07031-011 Brushy Creek Watershed Final Report

Brushy Creek is a tributary of the Raccoon River, which is a regular source of drinking water for over 400,000 Iowans. Regular monitoring by Des Moines Water Works (DMWW) and Agriculture’s Clean Water Alliance (ACWA) over the last eight years has shown the stream to be highly impaired for coliform bacteria and nitrate. Both Brushy Creek and the Raccoon River are on the 303(d) impaired waterbody list. A December 2005 fish kill in Brushy Creek resulted in administrative actions against seven livestock producers. Several open feed lots exist in the watershed. The community of Roselle (in the Brushy Creek watershed) has been identified by IDNR as unsewered, and many dwellings throughout the watershed discharge untreated human waste. No Watershed Improvement Association (WIA) exists in this sparsely-populated area. This outcome-based project will: • Enhance nutrient and manure management to reduce agricultural inputs to the stream. • Assess the amount of human waste reaching the stream from Roselle. • Engage and inform local residents so a WIA can be formed. • Monitor performance through a rigorous water and soil testing program. This project embraces a concept of participation from all levels of government, commodity organizations, and the private sector. The largest drinking water utility in the state will lead and administer this effort. The participating parties will work to establish a functioning WIA so that progress achieved through this project will be robust and long-lasting. The participants believe this will be the most effective approach to correct the situation, and will serve as a model for other problem watersheds throughout the state.

06012-006 Lime Creek NPS Project Final Report

Lime Creek is a sub-watershed of the Cedar River above; approximately 25 miles from Cedar Rapids. The lower half of the stream is on the Iowa 2004 Section 303(d) impaired waters list. Monitoring by the Cedar River Watershed Monitoring Coalition documents that Lime Creek delivers above average amounts of nitrate+ nitrite-N, ammonia-Nand total phosphorus (above the 901 percentile) compared to other Cedar River sub-watersheds. The Cedar Rapids water utility is concerned about increasing delivery of nitrate+nitrate to the Cedar River, which provides drinking water for about 125,000 people in the area. A group of local citizens has formed the Lime Creek watershed council with the goal of reducing pollutant delivery to the creek and promoting sustainable, watershed-wide action by producers, urban and rural residents for improved environmental management. The council has established a performance-based program that rewards cooperators for improvement in research-based test and index scores which directly measure environmental impact of BMPs. The Iowa Com Growers Association is funding the performance rewards. The Watershed Coalition is contributing in-kind monitoring. Council and performance cooperators participate primarily with commitment of their own resources. WIRB funds will be used to increase program cooperators and for staff support. In addition to improvement of water quality in Lime Creek, the project will establish baseline values for arket-based a pro ch to valuing pollutant reduction by intensive livestock operations in eastern Iowa.

06009-004 Price Creek Watershed Final Report

Price Creek is a 13 mile long stream located in SE Benton County and the NE corner of Iowa County. It ends below the village of Amana where it flows into the Iowa River. The Iowa and Benton County Soil & Water Conservation Districts (SWCDs) applied (and were tentatively approved) for 319/WPF/WSPF funding to treat livestock and water quality issues in this watershed over the next three years. That project’s funds were allocated for a Project Coordinator, information and education activities, and cost share for Best Management Practices (BMPs) directed toward livestock issues and nutrient issues. Soil erosion and sedimentation are also problems in this 18,838 acre watershed. It is 64% HEL (highly erodible land) and 58% of it is cropped. With a coordinator working with Price Creek producers, this would be an excellent time to also address the soil loss and sedimentation issues in this watershed. We will offer additional cost share incentives on BMPs targeting soil erosion on the critical areas we’ve identified. We are applying to IWIRB for additional funding to allow us to cost share specific BMPs up to 75% to treat soil loss in these critical areas of the Price Creek Watershed.

06004-003 Big Sioux River Watershed Final Report

Controlling and managing manure-contaminated runoff is a responsibility of every livestock producer. The minimum requirement of all confined feeding operations in Iowa, regardless of size, is to settle solids. Two separate watershed assessments conducted in 2003-2004 by the Lyon SWCD of 141 feedlot sites indicated only 29% have solid settling basins in place. Regulating agencies generally recommend a holding pond followed by irrigation land application which require large capital investments, specialized machinery and additional management skill sets. Producers are looking for more cost-effective alternatives for controlling feedlot runoff and regulating agencies need to know these alternatives will protect the environment.

1204-003 North Fork Maquoketa Watershed Final Report

The Headwaters North Fork Maquoketa River Project encompasses the Hewitt Creek, Bear Creek, and the Coffee Creek-North Fork Maquoketa subwatersheds. These three.sub-watersheds have intensive livestock agriculture production with manures applied generously on the landscape. Approximately 85% of the watershed area is cropland. Although livestock operations are not permitted to discharge waste directly into surface waters, the mishandling and over-application of animal waste and fertilizer have impacted water quality. Each of the subwatersheds has a strong locally led effort, concentrating significant efforts on monitoring, education, and conservation practice adoption. The original MRBI application was accepted by USDA with funding being extended to producers through FY14. A large component of this effort was the IJOBS funds awarded by IDALS to support the Project Coordinator for the first two years of this project. As previous funding for the support of the Project Coordinator has been exhausted, the local partners identified WIRB as a potential replacement funding source. The goal of the existing MRBI effort, in being consistent with this WIRB application, will help landowners and operators in the three selected watersheds voluntarily implement conservation systems that reduce nutrient loss; protect, restore, and enhance wetlands; maintain agricultural productivity; improve wildlife habitat; and achieve other objectives, such as flood reduction.

1240-017 Little Bear Creek Watershed Final Report

Little Bear Creek is a 21.79 mile Class A1 and B (WW2) warm water stream that encompasses approximately 29,202 acres in northern Poweshiek County. The lower 8.4 mile segment is listed as biologically impaired on both the IDNR 2008 303(d) list and 2010 303(d) draft list. A RASCAL assessment and landowner survey was completed through a development grant in 2011, and these assessments indicate that erosion and sediment delivery from cropland, lack of adequate buffers along the stream channel, and streambank conditions contribute significant sediment delivery to the stream, likely resulting in the impairment. An estimated 36,544 tons of sediment are delivered to the stream annually. A total of 11,075 acres (38%) of the watershed are high priority areas or land with sediment delivery rates greater than one. Our goal over 15 years is to install Best Management Practices (BMPs) and increase public education in order to reduce sediment and phosphorus delivery by 25% and decrease priority areas by 15%. More specific objectives for this WIRB project are to 1) Reduce annual sediment delivery by roughly 16.3% or 1,058 tons and associated phosphorus delivery by 1,375 pounds and 2) Develop an information and education program aimed at producers and residents within the headwaters of Grant and Chester townships, which account for 18% of the watershed's priority areas. The SWCD proposes to utilize 50% EQIP funds and 25% WIRB funds toward rural BMPs, and 75% WIRB funds toward urban BMPs received through this application.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates changes in tissue protein turnover in a rat cancer cachexia model.

Rats bearing the Yoshida AH-130 ascites hepatoma showed enhanced fractional rates of protein degradation in gastrocnemius muscle, heart, and liver, while fractional synthesis rates were similar to those in non-tumor bearing rats. This hypercatabolic pattern was associated with marked perturbations of the hormonal homeostasis and presence of tumor necrosis factor in the circulation. The daily administration of a goat anti-murine TNF IgG to tumor-bearing rats decreased protein degradation rates in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver as compared with tumor-bearing rats receiving a nonimmune goat IgG. The anti-TNF treatment was also effective in attenuating early perturbations in insulin and corticosterone homeostasis. Although these results suggest that tumor necrosis factor plays a significant role in mediating the changes in protein turnover and hormone levels elicited by tumor growth, the inability of such treatment to prevent a reduction in body weight implies that other mediators or tumor-related events were also involved.

Tumor localization of radiolabeled antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with carcinoma: a critical evaluation.

Purified, [131I]-labeled goat antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen, which have been shown to localize in human carcinoma in nude mice, were injected into 27 patients with carcinoma. Patients were scanned with a scintillation camera at various intervals. In 11 patients, radioactivity was detectable in the tumor 48 hours after injection. Computerized subtraction of blood-pool radioactivity provided clearer pictures in positive cases, but in 16 patients the scans remained doubtful or negative. To study the specificity of [131I]-antibody localization, we gave some patients simultaneous injections of [125I]-labeled normal IgG. Both isotopes were measured by means of scintillation counting in tumors and normal tissues recovered after surgery. The results demonstrated that only the anti-CEA antibodies localized in tumors. However, the total antibody-derived radioactivity in the tumor was only about 0.001 of the injected dose. We conclude that, despite the present demonstration of specificity, this method of tumor detection is not yet clinically useful.

Growth and demise of Permian biogenic chert along northwest Pangea: evidence for end-Permian collapse of thermohaline circulation

The Permian Chert Event (PCE) was a 30 Ma long episode of unusual chert accumulation along the northwest margin of Pangea, and possibly worldwide. The onset of the PCE occurred at about the Sakmarian-Artinskian boundary in the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic, where it coincides with a maximum flooding event, the ending of high-frequency/high-amplitude shelf cyclicity, the onset of massive biogenic chert deposition in deep-water distal areas, and a long-term shift from warm- to cool-water carbonate sedimentation in shallow-water proximal areas. A similar and coeval shift is observed from the Barents Sea to the northwestern USA. A landward and southward expansion of silica factories occurred during the Middle and Late Permian at which time warm-water carbonate producers disappeared completely from the northwest margin of Pangea. Biotically impoverished and increasingly narrow cold-water carbonate factories (characterised by non-cemented bioclasts of sponges, bryozoans, echinoderms and brachiopods) were then progressively replaced by silica factories. By Late Permian time, little carbonate sediments accumulated in the Barents Sea and in the Sverdrup Basin. where the deep- to shallow-water sedimentary spectrum was occupied by siliceous sponge spicules. By that time, biogenic silica sedimentation was common throughout the world. Silica factories collapsed in the Late Permian, abruptly bringing the PCE to an end. In northwest Pangea, the end- Permian collapse of the PCE was associated with a major transgression and with a return to much warmer oceanic and continental climatic conditions. Chert deposition resumed in the distal oceanic areas during the early Middle Triassic (Anisian) after a 8-10 Ma interruption (Early Triassic Chert Gap). The conditions necessary for the onset, expansion and zenith of the PCE were provided by the thermohaline circulation of nutrient-rich cold waters along the northwestern and western margin of Pangea, and possibly throughout the world oceans. These conditions provided an efficient transportation mechanism that constantly replenished the supply of silica in the area, created a nutrient- and oxygen-rich environment favouring siliceous biogenic productivity. established cold sea-floor conditions, hindering silica dissolution, while increasing calcium carbonate solubility, and provided conditions adverse to organic and inorganic carbonate production, The northwest margin of Pangea was, for nearly 30 Ma. bathed by cold waters presumably derived from the seasonal melting of northern sea ice, the assumed engine for thermohaline circulation. This process started near the Sakmarian-Artinskian boundary. intensified throughout Middle and Late Permian time and ceased suddenly in latest Permian time, It led to oceanic conditions much colder than normally expected from the palaeolatitudes. and the influence of cold northerly-derived water was felt as far south southern Nevada. The demise of silica factories was caused by the rapid breakdown of these conditions and the establishment of a much warmer marine environment accompanied by sluggish circulation and perhaps a reduced input of dissolved silica to the ocean. Complete thawing of northern sea ice would have ended thermohaline circulation and led to warm and sluggish oceanic conditions inimical to the production. accumulation and preservation of biogenic silica.

Input diffusion and the evolution of production networks

What determines which inputs are initially considered and eventually adopted in the productionof new or improved goods? Why are some inputs much more prominent than others? We modelthe evolution of input linkages as a process where new producers first search for potentially usefulinputs and then decide which ones to adopt. A new product initially draws a set of 'essentialsuppliers'. The search stage is then confined to the network neighborhood of the latter, i.e., to theinputs used by the essential suppliers. The adoption decision is driven by a tradeoff between thebenefits accruing from input variety and the costs of input adoption. This has important implicationsfor the number of forward linkages that a product (input variety) develops over time. Inputdiffusion is fostered by network centrality ? an input that is initially represented in many networkneighborhoods is subsequently more likely to be adopted. This mechanism also delivers a powerlaw distribution of forward linkages. Our predictions continue to hold when varieties are aggregatedinto sectors. We can thus test them, using detailed sectoral US input-output tables. We showthat initial network proximity of a sector in 1967 significantly increases the likelihood of adoptionthroughout the subsequent four decades. The same is true for rapid productivity growth in aninput-producing sector. Our empirical results highlight two conditions for new products to becomecentral nodes: initial network proximity to prospective adopters, and technological progress thatreduces their relative price. Semiconductors met both conditions.

Strategisesti tärkeän tuotteen toimitusvarmuussuunnitelma

Suolahappo kuuluu peruskemianteollisuuden tuotteisiin ja on monen eri kemianteollisuuden tuotteen raaka-aine, jota ilman tuotantoprosessi keskeytyy. Suolahapontuottajia on vain muutama Suomessa ja näiden tuottajien varassa toimii lukuisia jatkojalostusteollisuuslaitoksia. Työssä lähdettiin kehittämään suolahapontoimitusvarmuutta logistiikan keinoin. Toimitusvarmuutta haluttiin kehittää sesonkivaihteluiden ja tuotantokatkosten aikana. Työssä etsitään sopiva sesonkivarastointikapasiteetti ja varmuusvarastotaso sekä järkevä sijainti varastolle. Varastointia kehitetään kuljetukset ja tuotannon luonne huomioiden. Työn alussa esitellään yritys ja tuotantoprosessi. Tämän jälkeen analysoidaan kysyntätietoja ja kasataan ongelmat toimitusvarmuudessa. Näiden pohjalta lähdetään kehittämään teoriapohjaisia ratkaisuvaihtoehtoja, jonka jälkeen ne sovelletaan yritykselle sopivaan muotoon. Työn tuloksena saatiin esitys varastointitarpeesta sekä siitä aiheutuvista kustannuksista. Työssäesitetään myös järkevä varaston sijainti ja soveltuva kuljetuskäytäntö tähän varastoon.

International comparison of Russian food processing industry -Finnish perspective

Työn päätavoitteena on kartoittaa Venäjän elintarviketeollisuutta ulkomaisen investoijan näkökulmasta. Tutkimus arvioi liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia ja kilpailutilannetta Venäjän elintarviketeollisuudessa ja auttaa ulkomaisia yrityksiä toteuttamaan liiketoimintastrategioitaan Venäjällä. Venäjän ja muiden siirtymätalousmaiden markkinatilannevertailujen lisäksi Venäjän alueita verrataan keskenään. Myös mahdollisen WTO jäsenyyden vaikutuksia arvioidaan. Kommunismin perintö vaikuttaa edelleen Venäjän elintarviketeollisuuteen ja maatalouteen. Maatalouden tuottavuus on kaukana länsimaisesta tasosta ja maatiloilta puuttuu rahoitusta. Etenkin maidon- ja lihanjalostajat kärsivät raaka-ainepulasta. Venäjän kriisi vuonna 1998 vahvisti paikallista teollisuustuotantoa mutta aiheutti ongelmia ulkomaisille investoijille ja yrityksille, jotka vievät tuotteitaan Venäjälle. Edut, joita mahdollinen maailmankauppajärjestö WTO:n jäsenyys tuo, ovat merkittävämpiä Venäjälle kuin sen kauppakumppaneille. Venäjän alueet eivät ole yhtäläisesti kehittyneitä ja kuluttajien ostovoima vaihtelee paljon. Itsestään selvin ja houkuttelevin vaihtoehto menestyvien elintarvikeyritysten laajentumiselle löytyy alueilta, joilla ostovoima on suurin. Tähän asti kansainväliset elintarvikeyritykset ovat olleet enemmän kiinnostuneita Itä- ja Keski-Euroopan maista. Käytettävissä olevat tulot ovat Itä- ja Keski-Euroopan maissa suurempia kuin Venäjällä, joten tuottajat pystyvät myymään myös kalliimpia tuotteita. Työvoimakustannukset Venäjällä tulevat olemaan suotuisia vielä muutaman vuosikymmenen ja markkinoiden koko on merkittävä. Siksi kansainvälisillä elintarvikeyrityksillä riittää kiinnostusta tulevaisuudessa investoida myös Venäjälle.

Puristin- ja viiraosan vedenpoiston hallinta nopeudennoston yhteydessä

Koneuusintojen sekä täysin uusien konelinjojen myötä SC-paperin valmistuskapasiteettia on tullut ja tulee paljon lisää 2000-luvulla. Uudistettujen sekä uusien linjojen tuottavuudet ja laatutasot ylittävät huomattavasti Myllykoski Paperin PK7:n nykyisen tason. Tämän vuoksi PK7:lla tulee pystyä valmistamaan vähemmän kilpailtuja ja jalostusarvoltaan parempia laatuja kuin mitä suurimmat SC-tuottajat valmistavat. Työn tavoitteena oli antaa vastauksia investointitarpeisiin, jos PK7:n tuotesuuntaa ollaan muuttamassa. Toisena tavoitteena oli luoda puristin- ja viiraosan vedenpoiston kannalta ajoikkuna, jossa muuttujna ovat neliömassa, paperikoneen nopeus sekä massatärkkelyksen määrä Kirjallisuusosassa tarkasteltiin SC-paperikoneen viira- ja puristinosan vedenpoistoa. PK7:n nykyisen listakenkäformerin vedenpoistokapasiteetti voi olla riittämätön nykyisellä laatutasolla ja hiokemassoilla suurempia ajonopeuksia tavoiteltaessa. Ongelmiksi voivat tulla listakengän vedenpoisto ja viiraosan jälkeinen kuiva-aine. Puristinosalla paksut lajit, alhainen kuiva-aine sekä nopea ja äkillinen vedenpoisto voivat aiheuttaa telanipissä kurausta. Kokeellisessa osassa selvitettiin raskaiden ja ohuiden neliömassojen sekä eripaperilajien mahdolliset vedenpoiston rajoitukset viira- ja puristinosalla. Formeritelan ja listakengän sekä 1. puristimen vedenpoistokapasiteetit tulivat koeajon perusteella kriittiseksi raskailla lajeilla ja suurilla massatärkkelysmäärillä, kun koneen nopeus nousi yli 1240 m/min.

Elektroniikka - ja sähköromun (SER) kierrätys

Tässä työssä pyrin tarkastelemaan sähkö- ja elektroniikkaromun kierrätystä erityisesti EU - direktiivin mukaisen tuottajavastuun näkökulmasta. Käytettyjen sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitteiden vuori kasvaa koko ajan kaikkialla Euroopassa. Euroopan parlamentti hyväksyi joulukuussa 2002 kaksi uutta direktiiviä, joilla pyritään lieventämään sähköromuongelmaa. Parlamentin vaatimusten ansiosta unionin jäsenvaltioiden on taattava, että laitteiden valmistajat maksavat omista tuotteistaan syntyvän sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitejätteen keräys-, käsittely- ja kierrätyskustannukset. Tämä merkitsee esimerkiksi sitä, että kuluttajat voivat viedä vanhat sähkölaitteensa asuinpaikkansa läheisyydessä sijaitseviin maksuttomiin keräyspisteisiin. Myös kuluttajien on otettava vastuu hankkimistaan tuotteista: sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitejätteen hävittäminen tavallisen kotitalousjätteen seassa tullaan kieltämään.

Kriittiset menestystekijatjulkisen sektorin ulkoistamishankkeissa. Case: eKarjala Oy

Tarve kuntienväliselle yhteistyölle on kasvanut voimakkaasti. Pyrkimys kustannusten hallintaan ja tehokkaampien palveluntuotantomallien kehittämiseen on tuonut palveluiden ulkoistamisen voimakkaasti myös julkiselle sektorille. Menestyksekäs yhteistyö toisten kuntien ja palveluntuottajien kanssa vaatii osaamista myös kumppanuussuhteiden hallinnassa. Tehdyssä tutkimuksessa keskitytään juuri tähän osa-alueeseen vaikuttaviin tekijöihin. Tässä työssä keskitytään käsittelemään julkisen sektorin yhteistyötä toisten kuntien ja palveluntuottajan kanssa IT -sektorilla. Työssä tuodaan esiin teorian kautta yhteistyön kriittiset menestystekijät sekä tutkitaan näiden tekijöiden toteutumista todellisessa yhteistyössä kvalitatiivisen tutkimuksen avulla. Kvalitatiivisen tutkimuksen tulokset tukevat aiempia tutkimustuloksia siitä että luottamus, sitoutuminen, kommunikaatio sekä riippuvuus ja kontrolli ovattekijöitä jotka vaikuttavat yhteistyön onnistumiseen myös tutkitussa casessa.