12路40Gb/s甚短距离并行光传输信号转换器研究

基于OIF-VSR5-01.0规范,分析了12路并行40Gb/s甚短距离(VSR)光传输转换器模块的实现原理.采用top-down分析方法,使用硬件描述语言verilog,在可编程逻辑器件上完成了时钟数据恢复、基于字节对齐方案的帧同步、信道去斜移、比特间差奇偶校验(BIP)等功能模块的程序设计,实现了SFI-5与OIF-VSR5-01.0电信号格式的相互转换,并在Altera的Stratix II GX 系列的高速现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)上对功能模块进行了功能验证和联合仿真.结果表明所设计的各个功能模块满足系统应用要求,为下一步将系统设计转换为专用集成电路(ASIC)奠定了基础.

A High Speed, 12-Channel Parallel, Monolithic Integrated CMOS OEIC Receiver

The design and fabrication of a high speed, 12-channel monolithic integrated CMOS optoelectronic integrated circuit(OEIC) receiver are reported.Each channel of the receiver consists of a photodetector,a transimpedance amplifier,and a post-amplifier.The double photodiode structure speeds up the receiver but hinders responsivity.The adoption of active inductors in the TIA circuit extends the-3dB bandwidth to a higher level.The receiver has been realized in a CSMC 0.6μm standard CMOS process.The measured results show that a single channel of the receiver is able to work at bit rates of 0.8～1.4Gb/s. Altogether, the 12-channel OEIC receiver chip can be operated at 15Gb/s.

截止波长12μm的InAs0.04Sb0.96/GaAs的熔体外延生长及特性研究

用熔体外延(ME)法在半绝缘(100)GaAs衬底上成功生长出了截止波长为12 μm的InAs0.04Sb0.96外延层.傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)透射光谱揭示,InAsSb合金的禁带宽度被强烈变窄.通过分析InAs0.04Sb0.96外延层载流子浓度的温度依存性表明,其室温禁带宽度为0.105 5 eV,与透射光谱测得的数值很好地一致.通过测量12～300 K的吸收光谱,研究了InAs0.04Sb0.96/GaAs的禁带宽度的温度依存性.霍尔测量得出300 K下样品的电子迁移率为4.47×104 cm2/Vs,载流子浓度为8.77×1015 cm-3;77 K下电子迁移率为2.15×104 cm2/Vs,载流子浓度为1.57×1015 cm-3;245 K下的峰值迁移率为4.80×104 cm2/Vs.

（113）面硅衬底上自组织生长的GeSi量子点及其光荧光

用透射电子显微镜观察了Si(113)衬底上由固态源分子束外延生长的自组织量子点的形貌，测量了其原生及退火后低温下的荧光光谱。对所得结果进行了分析。

Si（5,5,12）-一个大元胞的稳定表面

于2010-11-23批量导入

Si（113）表面原子结构的低能电子衍射研究

于2010-11-23批量导入

含杂六角密积结构原子簇Al（12）M的电子结构

于2010-11-23批量导入

Si（113）表面电子结构的研究

于2010-11-23批量导入

柞蚕核型多角体病毒B-ORF6L、ptp、lef-12基因克隆及表达

本研究克隆了柞蚕核型多角体病毒（Antheraea pernyi nucleopolyhedrovirus，ApNPV）基因组pstⅠ-B、pstⅠ-C、pstⅠ-J三个片段，测序分析了pstⅠ-B、pstⅠ-C片段全序列及pstⅠ-J片段一端序列。ApNPV pstⅠ-C片段长6663 bp，包括9个完整ORF及2个不完整ORF；ApNPV pstⅠ-B片段长7406 bp，包括5个完整ORF及2个不完整ORF。ApNPV pstⅠ-J片段末端测定的954 bp序列包括lef-12完整序列及p47和gta部分序列。本研究共鉴定21个ApNPV ORF序列，其中20个属首次报道，占ApNPV已报道基因数的50％。编码ORF同源性分析及克隆片断ORF组成、基因排列顺序分析表明ApNPV与鳞翅目NPV第Ⅰ类群中的OpMNPV、CfMNPV、CfDefNPV、EppoNPV关系较近。 本研究克隆了ApNPV B-ORF6L、ptp-1、ptp-2及lef-12 四个基因，并对这四个基因在柞蚕蛹体内的表达进行了转录分析，结果表明：ApNPV ptp-1、lef-12是早期基因，B-ORF6L、ptp-2是晚期基因。本研究将ApNPV B-ORF6L、ptp-2亚克隆至原核表达载体，并在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达。SDS-PAGE及Western blot分析表明：PTP-2原核表达分子量与预测分子量相符，B-ORF6L融合表达分子量较预测的分子量偏大。以原核表达的B-ORF6L、PTP-2蛋白作为抗原，成功制作了B-ORF6L和PTP-2蛋白兔多克隆抗血清。ApNPV蛋白组分印迹分析表明：B-ORF6L参与包涵体膜及ODV结构组成，是ApNPV结构蛋白；PTP-2不参病毒结构组成。 分子系统发育分析表明，杆状病毒分为4个大的类群，ApNPV属于鳞翅目NPV第Ⅰ类群，与OpMNPV、CfMNPV、CfDefNPV、EppoNPV关系较近，与AcMNPV、RoMNPV、BmNPV关系稍远。

杉木人工林凋落物对土壤碳平衡的影响

土壤碳循环过程是目前全球碳源碳汇研究的核心，目前对土壤碳循环过程和机制的研究还十分缺乏。杉木人工林约占我国人工林面积的1/4，由于近几十年经营管理措施不当，土壤有机碳的下降已经成为不争的事实，极大地影响了杉木人工林生产力的可持续发展。本研究通过对杉木人工林土壤有机碳来源、分解和释放动态的区分量化，结合13C标记示踪试验，开展了杉木凋落物分解对土壤有机碳平衡影响的研究，为土壤碳平衡和转化机理及杉木人工林的可持续经营提供了可靠的理论依据。通过系统的研究，得出以下结论： ⑴估算了典型杉木人工林土壤碳的周转状况，研究发现典型杉木人工林土壤碳更新较慢。土壤碳年输入量、形成量、转化量、输出量和贮存量分别为2.79 t hm-2、1.58 t hm-2、2.04 t hm-2、4.57 t hm-2、113.21 t hm-2。其中在土壤碳年排放量中矿质土层呼吸、根呼吸、凋落物层呼吸碳分别占土壤碳总排放量的50.6%、26.0%、23.1%。 ⑵计算了凋落物分解对土壤碳平衡的贡献。不同器官凋落物在土壤中的矿化释放碳量和进入土壤碳库量均随着凋落物易分解性的增大而增大，并且各器官凋落物分解以CO2-C释放最多，以微生物量碳存在的量次之，以可溶性碳存在的量最少。年均温16.5 ℃条件下培养100天，分别来自于叶、枝、细根、粗根有机碳的13.81%、9.26%、5.74%、4.62%被矿化释放，占总CO2-C释放量的比例分别为43.7%、37.2%、31.9%、29.0%。同时不同器官凋落物依次有3.05%、3.26%、2.24%、1.84%存在于土壤微生物碳库，占总微生物量碳的比例分别为12.9%、14.3%、10.5%、8.8%；不同器官凋落物依次有0.62%、0.62%、0.31%、0.24%存在于可溶性有机碳库，占总可溶性有机碳的比例分别为3.99%、4.10%、2.13%、1.73%。 ⑶不同器官凋落物进入土壤对土壤碳排放的激发效应不同，叶、枝、细根、粗根加入土壤产生了正激发效应，激发率依次为6.6%、7.0%、2.2%、2.8%。并且土壤风干－湿润过程影响了凋落物在土壤中的分解和转化过程。土壤风干－湿润使起始矿化底物库增大，培养初期凋落物分解速率上升，同时土壤原有机碳矿化速率降低，微生物对凋落物碳的利用以及凋落物对可溶性有机碳的贡献下降。 ⑷凋落物碳在不同轻组密度组分中的分布不同，但各器官凋落物间无明显差异，均为中等密度自由轻组最多，其次为最小密度自由轻组，最少为闭蓄轻组。室外培养224天，结果表明叶、枝、细根、粗根凋落物在各密度组分中的分配情况为：<1.0 g cm-3自由轻组中16.5~19.1%，1.0~1.8 g cm-3自由轻组中56.8~65.2%，闭蓄轻组中残留5.7~6.9%，其余的9.9～21.0%被矿化损失。研究还表明，凋落物粉碎添加方式能改变其在土壤组分中的分布比例，倾向于向较重的密度组分中分布而被保护起来利于有机碳的积累。

瑞香狼毒（Stellera chamaejasme L.）对高寒草甸系统生长和非生长季节碳氮循环的影响及其花粉化感效应

瑞香狼毒（Stellera chamaejasme L.）是瑞香科（Thymelaeaceae）狼毒属的一种多年生野草，有毒。据调查，从20 世纪60 年代开始至今，狼毒在青藏高原东缘的高寒草甸上不断蔓延、密度不断变大，在一些地段甚至成为优势物种。有关狼毒在高寒草甸蔓延的生态系统效应的研究尚未见报道。本文从系统碳、氮循环的角度，分别研究狼毒在生长和非生长季节对高寒草甸生态系统的影响。同时，从花粉化感的角度，深入研究狼毒对当地同花期物种有性繁殖的影响。系统地研究高寒草甸生态系统物质循环过程，特别是非生长季节微生物和土壤碳氮库的动态变化，有助于揭示狼毒在系统物质循环方面的“物种效应”以及这种效应的季节变化，为丰富有关高海拔生态系统，特别是其非生长季的物质循环的科学理论做出贡献。同时，碳氮循环和花粉化感的研究还有助于深刻地理解狼毒作为一种入侵性很强的杂草的特殊的蔓延机制，从而为狼毒的有效防治、高寒草甸的科学管理提供依据。 针对狼毒在青藏高原高寒草甸上蔓延的生态系统碳氮循环方面的影响，开展以下2 方面的研究：（1）在生长季，研究松潘县尕米寺附近（北纬32°53'，东经103°40'，海拔3190 m）的两种地形（平地和阳坡）条件下狼毒对土壤碳氮循环影响及可能的原因。狼毒和其它几个主要物种（圆穗蓼（Polygonummacrophyllum D. Don var. Macrophyllum），草地早熟禾（Poa pretensis L.），四川嵩草（Kobresia setchwanensis Hand.-Maizz.），鹅绒委陵菜（Potentilla anserina L.var. anserine）和鳞叶龙胆（Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb.）的地上凋落物产量以及地上凋落物和根的化学组成被测量。在有-无狼毒斑块下，各种土壤的库（比如，铵态氮、硝态氮、无机磷和微生物生物量）和周转率（包括净矿化、净硝化、总硝化、反硝化和微生物呼吸速率）被测量和比较。（2）在非生长季节，尤其是春季冻融交替期，选取了两个研究地点——尕米寺和卡卡沟（北纬32°59'，东经103°41'，海拔3400 m），分别测定有狼毒和无狼毒斑块下土壤微生物生物量碳和氮、可溶性有机碳和氮以及铵态氮和硝态氮的动态变化。同时，分别在上述两个地点有-无狼毒的样地上，研究6 个主要物种（狼毒、圆穗蓼、草地早熟禾、四川嵩草、鹅绒委陵菜和鳞叶龙胆）从秋季开始、为期1 年的凋落物分解过程。 针对狼毒花粉化感对同花期其它物种可能的花粉化感作用开展以下工作：在实验室中，用一系列浓度的狼毒花粉水浸提液对与它同花期的其它物种以及自身花粉进行测试，测定花粉萌发率；在野外自然条件下的其它物种的柱头上施用上述浓度的狼毒花粉水浸提液，观测种子结实率，同时，观察狼毒花粉的种间花粉散布数量。 生长季节的研究结果表明，狼毒地上凋落物氮含量比其它几个主要物种更高，而木质素-总氮比更低。狼毒显著地增加其斑块下表层土壤中有机质的含量，而有-无狼毒的亚表层土壤在有机碳和总磷方面没有显著差异。狼毒表土中硝态氮含量在平地和阳坡比无狼毒土壤分别高113%和90%。狼毒表土中微生物生物量碳和氮量显著高于无狼毒表土。无论是平地还是阳坡，狼毒土壤的总硝化和微生物呼吸速率显著高于无狼毒土壤；而它们的反硝化速率只在平地有显著的差异。狼毒与其它物种间地上凋落物的产量和质量的差异可能是导致有-无狼毒土壤碳氮循环差异的原因。我们假设，狼毒可能通过增加贫氮生态系统土壤中的有效氮含量提高其入侵能力。 非生长季的研究结果表明，在青藏高原东缘的高寒草甸上，土壤微生物生3物量在11 月的秋-冬过渡期达到第一个峰值；在春季的冻融交替期，微生物生物量达到第二个峰值后又迅速降低。无机氮以及可溶性有机碳氮与微生物生物量有相似的变化过程。微生物碳氮比呈现显著的季节性变化。隆冬季节的微生物生物量碳氮比显著高于生长旺季的微生物碳氮比。这种变化可能暗示冬、夏季微生物的群落组成和对资源的利用有所不同。有-无狼毒斑块下土壤微生物和土壤碳、氮库一般只在秋-冬过渡期有显著差异，有狼毒土壤微生物生物量和土壤碳、氮库显著高于无狼毒土壤；而在之后的冬季和春季没有显著差异。所有6 个物种凋落物在非生长季分解率为24%-50%，均高于生长季的10%到30%。其中在秋-冬过渡期，凋落物开始埋藏的两周时间内，分解最快，达10%-20%。不同物种凋落物全年的分解率和分解过程有显著差异。圆穗蓼在全年的分解都较缓慢（非生长季26%，生长季15%），草地早熟禾和四川嵩草等全年的分解速率比较均匀（非生长季和生长季均为30%，非生长季略高），而狼毒在非生长季分解较快（约50%），而在接下来的生长季分解变得缓慢（约12%）。所有物种的凋落物氮含量在非生长季下降，而在随后的生长季上升。 实验室的花粉萌发试验证明，狼毒花粉对自身花粉萌发没有自毒作用，而其它受试的所有物种（圆穗蓼，秦艽（Gentiana macrophylla Pall. var. fetissowii），湿生扁蕾（Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook. f.) Ma var. paludosa），鳞叶龙胆，椭圆叶花锚（Halenia elliptica D. Don var. elliptica），蓝钟花（Cyananthus hookeri C. B.Cl. var. grandiflorus Marq.），小米草（Euphrasia pectinata Ten.），川西翠雀花（Delphinium tongolense Franch.），高原毛茛（Ranunculus tanguticus (Maxim.)Ovcz. var. tanguticus）和鹅绒委陵菜）的花粉萌发率随着狼毒花粉浸提液浓度的增加呈显著的非线性降低。大约3 个狼毒花粉的浸提液就可以抑制受试的多数物种的50%的花粉萌发。在鳞叶龙胆和小米草柱头上狼毒花粉的数量分别为5.76 个和3.35 个。狼毒花粉散布数量的差异最可能的原因在于是否有共同的传粉昆虫。花的形状（辐射对称VS 左右对称）、植株或花的密度以及花期重叠性可以部分解释这种差异。在野外试验中，我们发现6 个物种（秦艽、湿生扁蕾、鳞叶龙胆、椭圆叶花锚、蓝钟花和小米草）的种子结实率随狼毒花粉浸提液浓度的增加呈显著的非线性降低。鳞叶龙胆和小米草柱头上狼毒花粉的数量（分别是5.76 个和3.35 个）分别达到了抑制它们63%和55%种子结实率的水平。因此，狼毒对鳞叶龙胆和小米草可能存在明显的花粉化感抑制作用。狼毒周围的物种可能通过花期在季节或昼夜上的分异避免受到狼毒花粉化感的影响或者通过无性繁殖来维持种群繁衍，因此狼毒通过花粉化感作用对其周围物种繁殖的影响程度还需要进一步地研究。如果狼毒的花粉化感抑制作用确实存在，那么它可能成为一种自然选择压力，进而影响物种的进化。 Stellera chamaejasme L., a perennial toxic weed, has emerged and quicklydominated and spread in the high-frigid meadow on the eastern Tibetan Plateau ofChina since the 1960s. In the present study, effects of S. chamaejasme on carbon andnitrogen cycles on the high-frigid meadow on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau ingrowing and non-growing season, and its pollen allelopathic effects on the sympatricspecies were determined. The present study that focused on carbon and nitrogencycles, especially on microbial biomass and pools of carbon and nitrogen innon-growing season, could profoundly illuminate plant-species effects on carbon andnutrient cycles and its seasonal pattern and help to understand spread mechanism ofS. chamaejasme as an aggressive weed. The present study also contributed to furtherunderstand carbon and nutrient cycles on alpine regions in non-growing season andprovide a basis on weed control of S. chamaejasme and scientific management in thehigh-frigid ecosystem. Effects of S. chamaejasme on carbon and nitrogen cycles on the high-frigidmeadow on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were determined. The study couldbe divided into two parts. (1) In the growing season, we quantified the effects of S.chamaejasme on carbon and nitrogen cycles in two types of topographic habitats, theflat valley and the south-facing slope, where S. chamaejasme was favored to spreadlitter and root were measured to explain the likely effects of S. chamaejasme on soilcarbon and nutrient cycles. The sizes of various soil pools, e.g. nitrite, ammonium,inorganic phosphorus and microbial biomass, and turnover rates including netmineralization, gross nitrification, denitrification and microbial respiration weredetermined. (2) In the non-growing season study, microbial biomass carbon andnitrogen, soluble organic carbon and nitrogen, ammonium and nitrate weredetermined through the non-growing season, especially in the processes offreeze-thaw of spring in two high-frigid sites, i.e. Kaka valley and Gami temple, onthe eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Meanwhile, litter decomposition of six commonspecies, including Stellera chamaejasme L., Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don var.Macrophyllum, Poa pretensis L., Kobresia setchwanensis L., Potentilla anserina L.var. anserine and Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb., were also examined under theabove-mentioned experimental design through one whole-year, which began in theautumn in 2006. In the study of pollen allelopathy, several work, including in vitro study oneffects of extract of pollen from S. chamaejasme on sympatric species and pollenfrom itself, field experiments on effects of pollen extract with the same regime ofconcentrations on seed set and field observation on heterospecific pollen transfer ofS. chamaejasme to six of those sympatric species has been done. The results in the growing season showed that aboveground litter of S.chamaejasme had higher tissue nitrogen and lower lignin: nitrogen ratio than thoseco-occurring species. S. chamaejasme significantly increased topsoil organic matter,whereas no significant differences were found for organic C and total P in subsoilbetween under-Stellera and away-Stellera locations. The nitrate in Stellera topsoilwas 113% and 90% higher on the flat valley and on the south-facing slope,respectively. Both microbial biomass C and N were significantly higher in Stelleratopsoil. Gross nitrification and microbial respiration were significantly higher inStellera topsoil both on the flat valley and on the south-facing slope, whereassignificant differences of denitrification were found only on the flat valley. Thedifferences in the quantity and quality of aboveground litter are a likely mechanismresponsible for the changes of soil variables. We assumed that S. chamaejasme couldenhance their spread by increasing nutrient availability in N-deficient ecosystems. The results in the non-growing season showed that microbial biomass achievedthe first summit in late autumn and early winter on the eastern Qinghai-TibetanPlateau. In the stages of freeze-thaw of spring, microbial biomass firstly achieved thesecond summit and subsequently sharply decreased. Inorganic nitrogen, solubleorganic carbon and nitrogen had a similar dynamics with that of microbial biomass.Ratio of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen had an obviously seasonal pattern.The highest microbial C: N were in the non-growing season, which weresignificantly higher than those in the growing season. The seasonal pattern inmicrobial biomass C: N suggested that large changes in composition of microbialpopulation and in resources those used by microbes between summer and winter.Generally, microbial biomass and pools size of carbon and nitrogen in Stellera soilwere significantly higher than those under adjacent locations in late autumn andearly winter, but there were not significant differences in winter and in spring. Litterof all the focal species (Stellera chamaejasme L., Polygonum macrophyllum D. Donvar. Macrophyllum, Poa pretensis L., Kobresia setchwanensis Hand.-Maizz.,Potentilla anserina L. var. anserine and G. squarrosa Ledeb.) decomposed about24%-50% in the non-growing season, which were higher than those in the growingseason (ranged from 10% to 30%). Litter decomposed 10%-20% within the first twoweeks in late autumn and early winter. Significant differences in the whole-yeardecomposition rate and in the processes of decomposition were found among species.Polygonum macrophyllum decomposed slowly through the whole year (26% and15% in the non-growing season and in the growing season, respectively). Certainspecies, such as P. pretensis L. and K. setchwanensis, decomposed at a similar rate(30% both in the non-growing and in the growing season, slightly higher in the8growing season than those in the growing season), whereas S. chamaejasmedecomposed more rapidly (about 50%) in the non-growing season and subsequentlydecomposition became slow (about 12%) in the growing season. Litter nitrogencontents of all the focal species firstly decreased in the non-growing season and thenincreased in the growing season. In vitro experiments of pollen allelopathy, the results showed that pollen from S.chamaejasme was not autotoxic, whereas pollen germination in all the sympatricspecies (Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don var. Macrophyllum, Gentianamacrophylla Pall. var. fetissowii, Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook. f.) Ma var. paludosa,Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb., Halenia elliptica D. Don var. elliptica, Cyananthushookeri C. B. Cl. var. grandiflorus Marq., Euphrasia pectinata Ten., Delphiniumtongolense Franch., Ranunculus tanguticus (Maxim.) Ovcz. var. tanguticus andPotentilla anserina L. var. anserina) decreased nonlinearly as the increasingconcentrations of extract of pollen from S. chamaejasme. Pollen Extract of threepollens from S. chamaejasme generally inhibited 50% pollen germination of most ofthe focal species. 5.76 and 3.35 pollens from S. chamaejasme were observed in fieldon stigmas of G. squarrosa and E. pectinata, respectively. Differences inheterospecific pollen transfer of S. chamaejasme could be attributed to the primaryreason whether they shared common pollinators. Flower morphology (e.g.zygomorphic or actinomorphic), plant or floral density and concurrence in floweringphonologies could explain, in part, the differences in heterospecific pollen transfer.In field experiments, the results showed that seed set in six sympatric species(Gentiana macrophylla Pall. var. fetissowii, Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook. f.) Mavar. paludosa, Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb., Halenia elliptica D. Don var. elliptica,Cyananthus hookeri C. B. Cl. var. grandiflorus Marq. and Euphrasia pectinata Ten.)decreased nonlinearly as the increasing concentrations of extract of pollen from S.chamaejasme. According to the nonlinear curves, the amounts of pollens from S.chamaejasme on stigmas of G. squarrosa and of E. pectinata (i.e. 5.76 grains and3.35 grains, respectively) could reduce 63% and 55% seed set of G. squarrosa and ofE. pectinata, respectively. Thus, allelopathic effects of S. chamaejasme on G.squarrosa and E. pectinata could be realistic. The sympatric species of S.chamaejasme could avoid pollen allelopathy of S. chamaejasme to sustainthemselves. This highlights the need to study how much pollen allelopathy in S.chamaejasme influences the sympatric species through divergence in seasonal ordiurnal flowering phonologies or through asexual reproduction. If pollen allelopathyin S. chamaejasme was confirmed, it could be as a pressure of natural selection andthus play an important role in species evolution.