Essays on Wage and Price Formation in Sweden

Study IReal Wage Determination in the Swedish Engineering Industry This study uses the monopoly union model to examine the determination of real wages and in particular the effects of active labour market programmes (ALMPs) on real wages in the engineering industry. Quarterly data for the period 1970:1 to 1996:4 are used in a cointegration framework, utilising the Johansen's maximum likelihood procedure. On a basis of the Johansen (trace) test results, vector error correction (VEC) models are created in order to model the determination of real wages in the engineering industry. The estimation results support the presence of a long-run wage-raising effect to rises in the labour productivity, in the tax wedge, in the alternative real consumer wage and in real UI benefits. The estimation results also support the presence of a long-run wage-raising effect due to positive changes in the participation rates regarding ALMPs, relief jobs and labour market training. This could be interpreted as meaning that the possibility of being a participant in an ALMP increases the utility for workers of not being employed in the industry, which in turn could increase real wages in the industry in the long run. Finally, the estimation results show evidence of a long-run wage-reducing effect due to positive changes in the unemployment rate. Study IIIntersectoral Wage Linkages in Sweden The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the wage-setting in certain sectors of the Swedish economy affects the wage-setting in other sectors. The theoretical background is the Scandinavian model of inflation, which states that the wage-setting in the sectors exposed to international competition affects the wage-setting in the sheltered sectors of the economy. The Johansen maximum likelihood cointegration approach is applied to quarterly data on Swedish sector wages for the period 1980:1–2002:2. Different vector error correction (VEC) models are created, based on assumptions as to which sectors are exposed to international competition and which are not. The adaptability of wages between sectors is then tested by imposing restrictions on the estimated VEC models. Finally, Granger causality tests are performed in the different restricted/unrestricted VEC models to test for sector wage leadership. The empirical results indicate considerable adaptability in wages as between manufacturing, construction, the wholesale and retail trade, the central government sector and the municipalities and county councils sector. This is consistent with the assumptions of the Scandinavian model. Further, the empirical results indicate a low level of adaptability in wages as between the financial sector and manufacturing, and between the financial sector and the two public sectors. The Granger causality tests provide strong evidence for the presence of intersectoral wage causality, but no evidence of a wage-leading role in line with the assumptions of the Scandinavian model for any of the sectors. Study IIIWage and Price Determination in the Private Sector in Sweden The purpose of this study is to analyse wage and price determination in the private sector in Sweden during the period 1980–2003. The theoretical background is a variant of the “Imperfect competition model of inflation”, which assumes imperfect competition in the labour and product markets. According to the model wages and prices are determined as a result of a “battle of mark-ups” between trade unions and firms. The Johansen maximum likelihood cointegration approach is applied to quarterly Swedish data on consumer prices, import prices, private-sector nominal wages, private-sector labour productivity and the total unemployment rate for the period 1980:1–2003:3. The chosen cointegration rank of the estimated vector error correction (VEC) model is two. Thus, two cointegration relations are assumed: one for private-sector nominal wage determination and one for consumer price determination. The estimation results indicate that an increase of consumer prices by one per cent lifts private-sector nominal wages by 0.8 per cent. Furthermore, an increase of private-sector nominal wages by one per cent increases consumer prices by one per cent. An increase of one percentage point in the total unemployment rate reduces private-sector nominal wages by about 4.5 per cent. The long-run effects of private-sector labour productivity and import prices on consumer prices are about –1.2 and 0.3 per cent, respectively. The Rehnberg agreement during 1991–92 and the monetary policy shift in 1993 affected the determination of private-sector nominal wages, private-sector labour productivity, import prices and the total unemployment rate. The “offensive” devaluation of the Swedish krona by 16 per cent in 1982:4, and the start of a floating Swedish krona and the substantial depreciation of the krona at this time affected the determination of import prices.

Origini dell'ucronia. La letteratura contro la storia

L’ucronia (Alternate History) è un fenomeno letterario ormai popolare e molto studiato, ma non lo sono altrettanto lo sue origini e i suoi rapporti con la storia “fatta con i se” (Counterfactual History), che risale a Erodoto e a Tito Livio. Solo nell’Ottocento alcuni autori, per vie largamente autonome, fecero della storia alternativa un genere di fiction: Louis Geoffroy con Napoléon apocryphe (1836), storia «della conquista del mondo e della monarchia universale», e Charles Renouvier con Uchronie. L’utopie dans l’histoire (1876), storia «della civiltà europea quale avrebbe potuto essere» se il cristianesimo fosse stato fermato nel II secolo. Questi testi intrattengono relazioni complesse con la letteratura dell’epoca di genere sia realistico, sia fantastico, ma altresì con fenomeni di altra natura: la storiografia, nelle sue forme e nel suo statuto epistemico, e ancor più il senso del possibile - o la filosofia della storia - derivato dall’esperienza della rivoluzione e dal confronto con le teorie utopistiche e di riforma sociale. Altri testi, prodotti in Inghilterra e negli Stati Uniti nello stesso periodo, esplorano le possibilità narrative e speculative del genere: tra questi P.s’ Correspondence di Nathaniel Hawthorne (1845), The Battle of Dorking di George Chesney (1871) e Hands Off di Edward Hale (1881); fino a una raccolta del 1931, If It Had Happened Otherwise, che anticipò molte forme e temi delle ucronie successive. Queste opere sono esaminate sia nel contesto storico e letterario in cui furono prodotte, sia con gli strumenti dell’analisi testuale. Una particolare attenzione è dedicata alle strategie di lettura prescritte dai testi, che subordinano i significati al confronto mentale tra gli eventi narrati e la serie dei fatti autentici. Le teorie sui counterfactuals prodotte in altri campi disciplinari, come la storia e la psicologia, arricchiscono la comprensione dei testi e dei loro rapporti con fenomeni extra-letterari.

Forensisch-anthropologische und traumatologische Untersuchungen an den menschlichen Skeletten aus der spätmittelalterlichen Schlacht von Dornach (1499 n. Chr.)

Der Forschungsgegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Identifikation und Interpretation von Traumata an menschlichen Skeletten. Neben einer umfassenden Darstellung des aktuellen Kenntnisstandes unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten wurden menschliche Überreste aus der Schlacht von Dornach 1499 n. Chr. untersucht. Ergänzend wurde eine Versuchsreihe mit Replika mittelalterlicher Waffen an Kunstköpfen durchgeführt. Für die Ansprache und Kategorisierung von Traumata an Skelettfunden existiert kein einheitliches und allgemein gebräuchliches System. Die verschiedenen Herangehensweisen und ihre Vor- und Nachteile wurden benannt und diskutiert. Nachfolgend wurden die Erscheinungsformen prä-, peri- und postmortaler Traumata bzw. Defekte sowie von Verletzungen durch stumpfe und scharfe Gewalt, Schussverletzungen und anderen Verletzungsarten dargestellt. Weitere besprochene Aspekte waren die Abgrenzung von Traumata gegen pathologische Veränderungen und anatomische Varianten sowie eine Diskussion der Methodik und Problematik der Erfassung von Verletzungsfrequenzen. Neben der Bestimmung von Geschlecht, Sterbealter und Körperhöhe wurden an den zur Untersuchung zur Verfügung stehenden Schädeln (N=106) und Femora (N=33) aus der Schlacht von Dornach 1499 n. Chr. pathologische und postmortale Veränderungen sowie als Schwerpunkt prä- und perimortale Traumata identifiziert und beschrieben. Die anthropologischen Befunde zeichneten das Bild einer in Hinsicht auf Sterbealter und Körperhöhe heterogenen Gruppe von Männern mit wenigen pathologischen Veränderungen. Die Ergebnisse wurden vor dem Hintergrund des spätmittelalterlichen Söldnerwesens diskutiert. An den Schädeln wurden insgesamt 417 perimortale Traumata identifiziert, wobei Hiebverletzungen stark überwogen. Die Entstehungsweise charakteristischer Merkmale von Hiebverletzungen konnte experimentell nachvollzogen werden. Weiter stellte sich heraus, dass Hiebverletzungen durch Schwerter und Hellebarden nur in Ausnahmefällen voneinander unterschieden werden können. Verletzungen durch punktuelle Einwirkungen und stumpfe Gewalt sowie Schussverletzungen wurden in weitaus geringerer Häufigkeit festgestellt. Experimentell konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Verletzungen durch punktuelle Einwirkungen mit einer Beibringung durch Langspiesse, Stossspitzen und Reisshaken von Hellebarden sowie Armbrustbolzen vereinbar sind, wobei beträchtliche Limitationen einer genaueren Waffenzuordnung offenkundig wurden. Die Verletzungen konnten als wohl typisch für die damalige Zeit bezeichnet werden, da sie das zeitgenössische Waffenspektrum deutlich widerspiegeln. Die Lokalisation der perimortalen Traumata am Schädel liess kein Muster erkennen, mit Ausnahme der Feststellung, dass grössere Schädelknochen mehr Verletzungen aufwiesen als kleinere. Diese regellose Verteilung wurde als Hinweis darauf verstanden, dass die Kampfweise keine „ritterliche“ gewesen sein dürfte, was in Einklang mit den damals geltenden Kriegsordnungen steht. Postmortale Veränderungen unterschiedlicher Art liessen vermuten, dass die untersuchten Individuen nicht bestattet wurden und dass die vom Schlachtfeld aufgesammelten Gebeine in Beinhäusern aufbewahrt wurden. Die Resultate bestätigten damit Angaben aus Schriftquellen und erlaubten die Zuordnung der Skelettreste zu Gefallenen des Reichsheeres. Beim Vergleich der Dornacher Stichprobe mit anderen mittelalterlichen Schlachtfeldserien traten sowohl hinsichtlich der anthropologischen Befunde als auch im Hinblick auf die Verletzungen und Verletzungsmuster deutliche Ähnlichkeiten zutage. Diese ergänzten nicht nur das lückenhafte Bild spätmittelalterlicher Heere und ihrer Kampfweise, sondern beleuchteten auch Unterschiede zwischen mittelalterlicher und neuzeitlicher Kriegsführung.

Les villages préhistoriques des bords des lacs circum-alpins entre le Ve et IVe millénaire av. J.-C.

Connus sous le nom populaire de palafittes, les habitats préhistoriques construits sur les rives des lacs subalpins du Néolithique à l’aube de l’âge du Fer (entre 5300 et 700 av. J.-C.) offrent des informations exceptionnelles sur l’évolution culturelle d’une importante région européenne, grâce à la préservation remarquable des matériaux organiques, en particulier du bois. À partir de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, le perfectionnement des techniques de fouille subaquatiques et de la dendrochronologie permettront la construction d’un schéma chronologique précis pour l’Europe nord-alpine. Les recherches contribueront à des observations d’ordre écologique à l’échelle locale et régionale et à l’identification des rythmes de développement des villages. Sous l’égide de l'UNESCO, les années 2010 verront la constitution d’un inventaire vaste et uniforme des sites préhistoriques des lacs circumalpins, classés Patrimoine culturel mondial en juin 2011.

Contemporary ecotypic divergence during a recent range expansion was facilitated by adaptive introgression

Although rapid phenotypic evolution during range expansion associated with colonization of contrasting habitats has been documented in several taxa, the evolutionary mechanisms that underlie such phenotypic divergence have less often been investigated. A strong candidate for rapid ecotype formation within an invaded range is the three-spine stickleback in the Lake Geneva region of central Europe. Since its introduction only about 140 years ago, it has undergone a significant expansion of its range and its niche, now forming phenotypically differentiated parapatric ecotypes that occupy either the pelagic zone of the large lake or small inlet streams, respectively. By comparing museum collections from different times with contemporary population samples, we here reconstruct the evolution of parapatric phenotypic divergence through time. Using genetic data from modern samples, we infer the underlying invasion history. We find that parapatric habitat-dependent phenotypic divergence between the lake and stream was already present in the first half of the twentieth century, but the magnitude of differentiation increased through time, particularly in antipredator defence traits. This suggests that divergent selection between the habitats occurred and was stable through much of the time since colonization. Recently, increased phenotypic differentiation in antipredator defence traits likely results from habitat-dependent selection on alleles that arrived through introgression from a distantly related lineage from outside the Lake Geneva region. This illustrates how hybridization can quickly promote phenotypic divergence in a system where adaptation from standing genetic variation was constrained.

Gallipoli: Myths and Memories in a transnational perspective

The battle of Gallipoli as it is known in Europe and South Asia or the battle of Çannakkale as it is known in modern Turkey was a seminal battle for many nations, not because it was decisive for the course of the war, but because it played a central role in regard to memory of the First World War in many nations. Based on photographic evidence and research by colleagues from many countries this contribution will focus in a transnational perspective on the participation of British, Indian, Australian and New Zealand troops in the campaign and especially on myths and memories on the side of the Entente from 1916 onwards.

Sediment mobilization deposits from episodic subsurface fluid flow—A new tool to reveal long-term earthquake records?

Subsurface fluid flow can be affected by earthquakes; increased spring activity, mud vol- cano eruptions, groundwater fluctuations, changes in geyser frequency, and other forms of altered subsurface fluid flow have been documented during, after, or even prior to seismic shaking. Recently discovered giant pockmarks on the bottom of Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland, are the lake-floor expression of subsurface fluid flow. They discharge groundwater from the Jura Mountains karstic aquifers and experience episodically increased subsurface fluid flow documented by subsurface sediment mobilization deposits at the levees of the pockmarks. In this study, we present the spatio-temporal distribution of event deposits from these phases of sediment expulsion and of multiple time-correlative mass-transport deposits. We report five striking instances of concurrent multiple subsurface sediment deposits and multiple mass- transport deposits since late glacial times, for which we propose past earthquakes as a trigger. Comparison of this new event catalogue with historic earthquakes and other independent paleoseismic records suggests that initiation of sediment expulsion requires a minimum mac- roseismic intensity of VII. Thus, our study presents for the first time sedimentary deposits resulting from increased subsurface fluid flow as a paleoseismic proxy.

Mus Hs 1204 - Arien und Gesänge mit Begleitung des Piano-Forte

Für Singstimme und Klavier

O subtexto do Chanceler Pero Lopez de Ayala na Crônica de D. João I de Fernão Lopes referente ao biênio de 1383-1384 : autoridade e desafio

El intento del artículo es percibir cómo el cronista portugués Fernão Lopes (1385-1460) se apropia, en el último texto suyo, del discurso del castellano Pero Lopez de Ayala (1332-1407) en la Crónica de D. Juan I. La parte elegida para el examen fue el bienio de 1383-1384, antes, por lo tanto, de la Batalla de Aljubarrota (1385). La comparación de las crónicas citadas todavía ya fue realizada por investigadores renombrados, sin embargo mi trabajo sigue el camino por la reducción de escala, o sea, por un análisis interpretativo de un bienio especifico, con la finalidad de iniciar un análisis más abarcador del rasgo de la crónica medieval ibérica medieval, objeto de mi presente pesquisa.

Argumentación, desplazamientos semánticos e imaginario cultural en Heródoto IX. 26-27

A partir de estrategias de análisis del discurso, el trabajo analiza la disputa erística que, según Heródoto, acaeció entre tegeatas y atenienses en las vísperas de la batalla de Platea (Hdt. IX. 26-7). Entendemos que la presunta simetría y regularidad en los dichos y contenidos de ambos discursos es en rigor engañosa en tanto que enmascara la contraposición de dos imaginarios culturales, representados por tegeatas y atenienses respectivamente. Dicho antagonismo se evidencia en un sutil proceso de desplazamientos semánticos por medio de los cuales Heródoto caracteriza de manera singular una y otra comunidad y el basamento ideológico-político sobre el que se sustentan.

Pollen record from Golkow, Poland

Janczyk-Kopikowa (1966): The series of the organic deposits, developed in the vicinity of Golkow near Warsaw as oil shales and peats, was laid down in a grough valley and now rests on the deposits of the Middle Polish Glaciation (Riss). The organic deposits are overlain by the fluviale deposits of the North Polish Glaciation (Würm). The locality Golkow occurs beyond the extent of the continental glacier of this glaciation. Polen analysis completed by microfloristic examinations allows to determine the age of the organic series that is thought to be Eemian. The pollen diagram from Golkow does not call in question the stratigraphical position of the deposits investigated mainly due to its characteristic features such as minimum content of coniferous trees in the climatic optimum - about 5%, high percentage of Corylus - 77.5% and well developed phase of hornbeam. It may be well compared with other Eemian diagrams from the area of Poland and reveals much similar features. The development of vegetation at Golkow has depended upon the prevailing climate. At first, the cool climate brings about the development of plants having small thermal requirements. Here belong thin, park-like forests with pine and birch (Pinus, Betula) accompanied by the heliophilic plants such as Hippohäe and Ephedra. Improvement of climate that becomes warm and humid provides for development of deciduous forests prevailing in the climatic optimum, of the interglacial. Decrease of temperature causes a repeated change in the type of forest. This latter changes into coniferous forest with prevailing spruce (Picea) and fir (Abies) at the beginning, and then with pine (Pinus) and birch (Betula). During the Eemian Interglacial, the development of plants at Golkow terminates with a new and long-lasting predominance of pine-birch forests. However, such a longevity may be apparent only. Apparent character of this phenomenon is proved by a fact that the pollen spectra of the warm climatic periods have found their reflex in the oil shale that increased considerably slower than the layers off feebly decomposed peat evidencing the existence of cool pine-birch forests from the decline of the Interglacial. The water basin, in which the polen grains were laid down from surrounding plants is characterized by a calm sedimentation as proved by the occurrence of the oil shale. An insignificant water flow left behind some thin sand laminae. The not too deep basin becomes shallower owing to the growing water vegetation, and marshy vegetation. The growing of the plants causes a complete shallowing of the basin and formation of peat bog in situ, as proved by the peat beds occurring in the section. ---- Gadomska (1966): In the vicinity of Golków a series of organic deposits occurs amounting to 6.5-9.3 m in thickness, and consisting of oil shales, lacustrine silts and sands, as well as peats and peaty silts. The organic deposits fill up an old, small, but fairly deep lake basin, probably of finger-lake origin. It may be seen to-day as a slight lowering of the relief, filled up with soaked ground, stretching from north to south. On the basis of palaeobotanical examinations the organic deposits considered are of Eemian Interglacial age (Z. Janczyk-Kopikowa, 1063). The lower part of the organic series consists of a compact oil shale horizon, the maximum thickness of which may attain up to 8 m. The oil shales contain particularly in their upper part, numerous intercalations of arenaceous silts, dark grey or black in colour, or of sands mainly of lacustrine provenance. At the top of the oil shales are found peats, up to 2.5 m in thickness, covered by black, humus silts with numerous plant remains. The Eemian Interglacial deposits are covered by a series of fluviatile sands belonging partly to the Baltic Glaciation (bottom part of the series), partly to the Holocene (top part of the series). The thickness of the sands is 0.5-3.7 m. Higher up, there are found the Holocene and present-day deposits developed as clayey alluvion, or arenaceous slide rocks, or arenaceous-silty soil.

La Asamblea del año XIII y la dimensión extraordinaria del orden jurídico tradicional : Reflexiones en torno al juramento e instrucciones del cabildo de Córdoba

Considerando los cambios historiográficos relacionados con los primeros constitucionalismos hispanoamericanos, nos proponemos analizar algunos aspectos de la tradición jurídica todavía dominante en el momento de la Asamblea de 1813 que pueden contribuir a una mejor comprensión de su significado como primer ensayo constituyente en el Río de la Plata. Partiendo de la elucidación del calificativo "extraordinario" -como clave del lenguaje normativo precontemporáneo-, analizamos algunos tópicos clásicos como el problema de la representación, las instrucciones a los diputados y el juramento exigido para el reconocimiento de la Asamblea. Aunque usamos testimonios principalmente tomados de Córdoba, aspiramos a que algunas reflexiones puedan proyectarse más allá de ese ocasional punto de observación

Expresiones políticas y movilización popular en los pueblos de la campañade Buenos Aires : La Guardia de Luján y el Sitio de Lagos (1852-1854)

En este artículo se abordará la problemática transición política producida en la provincia de Buenos Aires luego de la batalla de Caseros en febrero de 1852 y el impacto que generó en la campaña. Partimos del siguiente argumento: la intervención política de los habitantes rurales y el grado de dependencia/independencia de sus reclamos se explica en gran medida a través del entramado de relaciones de poder (complejo y cambiante) que se construyó en cada pueblo. En primera instancia, la atención estará puesta en las diferentes expresiones políticas que se manifestaron en el vecindario de la Guardia de Luján durante el rosismo y las repercusiones del día después. Luego, se estudiará el pronunciamiento del General Hilario Lagos del 1º de diciembre de 1852 y la participación del vecindario. Por último, se reseñaran las repercusiones locales producto del derrocamiento de Juan Manuel de Rosas

Persas de Esquilo : vv. 1-154

El teatro de Esquilo, luego de los análisis surgidos en la primera mitad del siglo XX bajo la óptica alemana, pareció pasar inadvertido a la mirada crítica posterior. Actualmente, de la mano de las nuevas corrientes que privilegiaron el estudio de la performance teatral, la obra del poeta se somete a análisis desde una visión renovadora que absorbe y trasciende el debate exclusivamente filológico. Entre las tragedias conservadas de la Antigüedad Clásica, Persas se erige no sólo como el primer testimonio completo del género, sino también como la única pieza que poseemos con tema histórico. Inscribiéndonos en el marco de las últimas tendencias críticas, a partir del análisis filológico-literario de la Párodos (vv. 1-154), en el presente trabajo nos proponemos ver de qué manera el poeta construye la imagen del bárbaro frente a la del griego, teniendo en cuenta que la pieza, que ofrece la mirada persa sobre la batalla de Salamina, fue concebida por un ateniense, para la audiencia ateniense. Historia y manifestación literaria convergen, así, en una tragedia que revela el pensamiento y la grandeza de su creador.