Influ��ncia da adi����o do NaCl e KCl em sistemas de pastas contendo s��lica para po��os de petróleo em zonas evapor��ticas e carbon��ticas

One of the major challenges faced nowadays by oil companies is the exploration of pre-salt basins. Thick salt layers were formed in remote ages as a consequence of the evaporation of sea water containing high concentrations of NaCl and KCl. Deep reservoirs can be found below salt formations that prevent the outflow of oil, thus improving the success in oil prospection. The slurries used in the cement operations of salt layers must be adequate to the properties of those specific formations. At the same time, their resulting properties are highly affected by the contamination of salt in the fresh state. It is t herefore important to address the effects of the presence of salt in the cement slurries in order to assure that the well sheath is able to fulfill its main role to provide zonal isolation and mechanical stability. In this scenario, the objective of the present thesis work was to evaluate the effect of the presence of NaCl and KCl premixed with cement and 40% silica flour on the behavior of cement slurries. Their effect in the presence of CO2 was also investigated. The rheological behavior of slurries containing NaCl and KCl was evaluated along with their mechanical strength. Thermal and microstructural tests were also carried out. The results revealed that the presence of NaCl and KCl affected the pozzolanic activity of silica flour, reducing the strength of the hardened slurries containing salt. Friedel��s salt was formed as a result of the bonding between free Cl- and tricalcium aluminate. The presence of CO2 also contributed to the degradation of the slurries as a result of a process of carbonation/bicarbonataion

Comportamento reol��gico de materiais ciment��cios para po��os de petróleo contendo naftaleno condensado ou policarboxilato

Pastas a base de cimento Portland s��o utilizadas na cimenta����o de po��os de petróleo. Elas consistem de uma mistura de part��culas s��lidas de cimento dispersas em ��gua e aditivos. Atualmente, diversos materiais alternativos s��o utilizados como aditivos, objetivando a modifica����o e a melhoria das propriedades das pastas de cimento, especialmente no aumento da fluidez. Novos aditivos plastificantes s��o capazes de suportar as diversas condi����es de po��os, promovendo propriedades no estado fluido compat��veis ��s condi����es exigidas para cimenta����o.Dispersantes s��o os componentes da pasta que garantem fluidez, al��m de proporcionar controle na ��gua perdida por filtra����o na forma����o porosa, garantindo o sucesso da opera����o de bombeio. Em deter minados campos, al��m do efeito da profundidade, as condi����es geol��gicas das forma����es promovemvaria����es do gradiente de press��o e temperatura ao longo da profundidade vertical do po��o. Recentemente, diversos aditivos qu��micos da indústria da constru����o civil tem sido estudados em condi����es de cimenta����o de po��os de petróleo. V��rios produtos testados tem apresentado desempenho superior aos produtos normalmente empregados pela indústria de petróleo com boa rela����o custo/benef��cio em fun����o do volume de mercado da constru����o civil. Resultados promissores na sele����o de aditivos com fun����o dispersante da constru����o civil para opera����es de cimenta����o de po��os de petróleo onshore foram obtidos para temperaturas at�� 80��C. O potencial de uso desses aditivos permite estabelecer novas solu����es para problemas encontrados na cimenta����o de po��os de petróleo HPHT, po��os sujeitos �� inje����o de vapor, po��os depletados e po��os produtores de gás. Na constru����o civil, os superplastificantes permitem reduzir o fator ��gua/cimento das argamassas proporcionando melhoria de propriedades como resist��ncia mec��nica e fluidez. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo e a caracteriza����o reol��gica de pastas constitu��das de cimento Portland, ��gua e aditivos do tipo plastificante, com fun����o dispersante a base de naftaleno condensado e policarboxilato, na faixa de temperaturas de 58��C e 70��C. As condi����es utilizadas para a avalia����o dos aditivos alternativos foram baseadas em uma cimenta����o prim��ria para um po��o hipot��tico de 2200 m de profundidade e gradientes geot��rmicos de 1,7��F/100 p��s e 2,1��F/100 p��s. Os resultados demonstraram a grande efici��ncia e o poder dispersivo do policarboxilato para as temperaturas estudadas. O aditivo promoveu alta fluidez, sem efeitos de sedimenta����o da pasta. O dispersante �� base de naftaleno reduziutant o a viscosidade pl��stica como o limite de escoamento acimada concentra����o a partir de 0,13%. O modelo de Bingham descreveu bem o comportamento reol��gico das pastas com policarboxilato para todas as concentra����es

A Aplica����o da Gest��o de Projetos na Indústria Criativa - As Microempresas Nacionais de Anima����o Digital e Videojogos

Numa sociedade onde a inova����o �� uma pedra basilar para o sucesso das empresas, a criatividade tornou-se num dos mais valiosos ativos intang��veis e um fator chave decisivo para a generalidade das organiza����es. Segundo a consultora Augusto Mateus & Associados, com o evoluir da sociedade, todas as indústrias ser��o ���culturais e criativas��� (Augusto Mateus & Associados, 2010). As Indústrias Criativas t��m vindo a assumir um papel cada vez mais relevante na sociedade atual sendo, nos dias de hoje, uma forte fonte de riqueza e emprego. Uma das ��reas que mais se tem revelado atrav��s do seu r��pido e not��rio crescimento �� o sector da anima����o e dos videojogos, sendo este atualmente uma das indústrias mais valiosas do mundo. Por��m, e apesar desta realidade, a atua����o nesta indústria �� muitas vezes conturbada, pois o sector caracteriza-se pela elevada competitividade, pelos altos custos de produção e pela grande incerteza. As dificuldades vivenciadas no sector levam a uma crescente preocupa����o pela procura de m��todos de gest��o sustent��veis, que permitam reduzir os riscos e a elevada taxa de incerteza. Dado que a maioria das empresas desta ��rea est�� estruturada por projetos, um dos m��todos de gest��o mais aplicados �� o modelo de gest��o de projetos. Contudo, verifica-se que ainda existe uma evidente dificuldade na implementa����o deste modelo de gest��o, em particular, nas empresas pequenas e de estrutura achatada, pois este torna-se muitas vezes burocr��tico, pesado e dif��cil de aplicar. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal compreender de forma as empresas nacionais de anima����o e videojogos gerem os seus projetos, sendo que, para este efeito, foram estudados tr��s casos nacionais: a Nerd Monkeys, a Battlesheep e a Nebula Studios atrav��s de uma investiga����o explorat��ria dos m��todos de gest��o de projetos aplicados nas empresas de anima����o e videojogos. De modo a permitir a recolha da informa����o necess��ria para dar respostas aos objetivos definidos para a investiga����o, foi realizado um question��rio e realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas aos representantes das empresas em estudo. Nesta investiga����o foi poss��vel aferir que apesar das empresas em estudo aplicarem alguns instrumentos da gest��o de projetos, n��o aplicam nenhum m��todo oficial de forma integral. Apesar de se verificar a utiliza����o de algumas ferramentas de gest��o de projetos, os sistemas aplicados dependem na maior parte dos casos do tipo de projeto desenvolvido, existindo algumas varia����es nos m��todos utilizados. Em projetos de tempo mais reduzido e maior simplicidade, verifica-se que a gest��o de projetos perde relev��ncia, acabando por muitas vezes n��o ser aplicada.

Uso de argilominerais e diatomita como adsorvente de fen��is em ��guas produzidas na indústria de petróleo

The oil production in Brazil has been increasing each year. Consequently, increasing volumes of water produced are generated with large quantities of contaminants, which brings many problems in disposing of these waters. The concern that the concentrations of contaminants in water produced meet existing laws for disposal of effluents, has been extremely important for the development of different techniques for treatment of water produced. The study of clay minerals as adsorbents of organic contaminants has grown considerably so in order to combine the low cost with the efficiency of environmental preservation and health issues. Thus, this study aims to understand the characteristics of vermiculite clay, sodium bentonite, calcium bentonite and diatomite and evaluate their performance as adsorbents for phenol in the water produced. Through adsorption isotherms it was possible to observe the behavior of these adsorptive clay and diatomite for adsorption of phenol, the main phenolic compound found in water produced. Different concentrations of synthetic solutions of phenol were put in touch with these adsorbents under same conditions of agitation and temperature. The adsorbents were composted adsorptive favorable, but the vermiculite and diatomite showed little capacity for absorption, being suggested for absorbs small concentrations of phenol in the balance isothermal

Reconfigura����o din��mica de estrat��gias distribu��das em dispositivos foundation fieldbus para a otimiza����o de processos na indústria do petróleo

The petrochemical industry has as objective obtain, from crude oil, some products with a higher commercial value and a bigger industrial utility for energy purposes. These industrial processes are complex, commonly operating with large production volume and in restricted operation conditions. The operation control in optimized and stable conditions is important to keep obtained products quality and the industrial plant safety. Currently, industrial network has been attained evidence when there is a need to make the process control in a distributed way. The Foundation Fieldbus protocol for industrial network, for its interoperability feature and its user interface organized in simple configuration blocks, has great notoriety among industrial automation network group. This present work puts together some benefits brought by industrial network technology to petrochemical industrial processes inherent complexity. For this, a dynamic reconfiguration system for intelligent strategies (artificial neural networks, for example) based on the protocol user application layer is proposed which might allow different applications use in a particular process, without operators intervention and with necessary guarantees for the proper plant functioning

Influ��ncia da adi����o de gres porcelanato no comportamento mec��nico e microestrutural em pastas de cimento portland para cimenta����o de po��os de petróleo

Cementation operation consists in an extremely important work for the phases of perforation and completion of oil wells, causing a great impact on the well productivity. Several problems can occur with the cement during the primary cementation, as well as throughout the productive period. The corrective operations are frequent, but they are expensive and demands production time. Besides the direct cost, prejudices from the interruption of oil and gas production till the implementation of a corrective operation must be also taken into account. The purpose of this work is the development of an alternative cement paste constituted of Portland cement and porcelainized stoneware residue produced by ceramic industry in order to achieve characteristics as low permeability, high tenacity, and high mechanical resistance, capable of supporting various operations as production or oil wells recuperation. Four different concentration measures of hydrated paste were evaluated: a reference paste, and three additional ones with ceramic residue in concentrations of the order of 10%, 20% and 30% in relation to cement dough. High resistance and low permeability were found in high concentration of residues, as well as it was proved the pozolanic reactivity of the residue in relation to Portland cement, which was characterized through x-ray and thermogravimetry assays. It was evident the decrease of calcium hydroxide content, once it was substituted by formation of new hydrated products as it was added ceramic residue

Rejeito de xisto como adsorvente para remo����o de fenol em ��guas produzidas na indústria de petróleo

Produced water is the main effluent linked to the activity of extraction of oil and their caring management is necessary due to the large volume involved, to ensure to minimize the negative impacts of discharges of these waters in the environment. This study aimed to analyze the use of retorted shale, which is a reject from the pyrolysis of pirobituminous shale, as adsorbent for the removal of phenols in produced water. The material was characterized by different techniques (grain sized analysis, thermal analysis, BET, FRX, FT-IR, XRD and SEM), showing the heterogeneity in their composition, showing its potential for the removal of varied compounds, as well as the phenols and their derivatives. For the analysis of the efficiency of the oil shale for the adsorption process, assays of adsorption balance were carried through, and also kinetic studies and dynamics adsorption, in the ETE of the UTPF of Petrobras, in Guamar��-RN. The balance assays shown a bigger conformity with the model of Langmuir and the kinetic model more adjusted to describe the adsorption of phenols in retorted shale was of pseudo-second order. The retorted shale presented a low capacity of adsorption of phenols (1,3mg/g), when related to others conventional adsorbents, however it is enough to the removal of these composites in concentrations presented in the produced water of the UTPF of Guamar��. The assays of dynamics adsorption in field had shown that the concentration of phenol in the effluent was null until reaching its rupture (58 hours). The results showed the possibility of use of the reject for removal of phenols in the final operations of the treatment process, removing as well, satisfactorily, the color and turbidity of the produced water, with more than 90% of removal

An��lise do desempenho de um queimador infravermelho funcionando com gás liquefeito de petróleo e glicerina

The use of infrared burners in industrial applications has many advantages in terms of technical-operational, for example, uniformity in the heat supply in the form of radiation and convection, with greater control of emissions due to the passage of exhaust gases through a macro-porous ceramic bed. This paper presents an infrared burner commercial, which was adapted an experimental ejector, capable of promoting a mixture of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and glycerin. By varying the percentage of dual-fuel, it was evaluated the performance of the infrared burner by performing an energy balance and atmospheric emissions. It was introduced a temperature controller with thermocouple modulating two-stage (low heat / high heat), using solenoid valves for each fuel. The infrared burner has been tested and tests by varying the amount of glycerin inserted by a gravity feed system. The method of thermodynamic analysis to estimate the load was used an aluminum plate located at the exit of combustion gases and the distribution of temperatures measured by a data acquisition system which recorded real-time measurements of the thermocouples attached. The burner had a stable combustion at levels of 15, 20 and 25% of adding glycerin in mass ratio of LPG gas, increasing the supply of heat to the plate. According to data obtained showed that there was an improvement in the efficiency of the 1st Law of infrared burner with increasing addition of glycerin. The emission levels of greenhouse gases produced by combustion (CO, NOx, SO2 and HC) met the environmental limits set by resolution No. 382/2006 of CONAMA

Metodologia de utiliza����o de dados de sensoriamento remoto em zonas costeiras sob influ��ncia da indústria petrol��fera

Oil spills in marine environments represent immediate environmental impacts of large magnitude. For that reason the Environmental Sensitivity to Oil Maps constitute a major instrument for planning actions of containment and cleanup. For both the Environmental Sensitivity Maps always need to be updated, to have an appropriate scale and to represent accurately the coastal areas. In this context, this thesis presents a methodology for collecting and processing remote sensing data for the purpose of updating the territorial basis of thematic maps of Environmental Sensitivity to Oil. To ensure greater applicability of the methodology, sensors with complementary characteristics, which provide their data at a low financial cost, were selected and tested. To test the methodology, an area located on the northern coast of the Northeast of Brazil was chosen. The results showed that the products of ASTER data and image hybrid sensor PALSAR + CCD and HRC + CCD, have a great potential to be used as a source of cartographic information on projects that seek to update the Environmental Sensitivity Maps of Oil

Contribui����o da Geod��sia ao monitoramento costeiro do Litoral Setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte, ��rea de influ��ncia da indústria petrol��fera

The general objective of this thesis has been seasonal monitoring (quarterly time scale) of coastal and estuarine areas of a section of the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, environmentally sensitive and with intense sediment erosion in the oil activities to underpin the implementation of projects for containment of erosion and mitigate the impacts of coastal dynamics. In order to achieve the general objective, the work was done systematically in three stages which consisted the specific objectives. The first stage was the implementation of geodetic reference infrastructure for carrying out the geodetic survey of the study area. This process included the implementation of RGLS (Northern Coast of the RN GPS Network), consisting of stations with geodetic coordinates and orthometric heights of precision; positioning of Benchmarks and evaluation of the gravimetric geoid available, for use in GPS altimetry of precision; and development of software for GPS altimetry of precision. The second stage was the development and improvement of methodologies for collection, processing, representation, integration and analysis of CoastLine (CL) and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) obtained by geodetic positioning techniques. As part of this stage have been made since, the choice of equipment and positioning methods to be used, depending on the required precision and structure implanted, and the definition of the LC indicator and of the geodesic references best suited, to coastal monitoring of precision. The third step was the seasonal geodesic monitoring of the study area. It was defined the execution times of the geodetic surveys by analyzing the pattern of sediment dynamics of the study area; the performing of surveys in order to calculate and locate areas and volumes of erosion and accretion (sandy and volumetric sedimentary balance) occurred on CL and on the beaches and islands surfaces throughout the year, and study of correlations between the measured variations (in area and volume) between each survey and the action of the coastal dynamic agents. The results allowed an integrated study of spatial and temporal interrelationships of the causes and consequences of intensive coastal processes operating in the area, especially to the measurement of variability of erosion, transport, balance and supply sedimentary over the annual cycle of construction and destruction of beaches. In the analysis of the results, it was possible to identify the causes and consequences of severe coastal erosion occurred on beaches exposed, to analyze the recovery of beaches and the accretion occurring in tidal inlets and estuaries. From the optics of seasonal variations in the CL, human interventions to erosion contention have been proposed with the aim of restoring the previous situation of the beaches in the process of erosion.

Constitucionalidade da Lei do petróleo e da ado����o de novos regimes de contrata����o

Consultoria Legislativa - ��rea XII - Recursos Minerais, H��dricos e Energ��ticos.

Os desafios, os impactos e a gest��o da exploração do pr��-sal

Consultoria Legislativa - ��rea XII - Recursos Minerais, H��dricos e Energ��ticos.

Gás natural : uma importante alternativa energ��tica para o Brasil

Consultoria Legislativa - ��rea XII - Recursos Minerias, H��dricos e Energ��ticos.

O Projeto de Lei n�� 5.941 e os interesses federativos

Consultoria Legislativa - ��rea XII - Recursos Minerais, H��dricos e Energ��ticos.

Breve panorama do gás natural no Brasil

Consultoria Legislativa - ��rea XII - Recursos Minerais, H��dricos e Energ��ticos.