Parent-child communication: The impact of globalisation and rapid social transformation in Khulais – Saudi Arabia

This qualitative study of parent-child communication examined the views of parents and children in a province of Saudi Arabia concerning how family interactions, parental authority and children’s behaviours are affected by the globalising influences of media and technology. Impacts reported include how tension in family communication arises as children develop a hybrid culture through accessing Western ideas and ideologies that are profoundly challenging to traditional Islamic culture.

Postnatal depressive symptoms amongst women in Central Vietnam: A cross-sectional study investigating prevalence and associations with social, cultural and infant factors

Background This study investigated the prevalence and socio-cultural correlates of postnatal mood disturbance amongst women 18–45 years old in Central Vietnam. Son preference and traditional confinement practices were explored as well as factors such as poverty, parity, family and intimate partner relationships and infant health. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in twelve randomly selected Commune Health Centres from urban and rural districts of Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam. Mother-infant dyads one to six months postpartum were invited to participate. Questionnaires from 431 mothers (urban n = 216; rural n = 215) assessed demographic and family characteristics, traditional confinement practices, son preference, infant health and social capital. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and WHO5 Wellbeing Index indicated depressive symptoms and emotional wellbeing. Data were analysed using general linear models. Results Using an EPDS cut-off of 12/13, 18.1 % (n = 78, 95 % CI 14.6 - 22.1) of women had depressive symptoms (20.4 % urban; 15.8 % rural). Contrary to predictions, infant gender and traditional confinement were unrelated to depressive symptoms. Poverty, food insecurity, being frightened of family members, and intimate partner violence increased both depressive symptoms and lowered wellbeing. The first model accounted for 30.2 % of the variance in EPDS score and found being frightened of one’s husband, husband’s unemployment, breastfeeding difficulties, infant diarrhoea, and cognitive social capital were associated with higher EPDS scores. The second model had accounted for 22 % of the variance in WHO5 score. Living in Hue city, low education, poor maternal competence and a negative family response to the baby lowered maternal wellbeing. Conclusions Traditional confinement practices and son preference were not linked to depressive symptoms among mothers, but were correlates of family relationships and wellbeing. Poverty, food insecurity, violence, infant ill health, and discordant intimate and family relationships were linked with depressive symptoms in Central Vietnam.

Spirituality in Indian University students and its associations with socioeconomic status, religious background, social support, and mental health

The present study aimed to understand spirituality and its relationships with socioeconomic status (SES), religious background, social support, and mental health among Indian university students. It was hypothesized that: - (1) female university students will be more spiritual than male university students, - (2) four domains of spirituality will differ significantly across socioeconomic and religious background of the university students in addition to social support, and; - (3) there will be a positive relationship between spirituality and mental health of university students, irrespective of gender. A group of 475 postgraduate students aged 20–27 years, 241 males and 234 females, from various disciplines of Pondicherry University, India, participated in the study. Students’ background was collected using a structured questionnaire. Overall spirituality and its four dimensions were measured using the Spirituality Attitude Inventory, while mental health status was estimated based on scores of the psychological subscale of the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire. Female students were significantly more spiritual than male students, particularly in spiritual practice and sense of purpose/connection. Hindu religion and lower family income were associated with lower spirituality. Higher spirituality was associated with congenial family environment and more support from teachers and classmates. There was a strong association between overall spirituality and two spirituality domains (spiritual belief and sense of purpose/connection) with better mental health. Findings suggest an opportunity for open dialogue on spirituality for university students as part of their mental health and support services that fosters a positive mind set and enhancement of resilience.

Social determinants of health and diabetic foot disease

Background Diabetic foot disease (DFD) is the leading cause of hospitalisation and lower extremity amputation (LEA) in people with diabetes. Many studies have established the relationship between DFD and clinical risk factors, such as peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease. Other studies have identified the relationship between diabetes and non-clinical risk factors termed social determinants of health (SDoH), such as socioeconomic status. However, it appears very few studies have investigated the relationship between DFD and SDoH. This paper aims to review the existing literature investigating the relationship between DFD and the SDoH factors socioeconomic status (SES), race and geographical remoteness (remoteness). Process Electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PubMed) were searched for studies reporting SES, race (including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander in Australia) and remoteness and their relationship to DFD and LEA. Exclusion criteria were studies conducted in developing countries and studies published prior to 2000. Findings Forty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed; 10 in Australia. Overall, 28 (58%) studies investigated LEA, 10 (21%) DFD, and 10 (21%) DFD and LEA as the DFD-related outcome. Thirty-six (75%) studies investigated the SDoH risk factor of race, 22 (46%) SES, and 20 (42%) remoteness. SES, race and remoteness were found to be individually associated with LEA and DFD in the majority of studies. Only four studies investigated interactions between SES, race and remoteness and DFD with contrasting findings. All four studies used only LEA as their investigated outcome. No Australian studies investigate the interaction of all three SDoH risk factors on DFD outcomes. Conclusions The SDoH risk factors of SES, race and GR appear to be individually associated with DFD. However, only few studies investigated the interaction of these three major SDoH risk factors and DFD outcomes with contrasting results. There is a clear gap in this area of DFD research and particularly in Australia. Until urgent future research is performed, current practice and policy does not adequately take into consideration the implication of SDoH on DFD.

Social networks and use of social supports of minority elders in East Harlem

Considerable empirical research substantiates the importance of social networks on health and well-being in later life. A study of ethnic minority elders living in two low income public housing buildings in East Harlem was undertaken to gain an understanding of the relationship between their health status and social networks. Findings demonstrate that elders with supportive housing had better psychological outcomes and used significantly more informal supports when in need. However, elders with serious health problems had poorer outcomes regardless of their level of social support. This study highlights the potential of supportive living environments to foster social integration and to optimise formal and informal networks.

Controle social e participação na gestão da saúde : a experiência do município do Rio de Janeiro

Esta tese pretende analisar os processos e mecanismos da participação do controle social na gestão da política de saúde no Município do Rio de Janeiro ao estudar o Conselho Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram identificar a forma de controle e fiscalização exercida pelo Conselho Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro na gestão César Maia, averiguar se as decisões importantes da Política de Saúde Municipal passam pelo Conselho Municipal, as principais tensões deste espaço institucionalizado de participação sociopolítica que reproduz as lutas sociais. Realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa e empírica com enfoque no método dialético, um estudo de caso do Conselho Municipal de Saúde Rio de Janeiro no período de gestão de 2005 a 2008. A tese está estruturada em quatro capítulos. Traz as tensões e os processos sociais da participação do controle social na gestão da saúde, no Município do Rio de Janeiro, no terceiro mandato da gestão César Maia. Foi possível observar o potencial do controle social na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, porém, evidenciam-se vários limites, como a não efetivação da agenda proposta nas diretrizes das conferências municipais, bem como a falta de estratégias ao se elaborar, de forma conjunta, o Plano Municipal de Saúde do Município do Rio de Janeiro e indicativo da de uma assessoria técnica e política por meio do exercício profissional do assistente social nos moldes do projeto políticas públicas da saúde da UERJ.

Questão social e direito na sociedade capitalista: um estudo sobre a judicialização do acesso ao benefício de prestação continuada

A presente dissertação de mestrado objetivou constituir-se numa contribuição à produção de conhecimento acerca das demandas relativas à questão social que chegam ao Poder Judiciário, tendo em vista o cumprimento de direitos sociais negados no âmbito do Poder Executivo, dentre os quais o Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC). A pesquisa bibliográfica de estudos referentes ao tema da questão social, do direito e do Poder Judiciário constituiu o recurso metodológico utilizado para o alcance do aludido objetivo, tendo fornecido elementos para a reflexão, ainda incipiente no âmbito do Serviço Social, acerca do fenômeno da judicialização. Destarte, acredita-se que o tema aqui proposto adquiriu centralidade nessa discussão, pois o BPC é o único programa de combate à pobreza normatizado como um direito social, e, assim, podendo ser requerido junto ao Poder Judiciário. Pressupunha-se que a judicialização do acesso ao BPC se evidencia a partir das políticas neoliberais de restrição de direitos, que acabaram gerando um confronto entre a Constituição Federal e as legislações infraconstitucionais. Tal fato foi comprovado na pesquisa dos recursos decididos no ano de 2010 pelos juízes das Turmas Recursais do Tribunal Regional Federal da 2 Região, em que se analisou as seguintes questões: quantitativo de recursos interpostos pelo Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social e por autores dos processos; quantitativo de recursos decididos nos anos de 2008 e 2009; argumentação, tanto do Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social quanto dos autores, para a interposição dos recursos junto ao TRF; e decisões dos juízes das Turmas Recursais acerca dos recursos interpostos. Neste último aspecto, objetivou-se analisar a interpretação judicial acerca da situação de ausência de direito vivenciada pelo sujeito que pleiteia judicialmente o BPC, considerando que o gerenciamento estatal desse benefício assistencial se assenta na perspectiva de um gerenciamento da pobreza, primando pelo obscurecimento da questão social, em que os problemas vivenciados cotidianamente pelos sujeitos são tidos como problemas individuais, e que possam ser solucionados através da transferência de renda.

O processo de trabalho do (a) assistente social na universidade pública: análise da política de assistência estudantil da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Esta dissertação busca analisar as particularidades do trabalho do(a) assistente social na universidade pública brasileira. A universidade vem sofrendo os rebatimentos das mudanças impostas pelos processos de reestruturação capitalista e de internacionalização da economia em ampla expansão desde o final do século XX e a Política de Educação Superior vêm apresentando submissão às regras e ditames do mercado. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho procurou identificar as transformações da universidade pública brasileira na contemporaneidade; a análise da dinâmica da política de educação na área da educação superior; as particularidades do trabalho profissional no âmbito da política de assistência estudantil, já que essa é uma das principais requisições apresentadas aos assistentes sociais inseridos nesta área de atuação. Para tanto, tomou-se por referência de estudo a experiência da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro que já possui uma marca histórica de desenvolvimento de ações na área de assistência ao estudante. Por essa razão, este trabalho buscou examinar, através de uma pesquisa documental e entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com as profissionais da UERJ que atuam com ações de assistência estudantil, as novas configurações e particularidades para o processo de trabalho do(a) assistente social neste contexto. Os dois grandes eixos de análise que evolveram essa pesquisa foram: as condições e particularidades do trabalho do(a) assistente social no âmbito da política de educação superior na UERJ; Programa ou Política de Assistência Estudantil na UERJ? Os principais resultados dessa pesquisa apontaram que existem diferentes processos de trabalho nos quais se inscreve a atividade do (a) assistente social e esses processos são organizados a partir da função política, ideológica e econômica do Estado no formato da prestação de serviços sociais. Diante do contexto de redução dos direitos sociais conforme preconizado pela agenda neoliberal, a Política de Assistência Estudantil afirma-se no espaço universitário público, fazendo interface tanto com a Política de Educação quanto com a Política de Assistência Social, e, portanto, compartilha das mesmas características das referidas políticas, a saber: ações pontuais, seletivas e focalizadas. Apesar da existência de uma Política Nacional de Assistência Estudantil PNAES, a prática da Assistência Estudantil no âmbito estadual encontra limites para a sua operacionalização e apresenta necessidade de articulação com outras Políticas, que devem ser apreendidas a partir de uma noção ampliada de Assistência Estudantil. Desta forma, verificamos que o processo de trabalho do(a) assistente social na universidade pública não prescinde das determinações que incidem sobre o mundo do trabalho e das condições objetivas que particulariza a educação superior.

Questão social em tempos de hegemonia neoliberal: a centralidade da mídia e o processo brasileiro de passivização

Este estudo objetiva apresentar contribuições para o aprofundamento do debate acerca da relação entre questão social e mídia no Brasil, articulando esta temática à discussão sobre as particularidades da formação social brasileira, com destaque para o conceito de revolução passiva no pensamento de Antonio Gramsci. A aproximação a este complexo campo de reflexão se dará, em seus aspectos gerais, pela articulação entre três grandes debates teóricos: a) o concernente à questão social, sobretudo a discussão realizada no interior do Serviço Social, pelo estudo de suas expressões e determinações fundantes, seu desenvolvimento histórico, as particularidades que assume na formação social brasileira e em tempos de hegemonia neoliberal; b) o denso debate sobre as particularidades do desenvolvimento histórico da formação social brasileira, tendo como fio condutor a noção de revolução burguesa, tal como desenvolvida por Florestan Fernandes. O diálogo com autores que trataram das especificidades do desenvolvimento capitalista e da instauração da ordem burguesa no Brasil, aporta não apenas elementos para se pensar na questão social no País, mas também, compreender a conexão entre a trajetória histórica da sociedade brasileira que, a nosso ver, é marcada por momentos de transição pelo alto (o que Gramsci chamou de revolução passiva) e a relevância e influência que a chamada grande mídia tem na sociedade brasileira atual; c) o debate teórico entorno do conceito de hegemonia no pensamento de Gramsci, no sentido de compreender a função e o lugar da grande mídia na luta de classes, articulando o conceito de hegemonia compreendido como a capacidade de uma classe formar e conservar seu poder através da direção intelectual e moral às noções de sociedade civil, senso comum, aparelhos privados de hegemonia, cultura, entre outros. Trata-se de uma análise de caráter fundamentalmente teórico-interpretativo, que não pode prescindir, assim sendo, de uma análise que, partindo do presente, se aproxime de processos históricos elementares para pensar o contexto atual, sobre o qual incide nossa proposta de estudo. Na condição de aparelho privado de hegemonia, a mídia burguesa cumpre a função de fabricar e difundir consensos que formam o senso comum e contribuem para a reprodução da passivização das classes subalternas. No Brasil, essa questão assume dimensão diferenciada, em virtude das recorrentes soluções pelo alto, típicas de uma revolução burguesa experimentada como revolução sem revolução, que marcaram a trajetória histórica do país. Nesse processo, o Estado assume protagonismo para preservar a hegemonia das classes dominantes, excluindo a massa do povo de exercer influência na direção da vida política e social através da repressão direta e da coerção e através da construção de estratégias destinadas à obtenção do consenso das classes subalternas. Com a hegemonia neoliberal, efetiva-se um aprofundamento da subordinação e passivização destas classes, por um novo processo de fragilização de seus aparelhos de disputa por hegemonia, ao mesmo tempo que grandes conglomerados midiáticos se formam e se fortalecem, interferindo em todas as esferas da vida social e participando na construção de uma direção hegemônica da sociedade que seja favorável à preservação da ordem.

Job retention and turnover: a study of child protection and welfare social workers in Ireland

Retaining social workers in child protection and welfare organisations has been identified as a problem in Ireland (McGrath, 2001; Ombudsman for Children, 2006; Houses of the Oireachtas, 2008) and internationally (Ellet et al., 2006; Mor Barak et al., 2006; Tham, 2006). While low levels of retention have been identified, there is no research that examines the factors in Ireland that influence the retention of social workers. In this thesis, data is analysed from qualitative interviews with 45 social workers in the Health Service Executive South about what influences their decisions to stay in or leave child protection and welfare social work. These social workers’ views are examined in relation to quantitative research on the levels of turnover and employment mobility of child protection and welfare social workers employed in the same organisation. Contrary to expectations, the study found that the retention rate of social workers during the period of data collection (March 2005 to December 2006) was high and that the majority of social workers remained positive about this work and their retention. The quality of social workers’ supervision, social supports from colleagues, high levels of autonomy, a commitment to child protection and welfare work, good variety in the work, and a perception that they were making a difference, emerged as important factors in social workers’ decisions to stay. Perceptions of being unsupported by the organisation, which was usually described in terms of high caseloads and demanding workloads, a lack of resources, work with involuntary clients and not being able to make a difference, were the most significant factors in social workers’ decisions to leave and/or to want to leave. Social workers felt particularly professionally unsupported when they received low quality and/or infrequent professional supervision. This thesis critiques the theories of perceived organisational support theory, social exchange theory and job characteristics theory, and uses the concept of ‘professional career’, to help analyse the retention of social workers in child protection and welfare.

Discovering keys to explain social policies within the social and democratic rule-of-law sate

There is a collective worldview on social policies that is expressed and understood by university professionals. However, it takes students time to construct this knowledge. Here, we provide fundamental ideas and a dynamic to facilitate learning of social policies. The preparation of a brief dictionary of significant terms is to be constructed as a group, alongside the maieutic work to be carried out by the teacher. The goal is to discover keys to understand the meaning of social policies and the underlying values that sustain a social and democratic rule-of-law state such as the one proposed in the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Attention is focused on the structure of the mixed welfare state. This is an integral proposal and comprises three dimensions. First, it considers the state and its possible welfare agents: business, market, the Church and civil society. The attitudes with which universal and inclusive social action is promoted, breaking radically with the aid-based meaning contained in other systems, are then addressed. Finally, we examine human dignity as a principle and aim of intervention, a basis for understanding other concepts such as human, social, labour and political rights. It is to be hoped that these pages prove useful for both teaching staff and students.

Museums as a factor for the social integration of art in the community. The experience of cultural volunteering by members of the senior community

After considering museums as cultural institutions responsible for preserving cultural memory and its evolution over time, this article describes the cultural practices within our society that are aimed at disseminating art and at reproducing and transmitting culture, history and identity. Further, it considers the key role that older people are steadily assuming in Spain’s ageing society. New social-empowerment activities based on volunteering by the elderly are linked to generativity because the individual and social groups acquire new skills through those activities, thereby strengthening a society for all ages. Never in the history of social work have so many older people been prepared to participate actively at the community level, and never has a social movement with these features gone so unnoticed by so many social agents.

The Experience and Practice of Approved Social Workers in Northern Ireland

This article reports on the first extensive survey of Approved Social Worker (ASW) activity under the Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986. The integrated health and social services organizational structure, the adverse effects on individual mental health of the legacy of thirty years of civil conflict and the move from hospital to community care are significant features which have influenced the delivery of mental health social work services locally. The practice and experience of ASWs was surveyed by postal questionnaire and user and carer experience of compulsory hospital admission was investigated by a series of focus groups. The study revealed that two‐thirds of ASWs had experience of acting as an applicant in compulsory hospital admission during the past two years. Nearly half (42 per cent) of these ASWs had reported experience of between one and five admissions and one‐tenth had completed over twenty admissions in the two‐year period. In only a small minority of cases did joint face‐to‐face assessment with the General Practitioner (doctor) take place; nearly half of ASWs reported difficulties in obtaining transport; and only one‐fifth of ASWs had experience of acting as a second approved social worker. Half of ASWs reported experience of guardianship, either as applicant or in making the recommendation. Both service users and carers reported a lack of understanding about the role of the ASW and complained about the lack of alternative resources that ASWs could use to prevent hospital admissions. These findings are discussed and a number of recommendations are proposed for improvements to approved social worker practice.