodostumisessa. Oikeaoppisella suunnittelulla tarkoitetaan työssä muottien eri osa-alueiden toisiinsa kytkeytymisen ymmärtämistä, niin muotin toimivuuden, lopputuotteen laadun sekä muotin tehokkuuden kannalta. Muottien ominaisuudet määräävät ideaalitilanteessa pitkälti koneiden sykliaikoja käytettävän raaka-aineen ja kappaleen dimensioiden lisäksi. Tämän vuoksi tilanteessa, jossa itse kone toimii moitteettomasti vakuumin, materiaalinsyötön, jäähdytyksen ja höyrytyksen osalta, saadaan muotin oikeaoppisella suunnittelulla lyhennettyä sykliaikoja ja vähennettyä virhekappaleiden määrää. Solumuovimuotin suunnitteluperiaatteita on lähes yhtä monta kuin suunnittelijoita. Mitään yksittäistä periaatetta ei voida suoraan tuomita vääränä, koska näillä muoteilla pystytään valmistamaan laadun kriteerit täyttäviä tuotteita. Useimmat suunnitteluperiaatteet pohjautuvat kuitenkin vain tietyn osa-alueen hallintaan, jonka jälkeen loput osa-alueet suunnitellaan tämän ehdoilla. Työssä saatujen tulosten pohjalta voidaan sanoa, että muotin tuottavuus on erityisesti kiinni kokonaisuudesta, ei yksittäisestä osa-alueesta.

Paperin aistinvarainen arviointi

Paperin tärkeiden teknisten ominaisuuksien lisäksi myös paperin aistinvaraiset ominaisuudet ovat nousseet merkittäviksi parametreiksi paperia luonnehdittaessa. Aistinvaraisilla ominaisuuksilla tarkoitetaan ominaisuuksia, jotka ihminen aistii käsitellessään tuotetta. Tällaisia ominaisuuksia ovat esimerkiksi paperin karheus, liukkaus, jäykkyys sekä ääni paperia selattaessa. Paperin aistinvaraiset ominaisuudet luovat lukijalle mielikuvan lukemastaan lehdestä lehden sisällön lisäksi. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli kehittää olemassa olevan aistinvaraisten ominaisuuksien arviointiraadin toimintaa. Arviointimenetelmän tilalle pyrittiin löytämään toinen menetelmä sekä kehittämään uusi tulosten raportointimalli. Työssä käytettiin kahta subjektiivista arviointimenetelmää, parivertailua ja ranking-menetelmää. Tuloksia verrattiin aiemmin käytössä olleen referenssimenetelmän tuloksiin. Näytteistä arvioitiin karheus, liukkaus, tahmeus, jäykkyys, selailtavuus, äänen voimakkuus ja äänen laatu. Näiden lisäksi näytteiden miellyttävyyttä arvioitiin parivertailua käyttäen. Arvioitsijoiden yksimielisyyttä selvitettiin parivertailun yhteydessä. Näytteet olivat painamattomia, mutta painokoneen läpi menneitä lehtiformaattiin taitettuja. Visuaalisissa arvioinneissa käytettiin painettuja näytteitä samasta paperivalikoimasta. Arviointimenetelmien tuloksia vertailtaessa, voidaan menetelmien välillä havaita muutamia eroja. Sekä parivertailussa että ranking-menetelmässä näytteet jakaantuivat lähes kokonaan annetulle arviointiskaalalle, kun referenssimenetelmällä ne kasautuivat hyvin pienelle alueelle. Ranking-menetelmässä näytteet jakautuivat vielä laajemmalle kuin parivertailussa. Parivertailu erotteli näytteet paremmin toisistaan kuin referenssimenetelmä. Ranking-menetelmän ja parivertailun välillä vastaavaa eroa erotuskyvyssä ei havaittu. Tulosten perusteella voidaan sanoa, että parivertailu

A quasi-materialist, quasi-dualist solution to the mind-body problem

If the mental can affect, or be affected by, the physical, then the mental must itself be physical. Otherwise the physical world would not be explanatorily closed. But it is closed. There are reasons to hold that materialism (in both its reductive and non-reductive varieties) is false. So how are we to explain the apparent responsiveness of the physical to the mental and vice versa? The only possible solution seems to be this: physical objects are really projections or isomorphs of objects whose essential properties are mental. (A slightly less accurate way of putting this would be to say: the constitutive - i.e. the non-structural and non-phenomenal - properties of physical objects are mental, i.e. are such as we are used to encountering only in "introspection".) The chair, qua thing that I can know through sense perception, and through hypotheses based strictly thereupon, is a kind of shadow of an object that is exactly like it, except that this other objects essential properties are mental. This line of thought, though radically counterintuitive, explains the apparent responsiveness of the mental to the physical, and vice versa, without being open to any of the criticisms to which materialism, dualistic interaction ism, and epiphenomenalism are open.

Kävijätietojen kerääminen ja hyödyntäminen osana verkkopalveluita

Kävijätietojen keräys ja tiedon hyödyntäminen ovat monelle yritykselle yksi lisäkeino saavuttaa kohdeasiakkaansa sekä tarjota heille uusia lisäpalveluita. Kävijätietojen seuraamiselle sekä näiden tietojen hyödyntämiselle löytyy lukuisia käyttökohteita aina hakukoneoptimoinnista uusien asiakkaiden etsimiseen. Moni yritys onkin löytänyt tästä itselleen uuden toimialan. Työn tavoitteena on toteuttaa IP-pohjainen kävijätietojen keräämiseen soveltuva ohjelma, jonka tietoja pystytään hyödyntämään yrityksessä, jonka tuotekonseptiin kuuluu tarjota loppukäyttäjälle maksuttomia hakemisto- ja yhteystietopalveluita. Työssä keskitytään erityisesti ylläpidettävän kävijätietorekisterin luomiseen, mutta esitellään myös, kuinka esimerkiksi yrityksen hakutuloksia voidaan kerätyillä kävijätiedoilla tehostaa sekä tarjota palveluja käyttäville asiakkaille uusia lisäpalveluita. Työssä pyritään hyödyntämään tarjolla olevia avoimiin lisensseihin pohjautuvia ratkaisuja. Tiedonkeruuta toteutettaessa on jo alussa otettava huomioon, että tiedosta ei saada täysin eksaktia, vaan suuntaa-antavaa. Tämä ei kuitenkaan poista sitä, ettei tietoa voisi hyväksikäyttää.

Hållpunkter för lärande : småbarns möten

Developed from human activities, mathematical knowledge is bound to the world and cultures that men and women experience. One can say that mathematics is rooted in humans’ everyday life, an environment where people reach agreement regarding certain “laws” and principles in mathematics. Through interaction with worldly phenomena and people, children will always gain experience that they can then in turn use to understand future situations. Consequently, the environment in which a child grows up plays an important role in what that child experiences and what possibilities for learning that child has. Variation theory, a branch of phenomenographical research, defines human learning as changes in understanding and acting towards a specific phenomenon. Variation theory implies a focus on that which it is possible to learn in a specific learning situation, since only a limited number of critical aspects of a phenomenon can be simultaneously discerned and focused on. The aim of this study is to discern how toddlers experience and learn mathematics in a daycare environment. The study focuses on what toddlers experience, how their learning experience is formed, and how toddlers use their understanding to master their environment. Twenty-three children were observed videographically during everyday activities. The videographic methodology aims to describe and interpret human actions in natural settings. The children are aged from 1 year, 1 month to 3 years, 9 months. Descriptions of the toddlers’ actions and communication with other children and adults are analyzed phenomenographically in order to discover how the children come to understand the different aspects of mathematics they encounter. The study’s analysis reveals that toddlers encounter various mathematical concepts, similarities and differences, and the relationship between parts and whole. Children form their understanding of such aspects in interaction with other children and adults in their everyday life. The results also show that for a certain type of learning to occur, some critical conditions must exist. Variation, simultaneity, reasonableness and fixed points are critical conditions of learning that appear to be important for toddlers’ learning. These four critical conditions are integral parts of the learning process. How children understand mathematics influences how they use mathematics as a tool to master their surrounding world. The results of the study’s analysis of how children use their understanding of mathematics shows that children use mathematics to uphold societal rules, to describe their surrounding world, and as a tool for problem solving. Accordingly, mathematics can be considered a very important phenomenon that children should come into contact with in different ways and which needs to be recognized as a necessary part of children’s everyday life. Adults working with young children play an important role in setting perimeters for children’s experiences and possibilities to explore mathematical concepts and phenomena. Therefore, this study is significant as regards understanding how children learn mathematics through everyday activities.

Att lära för livet hemma och i skolan : elevers uppfattningar av kost och hälsa, konsumtion och privatekonomi samt hushåll och miljö

The home is an important societal arena for upbringing and learning. A child can experience a feeling of participation in the household he or she belongs to very early in life. In this manner, the home environment constitutes an essential foundation for instruction in the subject of Home Economics. At school, Home Economics pupils should fulfill the intentions that school curriculum has for the subject, that is to say develop the knowledge, skills, and values that allow pupils to be able to take responsibility for their health, finances, comfort, and safety in their close environment. The purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, the study aims to examine what knowledge and attitudes children and teenagers have acquired from their home environment, close environment, as well as school. Secondly, the study aims to evaluate the effects of instruction in Home Economics, at the 7th grade level, as regards diet and health, consumption and private finances, as well as household and the environment. The study’s methodological foundation focuses on pupils’ understanding of the surrounding world. A phenomenographical approach to the research phenomenon basis itself on the supposition that knowledge is fixed in human beings’ consciousness and experiences. Furthermore, the study stresses individual variations in conjunction with the experienced phenomenon. The empirical portion of the study is based on semistructured interviews of 30 pupils divided into two reference groups. The pupils were interviewed before instruction in the subject of Home Economics started and upon completing instruction. The interview data was analyzed and interpreted in accordance with the “multistage model”. The study results show that upbringing in the home environment is determinative as pertains to understanding of the socio-cultural household environment. Mealtime traditions, for example, are deeply ingrained but nonetheless influenced by lifestyle changes. The study shows that a didactic challenge exists to draw attention to the consequences of poor mealtime habits and stress for everyone raising or educating children and teenagers. Despite good knowledge of what a healthy diet is, the majority of pupils choose fast-food and junk-food when they eat out to save time and money. Studies of pupils’ preparedness for consumption show that a purposeful upbringing in the home in combination with relevant instruction in Home Economics, results in knowledgeable consumers. This study also shows that upbringing in the home environment and instruction in Home Economics requires an intense and conscious focus on the consequences of a household not run in accordance with nature, where the household lifestyle is nonsustainable. Pupils’ understanding is often based on the disregarding of the survival perspective for a comfort perspective. Parents and Home Economics teachers should be able to bring up and teach children and teenagers in a manner that allows children and teenagers to take responsibility for their health, private finances, as well as comfort and safety in the close environment. The method is conscious nurturing and instruction.

Hemmet som ethos : en idéhistorisk studie av hur hemmet som ethos blev evident i hälsosysterns vårdande under 1900-talets första hälft

The home as ethos, an ethical dimension of human beings, is this study’s focus of interest. Can the home as ethos comprise motive and driving force for a human being? This dissertation has a mainly hermeneutic approach with a Caring Science interpretive horizon. Firstly, the purpose of this study is to develop the concept “home” through etymological and semantic analysis. The concept’s Caring Science content is also investigated. Secondly, the purpose of this study is to investigate, through the use of a history of ideas method, how the home as ethos is made visible and evident in public health nurses’ caring during the first half of the 20th century. Which motives compromise the driving force behind public health nurses’ caring? Which idea patterns are stressed? Material for the study’s concept determination consists of tymological dictionaries as well as Swedish language dictionaries published from 1850 – 2001. The results of the concept determination provide a preliminary idea-model, where dimensions such as ethos as a human being’s innermost room, human beings’ manner of being, and the metaphor “my home is my castle” are stressed. These results comprise the background of the history of ideas portion of the study. The study’s history of ideas investigation occurs through the evaluation and interpretation of historical sources focusing on the caring provided by public health nurses. Public health nurses comprise both the context and prevalent traditions during the time-period studied. The historical sources consist of three different types of sources, namely textbooks, archived material, and the professional nursing journals Epione and Sairaanhoitajatarlehti. The purpose is to rediscover fundamental idea-patterns through the thematic structuring of the patterns appearing in the historical sources. Three main idea-patterns and underlying themes are rediscovered: love- a fire which burns inside human beings; reverence for human beings and home; and the honor of responsibility. The emerging patterns are tightly interwoven and form a pattern. A new interpretation occurs, widening the study’s horizon and leading to the emergence of the theory-model’s contours. The study’s theory-model is formed from three different levels. Ethos as a human being’s innermost room- the spirit, encompasses a human being’s value base and the spirit that he/she is permeated with. Fundamental values are converted into an internal ethic, becoming visible in human beings’ manner of being- the manner of conduct. The metaphor “my home is my castle”- the tone, symbolizes the room where a human being’s abstract or concrete being lives. The spirit, the ethos, is expressed in a home’s culture and atmosphere, that is to say the tone of a home or how one lives in a room. Communion is a significant component in the creation of a culture and atmosphere. This study’s theory-model gives rise to a new perspective that can generate new patterns of action. The study’s theory-model results in a new historically-based view that create new patterns of action in care and Caring Science today.

Perspectives interculturelles et interlinguistiques sur le discours académique – Crosscultural and Crosslinguistic Perspectives on Academic Discourse. Volume 1

The Department of French Studies of the University of Turku (Finland) organized an International Bilingual Conference on Crosscultural and Crosslinguistic Perspectives on Academic Discourse from 2022 May 2005. The event hosted specialists on Academic Discourse from Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, and the USA. This book is the first volume in our series of publications on Academic Discourse (AD hereafter). The following pages are composed of selected papers from the conference and focus on different aspects and analytical frameworks of Academic Discourse. One of the motivations behind organizing the conference was to examine and expand research on AD in different languages. Another one was to question to what extent academic genres are culturebound and language specific or primarily field or domain specific. The research carried out on AD has been mainly concerned with the use of English in different academic settings for a long time now – mainly written contexts – and at the expense of other languages. Alternatively the academic genre conventions of English and English speaking world have served as a basis for comparison with other languages and cultures. We consider this first volume to be a strong contribution to the spreading out of researches based on other languages than English in AD, namely Finnish, French, Italian, Norwegian and Romanian in this book. All the following articles have a strong link with the French language: either French is constitutive of the AD corpora under examination or the article was written in French. The structure of the book suggests and provides evidence that the concept of AD is understood and tackled to varying degrees by different scholars. Our first volume opens up the discussion on what AD is and backs dissemination, overlapping and expansion of current research questions and methodologies. The book is divided into three parts and contains four articles in English and six articles in French. The papers in part one and part two cover what we call the prototypical genre of written AD, i.e. the research article. Part one follows up on issues linked to the 13 Research Article (RA hereafter). Kjersti Fløttum asks wether a typical RA exists and concentrates on authors’ voices in RA (self and other dimensions), whereas Didriksen and Gjesdal’s article focuses on individual variation of the author’s voice in RA. The last article in this section is by Nadine Rentel and deals with evaluation in the writing of RA. Part two concentrates on the teaching and learning of AD within foreign language learning, another more or less canonical genre of AD. Two aspects of writing are covered in the first two articles: foreign students’ representations on rhetorical traditions (Hidden) and a contrastive assessment of written exercices in French and Finnish in Higher Education (Suzanne). The last contribution in this section on AD moves away from traditional written forms and looks at how argumentation is constructed in students’ oral presentations (Dervin and Fauveau). The last part of the book continues the extension by featuring four articles written in French exploring institutional and scientific discourses. Institutional discourses under scrutiny include the European Bologna Process (Galatanu) and Romanian reform texts (Moilanen). As for scientific discourses, the next paper in this section deconstructs an ideological discourse on the didactics of French as a foreign language (Pescheux). Finally, the last paper in part three reflects on varied forms of AD at university (Defays). We hope that this book will add some fuel to continue discussing diverse forms of and approches to AD – in different languages and voices! No need to say that with the current upsurge in academic mobility, reflecting on crosscultural and crosslinguistic AD has just but started.

Reading Development During Elementary School Years. Evidence from Eye Movements

The present dissertation examined reading development during elementary school years by means of eye movement tracking. Three different but related issues in this field were assessed. First of all, the development of parafoveal processing skills in reading was investigated. Second, it was assessed whether and to what extent sublexical units such as syllables and morphemes are used in processing Finnish words and whether the use of these sublexical units changes as a function of reading proficiency. Finally, the developmental trend in the speed of visual information extraction during reading was examined. With regard to parafoveal processing skills, it was shown that 2nd graders extract letter identity information approx. 5 characters to the right of fixation, 4th graders approx. 7 characters to the right of fixation, and 6th graders and adults approx. 9 characters to the right of fixation. Furthermore, it was shown that all age groups extract more parafoveal information within compound words than across adjectivenoun pairs of similar length. In compounds, parafoveal word information can be extracted in parallel with foveal word information, if the compound in question is of high frequency. With regard to the use of sublexical units in Finnish word processing, it was shown that less proficient 2nd graders use both syllables and morphemes in the course of lexical access. More proficient 2nd graders as well as older readers seem to process words more holistically. Finally, it was shown that 60 ms is enough for 4th graders and adults to extract visual information from both 4-letter and 8-letter words, whereas 2nd graders clearly needed more than 60 ms to extract all information from 8- letter words for processing to proceed smoothly. The present dissertation demonstrates that Finnish 2nd graders develop their reading skills rapidly and are already at an adult level in some aspects of reading. This is not to say that there are no differences between less proficient (e.g., 2nd graders) and more proficient readers (e.g., adults) but in some respects it seems that the visual system used in extracting information from the text is matured by the 2nd grade. Furthermore, the present dissertation demonstrates that the allocation of attention in reading depends much on textual properties such as word frequency and whether words are spatially unified (as in compounds) or not. This flexibility of the attentional system naturally needs to be captured in word processing models. Finally, individual differences within age groups are quite substantial but it seems that by the end of the 2nd grade practically all Finnish children have reached a reasonable level of reading proficiency.

Percevejos predadores (Orius spp.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridade) e tripes (Thysanoptera): interação no mesmo habitat?

O gênero Orius Wolff é composto por espécies de percevejos predadores, principalmente de tripes, encontradas em muitos ecossistemas naturais e manejados. Entretanto, as interações que podem ocorrer entre esses predadores e suas presas no mesmo "habitat" não são bem conhecidas entre as espécies das regiões tropicais. Este estudo teve como objetivo registrar a interação de espécies de Orius e de tripes coletadas na mesma planta, ou seja, presentes no mesmo "habitat". As coletas foram feitas em várias plantas cultivadas, no campo e em casas de vegetação e em plantas invasoras. A forma e o grau de associação entre as espécies foram determinados, utilizando-se o coeficiente de Spearman (R), calculado com dados de presença/ausência das espécies (Orius e tripes) no mesmo "habitat". Orius insidiosus (Say) foi encontrado associado positivamente aos tripes Frankliniella sp., Neohydatothrips sp. e Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) e negativamente associado a Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) e Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood). Orius thyestes Herring e Orius sp1 ocorreram simultaneamente em 10 espécies de tripes sem, contudo, apresentar associação significativa, enquanto Orius perpunctatus (Reuter) esteve associado positivamente às espécies Frankliniella sp. e Neohydatothrips sp. e, negativamente, a Frankliniella gemina (Moulton).

Sitouttamisretoriikka yritysviestinnässä

This study focuses on work commitment creation on rhetorical level, that is to say, the rhetorical and linguistic means that are used to construct or elicit worker commitment. The commitment of the worker is one of the most important objectives of all business communication. There is a strong demand for commitment, identification, or adherence to work in various walks of life, although the actual circumstances are often somewhat insecure and shortsighted. The analysis demonstrates that the actual object of commitment may vary from work itself or work organization to one’s career or professional development. The ideal pattern for commitment appears as comprehensive: it contains affective and rational as well as ideological dimensions. This thesis is a rhetorical discourse analysis, or rhetorical analysis with discourse-analytic influences. Primarily it is a rhetorical analysis in which discourses are observed mainly as tools of a rhetorician. The study also draws on various findings of sociology of work and organizational studies. Research material consists of magazines from three and web pages from six different companies. This study explores repeated discourses in commitment rhetoric, mainly through pointing core concepts and recurrent patterns of argumentation. In this analysis section, a semantic and concept-analytic approach is also employed. Companies talk about ideas, values, feelings and attitudes thus constructing a united and unanimous group and an ideal model of commitment. Probably the most important domain of commitment rhetoric is the construction of group and community. Collective identity is constructed through shared meanings, values and goals, and these rhetorical group constructs that can be used and modified in various ways. Every now and then business communication also focuses on the individual, employing different speakers, positions and discourses associated to them. Constructing and using these positions also paints the picture of an ideal worker and ideal work orientation. For example, the so called entrepreneurship model is frequently used here. Commitment talk and the rhetorical situation it constructs are full of tensions and contradictions; the presence of seemingly contradictory values, goals or identities is constant. This study demonstrates tensions like self-fulfilment and individuality versus conformity, and constant change and development versus dependable establishment, and analyses how they are used, processed and dealt with. An important dimension in commitment rhetoric is the way companies define themselves in respect of current social issues, and how they define themselves as responsible social actors, and how they, in this sense, seek to appear as attractive workplaces. This point of view gives rise to problematic questions as companies process the tensions between, for example, rhetoric and action, ethical ideals and business conditions and so on. For its part, the commitment talk also defines the meaning of waged work in human life. Changing society, changing working life, and changing business environments set new claims and standards for workers and contents of work. In this point of view this research contributes to the study of working life and takes part in current public discussion concerning the meaning, role and future of waged work.

Yrityksen taloudellisen menestymisen ennustaminen yritystutkimuksen avulla

Tutkielmassa selvitetään, voiko yrityksen taloudellista menestymistä ennustaa yritystutkimuksen avulla. Tutkielman aineistona on 30 heikon riskiluokan ja 30 hyvän riskiluokan omaavan yrityksen yritystutkimusraporttia. Konkurssista varoittavat tekijät on jaettu varhaisiin ja myöhäisiin varoittajiin. Varhaiset varoittajat liittyvät yrityksen reaaliprosessiin, esimerkkinä huono liikkeenjohto. Myöhäiset varoittajat ovat tilinpäätösanalyysiin perustuvia tunnuslukuja. Tässä tutkielmassa muuttujina käytetään toimitusjohtajan koulutusta, kokemusta, omistusosuutta sekä yrityksen kasvua strategiselta pohjalta ja reaalisesti. Tilinpäätöksen tunnusluvuista käytetään nettotulosta, rahoitustulosta, omavaraisuusastetta ja quick ratiota. Tutkielman perusteella voidaan todeta, että yrityksen taloudellista menestymistä ei voida ennustaa valituilla kvalitatiivisilla muuttujilla, mutta tilinpäätöksen tunnusluvut ennustavat yrityksen menestymistä.

Software for design of experiments and response modelling of cake ltration applications

Filtration is a widely used unit operation in chemical engineering. The huge variation in the properties of materials to be ltered makes the study of ltration a challenging task. One of the objectives of this thesis was to show that conventional ltration theories are di cult to use when the system to be modelled contains all of the stages and features that are present in a complete solid/liquid separation process. Furthermore, most of the ltration theories require experimental work to be performed in order to obtain critical parameters required by the theoretical models. Creating a good overall understanding of how the variables a ect the nal product in ltration is somewhat impossible on a purely theoretical basis. The complexity of solid/liquid separation processes require experimental work and when tests are needed, it is advisable to use experimental design techniques so that the goals can be achieved. The statistical design of experiments provides the necessary tools for recognising the e ects of variables. It also helps to perform experimental work more economically. Design of experiments is a prerequisite for creating empirical models that can describe how the measured response is related to the changes in the values of the variable. A software package was developed that provides a ltration practitioner with experimental designs and calculates the parameters for linear regression models, along with the graphical representation of the responses. The developed software consists of two software modules. These modules are LTDoE and LTRead. The LTDoE module is used to create experimental designs for di erent lter types. The lter types considered in the software are automatic vertical pressure lter, double-sided vertical pressure lter, horizontal membrane lter press, vacuum belt lter and ceramic capillary action disc lter. It is also possible to create experimental designs for those cases where the variables are totally user de ned, say for a customized ltration cycle or di erent piece of equipment. The LTRead-module is used to read the experimental data gathered from the experiments, to analyse the data and to create models for each of the measured responses. Introducing the structure of the software more in detail and showing some of the practical applications is the main part of this thesis. This approach to the study of cake ltration processes, as presented in this thesis, has been shown to have good practical value when making ltration tests.

Kestävän kehityksen periaatteiden mukaisen liiketoiminnan vaikutus yrityksen kannattavuuteen

Tässä Pro Gradu -tutkielmassa tutkittiin kestävän kehityksen periaatteiden mukaisen liiketoiminnan vaikutusta yrityksen kannattavuuteen. Tutkimuksessa mukana olleet yritykset jaettiin neljään luokkaan kestävän kehityksen suorituskyvyn perusteella ja näiden luokkien välisiä kannattavuuseroja tarkasteltiin tilastollisia menetelmiä käyttäen. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella ei voida sanoa kestävän kehityksen mukaisen liiketoiminnan johtavan parempaan kannattavuuteen.

Software for design of experiments and response modelling of cake filtration applications

Filtration is a widely used unit operation in chemical engineering. The huge variation in the properties of materials to be ltered makes the study of ltration a challenging task. One of the objectives of this thesis was to show that conventional ltration theories are di cult to use when the system to be modelled contains all of the stages and features that are present in a complete solid/liquid separation process. Furthermore, most of the ltration theories require experimental work to be performed in order to obtain critical parameters required by the theoretical models. Creating a good overall understanding of how the variables a ect the nal product in ltration is somewhat impossible on a purely theoretical basis. The complexity of solid/liquid separation processes require experimental work and when tests are needed, it is advisable to use experimental design techniques so that the goals can be achieved. The statistical design of experiments provides the necessary tools for recognising the e ects of variables. It also helps to perform experimental work more economically. Design of experiments is a prerequisite for creating empirical models that can describe how the measured response is related to the changes in the values of the variable. A software package was developed that provides a ltration practitioner with experimental designs and calculates the parameters for linear regression models, along with the graphical representation of the responses. The developed software consists of two software modules. These modules are LTDoE and LTRead. The LTDoE module is used to create experimental designs for di erent lter types. The lter types considered in the software are automatic vertical pressure lter, double-sided vertical pressure lter, horizontal membrane lter press, vacuum belt lter and ceramic capillary action disc lter. It is also possible to create experimental designs for those cases where the variables are totally user de ned, say for a customized ltration cycle or di erent piece of equipment. The LTRead-module is used to read the experimental data gathered from the experiments, to analyse the data and to create models for each of the measured responses. Introducing the structure of the software more in detail and showing some of the practical applications is the main part of this thesis. This approach to the study of cake ltration processes, as presented in this thesis, has been shown to have good practical value when making ltration tests.