Costrutti ed Applicazioni di Programmazione Generica in Linguaggi Object-Oriented

Generic programming is likely to become a new challenge for a critical mass of developers. Therefore, it is crucial to refine the support for generic programming in mainstream Object-Oriented languages — both at the design and at the implementation level — as well as to suggest novel ways to exploit the additional degree of expressiveness made available by genericity. This study is meant to provide a contribution towards bringing Java genericity to a more mature stage with respect to mainstream programming practice, by increasing the effectiveness of its implementation, and by revealing its full expressive power in real world scenario. With respect to the current research setting, the main contribution of the thesis is twofold. First, we propose a revised implementation for Java generics that greatly increases the expressiveness of the Java platform by adding reification support for generic types. Secondly, we show how Java genericity can be leveraged in a real world case-study in the context of the multi-paradigm language integration. Several approaches have been proposed in order to overcome the lack of reification of generic types in the Java programming language. Existing approaches tackle the problem of reification of generic types by defining new translation techniques which would allow for a runtime representation of generics and wildcards. Unfortunately most approaches suffer from several problems: heterogeneous translations are known to be problematic when considering reification of generic methods and wildcards. On the other hand, more sophisticated techniques requiring changes in the Java runtime, supports reified generics through a true language extension (where clauses) so that backward compatibility is compromised. In this thesis we develop a sophisticated type-passing technique for addressing the problem of reification of generic types in the Java programming language; this approach — first pioneered by the so called EGO translator — is here turned into a full-blown solution which reifies generic types inside the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) itself, thus overcoming both performance penalties and compatibility issues of the original EGO translator. Java-Prolog integration Integrating Object-Oriented and declarative programming has been the subject of several researches and corresponding technologies. Such proposals come in two flavours, either attempting at joining the two paradigms, or simply providing an interface library for accessing Prolog declarative features from a mainstream Object-Oriented languages such as Java. Both solutions have however drawbacks: in the case of hybrid languages featuring both Object-Oriented and logic traits, such resulting language is typically too complex, thus making mainstream application development an harder task; in the case of library-based integration approaches there is no true language integration, and some “boilerplate code” has to be implemented to fix the paradigm mismatch. In this thesis we develop a framework called PatJ which promotes seamless exploitation of Prolog programming in Java. A sophisticated usage of generics/wildcards allows to define a precise mapping between Object-Oriented and declarative features. PatJ defines a hierarchy of classes where the bidirectional semantics of Prolog terms is modelled directly at the level of the Java generic type-system.

Hygroskopische Eigenschaften atmosphärischer Partikel in kontinentalen Luftmassen

Die hygroskopischen Eigenschaften sind wichtige Parameter des atmosphärischen Aerosols. Sie beeinflussen sowohl direkt über den Strahlungsantrieb, als auch indirekt über die Wechselwirkung von Aerosol und Wolken die globale Strahlungsbilanz und somit das Klima. Auch die Sichtweiteveränderung ist von ihnen abhängig. Sie beeinflussen die Partikeldeposition in der Lunge und müssen zur Vermeidung von Artefaktbildung bei der Aerosolmessung berücksichtigt werden.
Die vorliegende Dissertation beinhaltet Messungen des wasserlöslichen Volumenanteils und des hygroskopischen Wachstumsfaktors des atmosphärischen Aerosols. Mit diesen Untersuchungen konnte der überwiegende Teil (50 nm bis 4 µm Partikeldurchmesser) des für atmosphärische Prozesse relevanten Größenbereichs gleichzeitig größenaufgelöst und detailliert erfasst werden. Messungen wurden in ruralen, semi-urbanen und frei-troposphärischen Luftmassen durchgeführt. Messverfahren sind die SoFA (Water-Soluble Fraction of Large and Giant Atmospheric Particles)-Methode und der HTDMA (Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer). Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die SoFA-Methode weiterentwickelt.
Ein umfangreiches Messprogramm zeigt, dass der mittlere lösliche Volumenanteil des Aerosols mit Werten von ca. 59 % geringe Variationen zwischen den Messstandorten aufweist, lediglich in frei-troposphärischen Luftmassen liegt er mit 66 % erwartungsgemäß höher. Betrachtet man die Daten größenaufgelöst, so zeigt sich, dass im Größenbereich zwischen 200 und 500 nm Partikeldurchmesser der lösliche Volumenanteil ein Maximum aufweist. Ein in semi-urbanem Aerosol gemessener Jahresgang weist, vor allem für Partikel kleiner 300 nm, im Sommer geringere Werte als im Winter auf. Unterhalb 300 nm Partikeldurchmesser treten üblicherweise zwei, oberhalb bis zu drei Partikeltypen unterschiedlicher Hygroskopizität auf: der fast unlösliche Partikeltyp mit löslichen Volumenanteilen bis 12 %, der wahrscheinlich aus Ruß, sekundärem organischem, mineralischem und biologischem Material besteht; der teilweise lösliche Partikeltyp (50 bis 75 %), der als Mischpartikel anzusprechen ist; schließlich der überwiegend lösliche Partikeltyp (ca. 90 %), der wahrscheinlich durch Wolkenprozessierung entsteht. Der Unterschied zwischen den Messstandorten ist auch hier gering. Üblicherweise dominieren die löslicheren Partikeltypen mit relativen Anteilen von 60 bis 95 %, wobei sich ein Minimum der Häufigkeit der löslicheren Partikel zwischen 1.5 und 2.5 µm zeigt. Abschließende größenaufgelöste Modellrechnungen zum Aerosol-Feuchtewachstum unterstreichen die Relevanz dieser Untersuchungen für Strahlungs- und Wolkenprozesse.

Exact Algorithms for Different Classes of Vehicle Routing Problems

We deal with five problems arising in the field of logistics: the Asymmetric TSP (ATSP), the TSP with Time Windows (TSPTW), the VRP with Time Windows (VRPTW), the Multi-Trip VRP (MTVRP), and the Two-Echelon Capacitated VRP (2E-CVRP). The ATSP requires finding a lest-cost Hamiltonian tour in a digraph. We survey models and classical relaxations, and describe the most effective exact algorithms from the literature. A survey and analysis of the polynomial formulations is provided. The considered algorithms and formulations are experimentally compared on benchmark instances. The TSPTW requires finding, in a weighted digraph, a least-cost Hamiltonian tour visiting each vertex within a given time window. We propose a new exact method, based on new tour relaxations and dynamic programming. Computational results on benchmark instances show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art exact methods. In the VRPTW, a fleet of identical capacitated vehicles located at a depot must be optimally routed to supply customers with known demands and time window constraints. Different column generation bounding procedures and an exact algorithm are developed. The new exact method closed four of the five open Solomon instances. The MTVRP is the problem of optimally routing capacitated vehicles located at a depot to supply customers without exceeding maximum driving time constraints. Two set-partitioning-like formulations of the problem are introduced. Lower bounds are derived and embedded into an exact solution method, that can solve benchmark instances with up to 120 customers. The 2E-CVRP requires designing the optimal routing plan to deliver goods from a depot to customers by using intermediate depots. The objective is to minimize the sum of routing and handling costs. A new mathematical formulation is introduced. Valid lower bounds and an exact method are derived. Computational results on benchmark instances show that the new exact algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art exact methods.

Ricerche di campo per lo sviluppo della tecnologia del maschio sterile nella lotta ad Aedes albopictus (Skuse)

Aedes albopictus (Skuse), comunemente detta Zanzara Tigre, ha invaso, negli ultimi anni, molti paesi, soprattutto in modo passivo attraverso il commercio di pneumatici usati. Questa specie è particolarmente adatta all'applicazione della tecnica dell'insetto sterile (SIT), basata su allevamento massale, sterilizzazione e rilascio in campo di un gran numero di maschi della specie vettrice. I maschi sterili rilasciati devono essere in grado di volare, di disperdersi sul territorio, di sopravvivere, di essere sessualmente attivi abbastanza a lungo per coprire il tempo tra una fase di rilascio e la successiva, di individuare le femmine vergini selvatiche e competere con successo per l'accoppiamento con i maschi selvatici. La dispersione e la sopravvivenza dei maschi di Ae. albopictus allevati in laboratorio, sono state studiate mediante tecniche di marcatura, rilascio e ricattura. Le catture sono state eseguite da tecnici specializzati, in un raggio di 350 m dal sito di rilascio. Gli esperimenti condotti hanno dimostrato che i maschi sono in grado di disperdersi, dal sito di rilascio, per circa 200 m ma la loro longevità in campo è fortemente dipendente dalle condizioni climatiche. In studi di semi-campo e di campo è stato valutato uno speciale dispositivo progettato per essere incluso nella stazione di rilascio dei maschi in grado di fornire loro fonti energetiche per migliorarne le prestazioni. I risultati ottenuti sono stati positivi. Studi di competitività sono stati condotti in tunnel costruiti in un ambiente naturale al fine di validare un protocollo per studi sulla competitività dei maschi in questo modello sperimentale. Maschi irraggiati mediante l'applicazione di raggi gamma alla dose di 30 Gy sono stati messi in competizione con maschi fertili per l'accoppiamento con femmine vergini con diversi rapporti. I risultati ottenuti hanno dimostrato le buone prestazioni e l'affidabilità di questo modello sperimentale rimanendo però irrisolto il problema dell’elevata variabilità.

Biologia di Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), interazioni con l’ambiente e valutazione di tecniche di contenimento ecocompatibili

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) è un lepidottero originario dell’America meridionale, infeudato a pomodoro e ad altre solanacee coltivate e spontanee. Con l’attività trofica le larve causano mine fogliari e gallerie nei frutti, con conseguenti ingenti danni alle colture. T. absoluta è stato segnalato per la prima volta in Italia nel 2008 e in Piemonte nel 2009. Pertanto le ricerche sono state condotte per rilevarne la distribuzione in Piemonte, studiarne l’andamento di popolazione in condizioni naturali e controllate, e valutare l’efficacia di differenti mezzi di lotta al fine di definire le strategie di difesa. Il monitoraggio, condotto nel 2010, ha evidenziato come T. absoluta sia ormai largamente diffuso sul territorio regionale già pochi mesi dopo la segnalazione. L’insetto ha mostrato di prediligere condizioni climatiche più miti; infatti è stato ritrovato con maggiore frequenza nelle aree più calde. Il fitofago ha raggiunto densità di popolazione elevate a partire dalla seconda metà dell’estate, a ulteriore dimostrazione che, in una regione a clima temperato come il Piemonte, T. absoluta dà origine a infestazioni economicamente rilevanti solo dopo il culmine della stagione estiva. Per definire le strategie di lotta, sono state condotte prove in laboratorio, semi-campo e campo volte a valutare la tossicità nei confronti del lepidottero di preparati a base di emamectina benzoato, rynaxypyr, spinosad e Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. In campo è stata verificata anche l’efficacia del miride dicifino Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur), reperibile in commercio. In tutte le prove, è stata riscontrata una maggiore efficacia di rynaxypyr ed emamectina benzoato. In campo M. pygmaeus ha mostrato difficoltà d’insediamento ed è stato in grado di contenere efficacemente il fitofago soltanto con bassi livelli d’infestazione. Per contro è stata costantemente osservata la presenza naturale di un altro miride dicifino Dicyphus errans (Wolff), che in laboratorio ha mostrato di non essere particolarmente disturbato dalle sostanze saggiate.

Studio dei semiochimici coinvolti nelle interazioni intra- e inter-specifiche in Gonocerus acuteangulatus (Goeze) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in vista di un loro impiego nella difesa del nocciolo.

Gonocerus acuteangulatus (Hemiptera: Coreidae) è considerato uno dei principali fitofagi del nocciolo, in grado di causare con l’attività trofica pesanti perdite quali-quantitative di produzione. Nel triennio sono state quindi condotte indagini sulla bioetologia di G. acuteangulatus volte a: I) studiare comportamento alimentare ed effetti sulla produzione corilicola, II) identificare i feromoni e valutarne l’attività mediante biosaggi fisiologici e comportamentali in laboratorio, semi-campo e campo, III) rilevare le piante ospiti alternative al nocciolo. Mediante isolamento di adulti del coreide su rami di nocciolo con frutti è stata confermata l’assenza di correlazione fra entità del danno e numerosità degli individui presenti in corileto. Dalle analisi sensoriali su nocciole sane e danneggiate è emerso che le alterazioni causate delle punture di nutrizione sono rese più evidenti da conservazione e tostatura. Variazioni di tempi e temperature di tostatura potrebbero mitigare gli effetti del cimiciato. Nello studio dei feromoni, G. acuteangulatus, molto mobile nell’ambiente, è risultato poco adatto ai biosaggi in condizioni artificiali, come quelle in olfattometro e semi-campo. Le femmine sono tuttavia apparse attrattive per adulti di entrambi i sessi, mentre la miscela feromonale sintetizzata ha mostrato un’azione attrattiva, seppure non costante. Pertanto, ulteriori ripetizioni sono necessarie per convalidare questi risultati preliminari, modificando le condizioni di saggio in relazione alle caratteristiche della specie. Infine è stata accertata la preferenza del fitofago per alcune specie vegetali rispetto al nocciolo. Nel corso del triennio, popolazioni molto consistenti di G. acuteangulatus sono state rilevate su bosso, ciliegio di Santa Lucia, rosa selvatica, sanguinello, spino cervino, in corrispondenza del periodo di comparsa e maturazione dei frutti. Nell’impostazione di una strategia di difesa a basso impatto ambientale, l’attrattività di queste piante, in sinergia con eventuali feromoni di aggregazione, potrebbe essere utilmente sfruttata, per mantenere il coreide lontano dalla coltura.

Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) in Organic Field-Effect Transistors

Organic printed electronics is attracting an ever-growing interest in the last decades because of its impressive breakthroughs concerning the chemical design of π-conjugated materials and their processing. This has an impact on novel applications, such as flexible-large-area displays, low- cost printable circuits, plastic solar cells and lab-on-a-chip devices. The organic field-effect transistor (OFET) relies on a thin film of organic semiconductor that bridges source and drain electrodes. Since its first discovery in the 80s, intensive research activities were deployed in order to control the chemico-physical properties of these electronic devices and consequently their charge. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are a versatile tool for tuning the properties of metallic, semi-conducting, and insulating surfaces. Within this context, OFETs represent reliable instruments for measuring the electrical properties of the SAMs in a Metal/SAM/OS junction. Our experimental approach, named Charge Injection Organic-Gauge (CIOG), uses OTFT in a charge-injection controlled regime. The CIOG sensitivity has been extensively demonstrated on different homologous self-assembling molecules that differ in either chain length or in anchor/terminal group. One of the latest applications of organic electronics is the so-called “bio-electronics” that makes use of electronic devices to encompass interests of the medical science, such as biosensors, biotransducers etc… As a result, thee second part of this thesis deals with the realization of an electronic transducer based on an Organic Field-Effect Transistor operating in aqueous media. Here, the conventional bottom gate/bottom contact configuration is replaced by top gate architecture with the electrolyte that ensures electrical contact between the top gold electrode and the semiconductor layer. This configuration is named Electrolyte-Gated Field-Effect Transistor (EGOFET). The functionalization of the top electrode is the sensing core of the device allowing the detection of dopamine as well as of protein biomarkers with ultra-low sensitivity.

Control of fruit postharvest diseases by thermotherapy: understanding the mechanisms of action by –omics approaches

In recent years the hot water treatment (HW) represents an effective and safe approach for managing postharvest decay. This study reported the effect of an HW (60°C for 60 s and 45°C for 10 min) on brown rot and blue mould respectively. Peaches was found more thermotolerant compared to apple fruit, otherwise Penicillium expansum was more resistant to heat with respect to Monilinia spp. In semi-commercial and commercial trials, the inhibition of brown rot in naturally infected peaches was higher than 78% after 6 days at 0°C and 3 days at 20°C. Moreover, in laboratory trials a 100% disease incidence reduction was obtained by treating artificially infected peaches at 6-12 h after inoculation revealing a curative effect of HW. The expression levels of some genes were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Specifically, the cell wall genes (β-GAL, PL, PG, PME) showed a general decrease of expression level whereas PAL, CHI, HSP70 and ROS-scavenging genes were induced in treated peaches compared to the control ones. Contrarily, HW applied on artificially infected fruit before the inoculum was found to increase brown rot susceptibility. This aspect might be due to an increase of fruit VOCs emission as revealed by PTR-ToF-MS analysis. In addition a microarray experiment was conducted to analyze molecular mechanisms underneath the apple response to heat. Our results showed a largest amount of induced Heat shock proteins (HSPs), Heat shock cognate proteins (HSCs), Heat shock transcription factors (HSTFs) genes found at 1 and 4 hours from the treatment. Those genes required for the thermotolerance process could be involved in induced resistance response. The hypothesis was confirmed by 30% of blue mold disease reduction in artificially inoculated apple after 1 and 4 hours from the treatment. In order to improve peaches quality and disease management during storage, an innovative tool was also used: Da-meter.

Graph algorithms for bioinformatics

Biological data are inherently interconnected: protein sequences are connected to their annotations, the annotations are structured into ontologies, and so on. While protein-protein interactions are already represented by graphs, in this work I am presenting how a graph structure can be used to enrich the annotation of protein sequences thanks to algorithms that analyze the graph topology. We also describe a novel solution to restrict the data generation needed for building such a graph, thanks to constraints on the data and dynamic programming. The proposed algorithm ideally improves the generation time by a factor of 5. The graph representation is then exploited to build a comprehensive database, thanks to the rising technology of graph databases. While graph databases are widely used for other kind of data, from Twitter tweets to recommendation systems, their application to bioinformatics is new. A graph database is proposed, with a structure that can be easily expanded and queried.

Charakterisierung und funktionelle Analyse verschiedener Isoformen von Clusterin (Apolipoprotein J)

Clusterin (CLU), auch bekannt unter dem Namen Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ), wird von Zellen als hetreodimeres Glykoprotein exprimiert und in den extrazellulären Raum sezerniert. Es wird daher auch als sezerniertes CLU (sCLU) bezeichnet. Neben sCLU sind auch nicht-sezernierte Isoformen von CLU bekannt, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit erforscht wurden. Ziel dabei war es, die Expression, die Biogenese, sowie die Funktion dieser Proteine zu ergründen. Nicht-sezernierte CLU-Formen werden ausschließlich von Zellen exprimiert, die zuvor einer Stresssituation ausgesetzt wurden. Dies konnte insbesondere durch Kultur verschiedener Zelllinien bei erhöhter Temperatur oder durch Behandlung mit dem Proteasominhibitor MG 132 demonstriert werden, worauf neben sCLU auch 50 kDa bzw. 45 kDa große, nicht-sezernierte CLU-Proteine in geringen Mengen exprimiert wurden. Bezüglich der Biogenese dieser Proteine wurden mehrere Hypothesen bzw. Mechanismen diskutiert und in dieser Arbeit untersucht: alternative Translationsstartpunkte auf verschiedenen mRNAs, alternatives Splicing einzelner mRNAs sowie Retrotranslokation oder Mistranslokation von sCLU-Vorläuferproteinen. Um die Hypothesen eruieren zu können, musste zuerst eine Expressionsanalyse der bekannten CLU-mRNAs durchgeführt werden. Über 5’-RACE, semi-quantitative und quantitative PCRs wurde die Expression von vier CLU-mRNAs sowie deren Induktion auf Zellstress hin festgestellt. Variante 1 (BP211675) ist die dominante CLU-mRNA und macht über 99,5 % an CLU-mRNA in unbehandelten sowie in gestressten Zellen aus. Des Weiteren sind geringste Mengen der mRNA-Varianten 2 und 3 (NR_038335.1 und NR_045494.1) detektiert worden, deren Sequenzen sich lediglich in ihrem alternativen Exon 1 von Variante 1 unterscheiden. Schließlich konnte die Expression von Variante 1 [Δex2] festgestellt werden, welcher durch alternatives Splicing, i.e. Exon-skipping, das Exon 2 mit der ER-Signalsequenz-codierenden Region (SSCR) fehlt. HEK 293-Zellen, die transient mit je einer der rekombinanten CLU-mRNAs in Form rekombinanter cDNA transfiziert wurden, exprimierten neben großen Mengen sCLU auch geringe Mengen an den nicht-sezernierten CLU-Isoformen. Die anschließend durchgeführten in vitro Mutagenesen belegen, dass alle Isoformen ausgehend von distinkten Translationsstartpunkten aus synthetisiert werden. CLU1-449 (50 kDa) wird als prä-Proprotein von sCLU ausgehend von einem Startcodon auf Exon 2 unmittelbar vor der SSCR translatiert. Unter Zellstress-Bedingungen kann es zu einer Mistranslokation während der co-translationalen Translokation kommen, sodass Teile von CLU1-449 im Cytosol akkumulieren. CLU21-449 (50 kDa) wird ausgehend von einem CUG-Startcodon downstream der SSCR über interne Translationsinitiation gebildet. Analoges gilt für CLU34-449 (45 kDa), welches von einem AUG-Startcodon auf Exon 3 translatiert wird. CLU34-449 ist außerdem die einzige CLU-Form die von Variante 1 [Δex2] codiert wird. Somit konnten drei der in der Literatur postulierten Mechanismen zur Ent-stehung nicht-sezernierter CLU-Isoformen in gestressten Zellen verifiziert werden. Die Mistranslokation von sCLU-Vorläuferproteinen, welche entscheidend zum Auftreten der nicht-sezernierten CLU-Formen beiträgt, die Alternative Translationsinitiation an distinkten Startcodons sowie das alternative Splicing von CLU-mRNA-Variante 1. Weiterführende Experimente bestätigten, dass alle nicht-sezernierten CLU-Isoformen im Cytosol der Zellen lokalisiert sind und keine Glykosylierungen tragen. Somit konnte ein weiterer, in der Literatur kontrovers diskutierter Punkt bezüglich dieser Proteine geklärt werden. Abschließend wurde die physiologische Funktion der einzelnen CLU-Isoformen analysiert. Dabei zeigte sich, dass ausschließlich sCLU eine Chaperonaktivität zukommt, die es ermöglicht, durch Hitze denaturierte Zielproteine in Lösung zu halten. Diese Funktion konnte nicht für die cytosolischen Iso¬formen bestätigt werden. Weiterhin konnte keine Auswirkung einzelner CLU-Formen auf die intrinsische Apoptose oder auf den NF κB-vermittelten Signaltransduktionsweg festgestellt werden, obgleich entsprechende Einflüsse von anderen Arbeitsgruppen postuliert wurden. Die hier gemachten Beobachtungen werfen daher die Frage auf, ob den nicht-sezernierten, cytosolischen CLU-Isoformen überhaupt eine physiologische Funktion zukommt und stellen aktuelle Hypothesen bezüglich der Rolle von CLU bei pathophysiologischen Prozessen infrage.

Un approccio per la disambiguazione di autori di articoli scientifici: algoritmo e implementazione

Dalla necessità di risolvere il problema della disambiguazione di un insieme di autori messo a disposizione dall'Università di Bologna, il Semantic Lancet, è nata l'idea di progettare un algoritmo di disambiguazione in grado di adattarsi, in caso di bisogno, a qualsiasi tipo di lista di autori. Per la fase di testing dell'algoritmo è stato utilizzato un dataset generato (11724 autori di cui 1295 coppie da disambiguare) dalle informazioni disponibili dal "database systems and logic programming" (DBLP), in modo da essere il più etereogeneo possibile, cioè da contenere il maggior numero di casi di disambiguazione possibile. Per i primi test di sbarramento è stato definito un algoritmo alternativo discusso nella sezione 4.3 ottenendo una misura di esattezza dell'1% ed una di completezza dell'81%. L'algoritmo proposto impostato con il modello di configurazione ha ottenuto invece una misura di esattezza dell'81% ed una di completezza del 70%, test discusso nella sezione 4.4. Successivamente l'algoritmo è stato testato anche su un altro dataset: Semantic Lancet (919 autori di cui 34 coppie da disambiguare), ottenendo, grazie alle dovute variazioni del file di configurazione, una misura di esattezza del 84% e una di completezza del 79%, discusso nella sezione 4.5.

JExample: Exploiting Dependencies Between Tests to Improve Defect Localization

To quickly localize defects, we want our attention to be focussed on relevant failing tests. We propose to improve defect localization by exploiting dependencies between tests, using a JUnit extension called JExample. In a case study, a monolithic white-box test suite for a complex algorithm is refactored into two traditional JUnit style tests and to JExample. Of the three refactorings, JExample reports five times fewer defect locations and slightly better performance (-8-12\%), while having similar maintenance characteristics. Compared to the original implementation, JExample greatly improves maintainability due the improved factorization following the accepted test quality guidelines. As such, JExample combines the benefits of test chains with test quality aspects of JUnit style testing.