Jätehuoltosuunnitelman laatiminen elektroniikka-alan yritykselle

Sähkö- ja elektroniikka-alan yritykset eivät yleensä kuormita merkittävästi ympäristöä, sillä teollisuudenalan suurimmat ympäristövaikutukset aiheutuvat alihankkijoiden ja komponenttivalmistajien toiminnasta. Yritysten oma toiminta perustuu pitkälti tuotekehitykseen ja tuotteiden loppukokoonpanoon valmiista komponenteista. Syntynyt jäte on tyypillisesti pääosin pakkausjätettä, metalleja, kaatopaikkajätettä ja vähäisessä määrin myös ongelmajätettä. Vähäisen ympäristökuormituksen johdosta yrityksiltä ei yleensä vaadita ympäristölupaa. Diplomityössä laadittiin jätehuoltosuunnitelma elektroniikka-alan yritykselle. Työ suoritettiin Kemppi Oy:n toimeksiannosta Lahdessa. Jätehuoltosuunnitelman noudattaminen parantaa yrityksen julkisuuskuvaa ja tuo kustannussäästöjä. Toimivan suunnitelman laatiminen vaatii kuitenkin aikaa ja muita resursseja. Jätehuollon toimivuus on tarkistettava säännöllisesti, etenkin silloin kun yrityksen toiminnan painopiste muuttuu. Käytännön osuudessa kartoitettiin edellisvuosien jätemäärät ja yrityksen jätehuollon tila. Jätehuoltosuunnitelman laatimiselle oli selkeä tarve, koska jätehuolto perustui osin kirjoittamattomiin sääntöihin ja vanhoihin tottumuksiin. Syntypaikkalajittelua tehostettiin lisäämällä jäteastioita ja -pisteitä jätteiden syntypaikoille. Lajittelua parannettiin myös laatimalla selkeät ohjeet ja kouluttamalla työntekijöitä.

Osaamisen hallinta suurissa muutosprojekteissa

Ydinvoimatoiminta on muuta teollisuustoimintaa huomattavasti säädellympi alue, missä organisaatioiden riittävä osaaminen on ydinturvallisuuden kannalta tärkeää. Tästä syystä osaamisen riittävyyden takaamiseksi panostetaan tinkimättömästi. Etenkin prosessi- ja turvajärjestelmiin tehtävät muutos- modernisointityöt luovat haasteita organisaatioiden nykyosaamiselle, koska muutosten hallinta edellyttää organisaatioilta jatkuvaa oppimista ja osaamisen kehittämistä. Fortum Power & Heat Oy:n omistamalla ydinvoimalaitoksella käynnistettiin vuoden 2005 alussa laaja automaatiouusintaan tähtäävä projekti. Järjestelmien kokonaistoimittajaksi oli valittu ranskalais-saksalainen Areva NP GmbH – Siemens AG – konsortio. Konsortion kokonaistoimitukseen kuuluu automaatiojärjestelmien uusimisen lisäksi myösydinvoimalaitoksen henkilöstön kouluttaminen. Loviisa ydinvoimalaitoksen käyttöluvan haltijana Fortum Power & Heat Oy on kokonaisvastuullinen ydinvoimalaitoksen toiminnasta. Täten myös henkilöstön riittävä osaaminen ja pätevyys ovat Fortumin vastuulla. Toimittajan järjestämien koulutustilaisuuksien avulla hankittu uusi osaaminen on havaittu riittämättömäksi. Tämän on koettu johtuvan osittain teoriaan painottuvasta koulutusmateriaalista ja myös siitä, että käytännön tarjoamiin koulutustilaisuuksiin kuten esimerkiksi osallistuminen suunnittelutyöhön ei ole hakeuduttu. Lisäksi koulutus kaipaa kokonaisuudessaan kehittämistä. Tästä johtuen ydinvoimalaitosten muutostöihin liittyvän henkilöstön osaamisen ja pätevyyden selvittämiseksi käynnistettiin tämä tutkimus. Tutkimuksessa on tunnistettu useita sellaisia kehityskohteita, joita tehostamalla on mahdollista kehittää automaatioylläpitoryhmän osaamista. Lisäksi on esitetty menettelytapoja ja käytäntöjä, joilla ylläpidon koulutusta on mahdollista tehostaa. Tutkimuksen tuotokset toimivat suuntaviivoina organisaation kehittämisen toteutukselle.

Software Licensing: Implementing Electronic Licensing in Medical Technology Company

The purpose of this thesis is to examine software licensing, how a software developer can benefit from it and to define specifications for licensing system of software based medical technology product. The thesis has been divided into theoretical and empirical parts. In the theoretical part the concept of software licensing and different aspects that are connected to it are examined with a help of research material. On the ground of this research, in the empirical part, a licensing system for a medical software product called iCentral is designed. The empirical part is based on interviews, questionnaire and on authors own experience gained while working for the case-company.The thesis has great practical importance for the case-company by proposing both an ideal, and more importantly, practical implementation for a licensing system of a product. Thesis shows that electronic licensing is a viable option to sell medical technology products without a need to revise existing procedures or the enterprise resource system in the case company.

Efficiency of the ISM Code in Finnish Shipping Companies

Due to increasing waterborne transportation in the Gulf of Finland, the risk of a hazardous accident increases and therefore manifold preventive actions are needed. As a main legislative authority in the maritime community, The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set down plenary laws and recommendations which are e.g., utilised in the safe operations in ships and pollution prevention. One of these compulsory requirements, the ISM Code, requires proactive attitude both from the top management and operational workers in the shipping companies. In this study, a crosssectional approach was taken to analyse whether the ISM Code has actively enhanced maritime safety in the Gulf of Finland. The analysis included; 1) performance of the ISM Code in Finnish shipping companies, 2) statistical measurements of maritime safety, 3) influence of corporate top management to the safety culture and 4) comparing safety management practices in shipping companies and port operations of Finnish maritime and port authorities. The main results found were that maritime safety culture has developed in the right direction after the launch of the ISM Code in the 1990´s. However, this study does not exclusively prove that the improvements are the consequence of the ISM Code. Accident prone ships can be recognized due to their behaviour and there is a lesson to learn from the safety culture of some high standard safety disciplines such as, air traffic. In addition, the reporting of accidents and nearmisses should be more widely used in shipping industry. In conclusion, there is still much to be improved in the maritime safety culture of the Finnish Shipping industry, e.g., a “no blame culture” needs to be adopted.

Kävijätietojen kerääminen ja hyödyntäminen osana verkkopalveluita

Kävijätietojen keräys ja tiedon hyödyntäminen ovat monelle yritykselle yksi lisäkeino saavuttaa kohdeasiakkaansa sekä tarjota heille uusia lisäpalveluita. Kävijätietojen seuraamiselle sekä näiden tietojen hyödyntämiselle löytyy lukuisia käyttökohteita aina hakukoneoptimoinnista uusien asiakkaiden etsimiseen. Moni yritys onkin löytänyt tästä itselleen uuden toimialan. Työn tavoitteena on toteuttaa IP-pohjainen kävijätietojen keräämiseen soveltuva ohjelma, jonka tietoja pystytään hyödyntämään yrityksessä, jonka tuotekonseptiin kuuluu tarjota loppukäyttäjälle maksuttomia hakemisto- ja yhteystietopalveluita. Työssä keskitytään erityisesti ylläpidettävän kävijätietorekisterin luomiseen, mutta esitellään myös, kuinka esimerkiksi yrityksen hakutuloksia voidaan kerätyillä kävijätiedoilla tehostaa sekä tarjota palveluja käyttäville asiakkaille uusia lisäpalveluita. Työssä pyritään hyödyntämään tarjolla olevia avoimiin lisensseihin pohjautuvia ratkaisuja. Tiedonkeruuta toteutettaessa on jo alussa otettava huomioon, että tiedosta ei saada täysin eksaktia, vaan suuntaa-antavaa. Tämä ei kuitenkaan poista sitä, ettei tietoa voisi hyväksikäyttää.

Quality of Abdominal Surgical Nursing Care

The study evaluates the quality of abdominal surgical nursing care. The data were collected from patients (n=1208) having undergone abdominal surgical operations on their last day of hospitalization and nurses (n=218) working in the same wards. Three instruments originally created in Finland and adapted to the Lithuanian context were used: (1) Good Nursing Care Scale for patients and nurses (GNCS-P, GNCS-N), (2) Nurse Competence Scale (NCS), and (3) Nurse Empowerment Scale (NES). Patient and nurses’ perceptions of the quality of nursing care were evaluated. In addition, nurses’ perceptions of their competence and empowerment were evaluated. The patient and nurses' perceptions of the quality of abdominal surgical nursing care were positive, with more criticism in the nurses’ perceptions. Both patients and nurses gave the lowest evaluation to the quality in the progress of nursing care and the co-operation with significant others. The nurses gave the highest evaluation to the self-assessed level of their competence and the frequency of using competences in practice, with the highest assessment given to situation management and their role at work and the lowest to teaching-coaching and ensuring quality. The nurse perceptions of their empowerment were positive in the qualities and performance of an empowered nurse and empowerment promoting factors, with the highest evaluation in moral principles and sociability and the lowest evaluation in the future-orientedness and expertise. The empowerment-impeding factors were evaluated as negative. The perceptions of the quality of nursing care of both patients and nurses had significant correlations with patient and nurse satisfaction and nurse job independence. The nurse perceptions of their competence and empowerment correlated with their education, the type of the nurse license, completed courses of development of their knowledge and skills, nurse job independence, and nurse satisfaction. The nurse perceptions of the quality of nursing care had a positive correlation with their perceptions of competence and empowerment. Generally, the quality of nursing care was evaluated as high and had correlations with the patients' demographic and satisfaction factors and with the nurse demographic, work-related, and satisfaction factors. The study produced the knowledge that the quality in co-operation with significant others and the progress of nursing process, surgical nurse competence in teaching-coaching, and future-orientedness of surgical nurse empowerment need to be improved in order to develop the quality of abdominal surgical nursing care. The knowledge may be used to offer better services for abdominal surgical patients and increase their satisfaction with nursing care, as well as to increase nurses' satisfaction with work and independence at work. The study suggests implications for clinical practice and management, nursing education, and nursing research.

Success factors of commercial open source software projects

Open source and open source software development have been interesting phenomena during the past decade. Traditional business models do not apply with open source, where the actual product is free. However, it is possible to make business with open source, even successfully, but the question is: how? The aim of this study is to find the key factors of successfully making business out of commercial open source software development. The task is achieved by finding the factors that influence open source projects, finding the relation between those factors, and find out why some factors explain the success more than others. The literature review concentrates first on background of open innovation, open source and open source software. Then business models, critical success factors and success measures are examined. Based on existing literature a framework was created. The framework contains categorized success factors that influence software projects in general as well as open source software projects. The main categories of success factors in software business are divided into community management, technology management, project management and market management. In order to find out which of the factors based on the existing literature are the most critical, empirical research was done by conducting unstructured personal interviews. The main finding based on the interviews is that the critical success factors in open source software business do not differ from those in traditional software business or in fact from those in any other business. Some factors in the framework came out in the interviews that can be considered as key factors: establishing and communicating hierarchy (community management), localization (technology management), good license know-how and IPR management (project management), and effective market management (market management). The critical success factors according to the interviewees are not listed in the framework: low price, good product and good business model development.

Perspektivmöten i skola och handledning : lärares tankar om specialpedagogisk handledning

To create a more inclusive school, an increase in multidisciplinary cooperation is needed. One possible form of collaboration could encompass the special education teacher taking on the role of a consultant for other teachers in need of support in working with heterogeneous groups of pupils. Previous research shows that special education teachers see the role as consultant as diffuse and complex. The overarching aim of the present study involves deepening the knowledge on how consultation in a special educational context can be understood and developed based on teachers’ descriptions on this particular form of activity interpreted against various perspectives on consultation. The study is qualitative in nature and rests on a hermeneutic interpretive research tradition in combination with an abductive approach. The theoretical framework consists of two different approaches to consultation: the directive and the non-directive approach. The approaches differ regarding particular emphasis on advice and reflection during the consultation and with respect to who or what should be the focus of the consultation. The two approaches are here studied through various theories such as social learning theory, Bruner's theory of scaffolding, Roger’s humanist psychology, and constructivism. Semi-structured interviews were held with eighteen special education teachers (n=9) and class teachers (n=9) working in the compulsory school. The overall interpretation of the results shows that special education consultation can be understood as three different types of consultation. Consultation as counseling which harmonizes with the directive perspective on consultation is the most prominent type. In the consultation as counseling conversation, the special educational knowledge transfer is central and the focus is placed on the pupil. Although special education knowledge transfer emerges as a unique aspect of special education consultation, there are several inherent challenges in this type of consultation that can be addressed in that teachers also describe two other types of consultation. In the reflective consultation, there is a move away from the pupil focus and toward a focus on the class teacher and the use of reflection. The reflective consultation harmonizes with the non-directive approach to consultation. This type of consultation does not as of yet have a prominent place in the Finland-Swedish school context and at this stage it is not seen as a legitimate type of consultation according to the teachers’ descriptions. Despite this, certain aspects of the reflective conversation could be given more space in the development of consultation within special educational contexts. The co-operative consultation is characterized by the teachers acting as teammates and using professional exchange as a strategy for consultation. Both teachers' knowledge is seen as central, and rather than the special education teacher acting as the expert and moderator, the teachers control the consultation together and jointly move the work along. The co-operative consultation enables the focus to move from the pupil toward the context, which can lead to the development of inclusive practices. The results indicate that this type of consultation holds potential in the development of special educational consultation that takes place between equal colleagues. The co-operative consultation opens up for a third collaborative approach to consultation, where aspects of the directive and non-directive perspective can merge and develop. The thesis concludes with the proposal that special pedagogical consultation can be understood from an integrated perspective. The characteristics of the consultation can vary depending on the type of problem or situation, while co-operative consultation can be seen as the ideal as equal colleagues meet in consultation conversations. In order to develop the co-operative consultation, both teachers are required to have knowledge of consultation as a practice, to be part of a collaborative school climate, and that teachers are provided with enough time to take part in consultations.

Skill Development in Music Reading. The Eye-Movement Approach

This dissertation examined skill development in music reading by focusing on the visual processing of music notation in different music-reading tasks. Each of the three experiments of this dissertation addressed one of the three types of music reading: (i) sight-reading, i.e. reading and performing completely unknown music, (ii) rehearsed reading, during which the performer is already familiar with the music being played, and (iii) silent reading with no performance requirements. The use of the eye-tracking methodology allowed the recording of the readers’ eye movements from the time of music reading with extreme precision. Due to the lack of coherence in the smallish amount of prior studies on eye movements in music reading, the dissertation also had a heavy methodological emphasis. The present dissertation thus aimed to promote two major issues: (1) it investigated the eye-movement indicators of skill and skill development in sight-reading, rehearsed reading and silent reading, and (2) developed and tested suitable methods that can be used by future studies on the topic. Experiment I focused on the eye-movement behaviour of adults during their first steps of learning to read music notation. The longitudinal experiment spanned a nine-month long music-training period, during which 49 participants (university students taking part in a compulsory music course) sight-read and performed a series of simple melodies in three measurement sessions. Participants with no musical background were entitled as “novices”, whereas “amateurs” had had musical training prior to the experiment. The main issue of interest was the changes in the novices’ eye movements and performances across the measurements while the amateurs offered a point of reference for the assessment of the novices’ development. The experiment showed that the novices tended to sight-read in a more stepwise fashion than the amateurs, the latter group manifesting more back-and-forth eye movements. The novices’ skill development was reflected by the faster identification of note symbols involved in larger melodic intervals. Across the measurements, the novices also began to show sensitivity to the melodies’ metrical structure, which the amateurs demonstrated from the very beginning. The stimulus melodies consisted of quarter notes, making the effects of meter and larger melodic intervals distinguishable from effects caused by, say, different rhythmic patterns. Experiment II explored the eye movements of 40 experienced musicians (music education students and music performance students) during temporally controlled rehearsed reading. This cross-sectional experiment focused on the eye-movement effects of one-bar-long melodic alterations placed within a familiar melody. The synchronizing of the performance and eye-movement recordings enabled the investigation of the eye-hand span, i.e., the temporal gap between a performed note and the point of gaze. The eye-hand span was typically found to remain around one second. Music performance students demonstrated increased professing efficiency by their shorter average fixation durations as well as in the two examined eye-hand span measures: these participants used larger eye-hand spans more frequently and inspected more of the musical score during the performance of one metrical beat than students of music education. Although all participants produced performances almost indistinguishable in terms of their auditory characteristics, the altered bars indeed affected the reading of the score: the general effects of expertise in terms of the two eye- hand span measures, demonstrated by the music performance students, disappeared in the face of the melodic alterations. Experiment III was a longitudinal experiment designed to examine the differences between adult novice and amateur musicians’ silent reading of music notation, as well as the changes the 49 participants manifested during a nine-month long music course. From a methodological perspective, an opening to research on eye movements in music reading was the inclusion of a verbal protocol in the research design: after viewing the musical image, the readers were asked to describe what they had seen. A two-way categorization for verbal descriptions was developed in order to assess the quality of extracted musical information. More extensive musical background was related to shorter average fixation duration, more linear scanning of the musical image, and more sophisticated verbal descriptions of the music in question. No apparent effects of skill development were observed for the novice music readers alone, but all participants improved their verbal descriptions towards the last measurement. Apart from the background-related differences between groups of participants, combining verbal and eye-movement data in a cluster analysis identified three styles of silent reading. The finding demonstrated individual differences in how the freely defined silent-reading task was approached. This dissertation is among the first presentations of a series of experiments systematically addressing the visual processing of music notation in various types of music-reading tasks and focusing especially on the eye-movement indicators of developing music-reading skill. Overall, the experiments demonstrate that the music-reading processes are affected not only by “top-down” factors, such as musical background, but also by the “bottom-up” effects of specific features of music notation, such as pitch heights, metrical division, rhythmic patterns and unexpected melodic events. From a methodological perspective, the experiments emphasize the importance of systematic stimulus design, temporal control during performance tasks, and the development of complementary methods, for easing the interpretation of the eye-movement data. To conclude, this dissertation suggests that advances in comprehending the cognitive aspects of music reading, the nature of expertise in this musical task, and the development of educational tools can be attained through the systematic application of the eye-tracking methodology also in this specific domain.

Koulutusinflaatio. Koulutusekspansio ja koulutuksen arvo Suomessa 1970–2008

Sotienjälkeisenä aikana Suomessa jokainen sukupolvi on ollut edellistä korkeammin koulutettu ja kehitys näyttää yhä vain jatkuvan. Kun 1970-luvulla alle kolmanneksella väestöstä oli perusasteen jälkeinen koulutus, nykyään vähintään keskiasteen koulutuksen puuttuminen on lähes yhtä harvinaista. Koulutusinflaatio viittaa koulutuksen arvon laskuun työmarkkinoilla. Koulutuksen arvon inflatoituessa saman tasoisella koulutuksella päädytään yhä alempiin yhteiskunnallisiin asemiin. Väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan koulutuksen arvon muuttumista Suomessa vuosina 1970–2008. Empiirinen osuus muodostuu kolmesta referee-journaaleissa julkaistusta artikkelista. Ensimmäisessä artikkelissa tarkastellaan ylemmän toimihenkilön asemaan päätyneiden osuutta sekä suhteellista tulotasoa eri koulutusasteilla. Toinen artikkeli keskittyy koulutuksen ja huono-osaisuuden väliseen yhteyteen. Kolmannessa artikkelissa tarkastellaan koulutusekspansion ja koulutusinflaation välistä yhteyttä. Kahdessa ensimmäisessä artikkelissa käytetään samaa rekisteripohjaista otosaineistoa.Aineisto koostuu neljästä 4000 henkilön otoksesta, jotka edustavat 30–39-vuotiaita suomalaisia vuosina 1970, 1980, 1990 ja 2000. Kolmannessa artikkelissa käytetään aggregaattidataa vuosilta 1970, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1993, 1995, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 ja 2008. Viimeinen aineisto kattaa 30–39-vuotiaat työlliset suomalaiset mainituilta vuosilta, se ei siis ole otospohjainen. Tulosten perusteella koulutusinflaatio on ollut Suomessa vahvaa, erityisesti alimmalla korkea-asteella ja alemmalla korkeakouluasteella. Hyvinvointipuutteet lisääntyivät vähiten koulutettujen keskuudessa, mutta vähemmän kuin olisi voinut olettaa. Raja, jonka ylittävällä koulutuksella hyvinvointipuutteiden riski laskee huomattavasti, on noussut – perusasteen ja keskiasteen välistä keskiasteen ja alimman korkea-asteen väliin. Koulutusekspansion yhteys koulutusinflaatioon on ollut erittäin vahva, erityisesti alemmalla korkeakouluasteella.

DSpace for Data Revisited

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Case study in responsive (re)design

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Grey literature, green open access: the BLDS Digital Library

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

SimpleREST -RESTful DSpace API

Poster at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Tulevaisuuden työkonepuomin globaali optimointi -esiselvitys

Monitavoiteoptimointia käytetään laajasti auto- ja lentokoneteollisuudessa suunnittelun apu-välineenä, mutta muuten sen käyttö ei ole vielä yleistynyt laajemmin. Tässä työssä on tarkoi-tus tehdä laaja esiselvitys monitavoiteoptimoinnista ja sen hyödyntämisestä työkonepuomien suunnittelun apuvälineenä. Työ tehtiin yhteistyössä Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston ja projektiin osallistuvien FIMA ry:n jäsenten kanssa. Tulosten ja johtopäätösten perusteella tutkimusta tullaan mahdollisesti jatkamaan Tampereen teknillisen yliopiston tohtorikoulussa. Työssä selvitettiin mitä monitavoiteoptimoinnilla tarkoitetaan ja esitellään sen etenemisvai-heet. Lisäksi työssä esitellään lyhyesti kuusi monitavoiteoptimointiohjelmistoa pääominai-suuksineen sekä selvitetään ohjelmistolisenssien hintoja. Työssä optimointiin perehdyttiin teleskooppipuomin jatkoksen case -tutkimuksen avulla. Ni-velpuomit ja nivel- ja teleskooppipuomien yhdistelmät rajattiin työn ulkopuolelle. Työssä muodostettiin teleskooppipuomin jatkoksen poikkileikkauksen optimointityökalu. Sen avulla voidaan laskea luotettavasti optimit mitat painon suhteen niin, että lommahdusrajoitteet, tai-vutusvastus sekä taipuma otetaan huomioon ja samalla voitiin arvioida optimointiprosessin etuja ja haittoja. Optimoinnin tuloksia voidaan käyttää edelleen monitavoiteoptimoinnin lähtö-arvoina. Optimointi tehtiin Matlabin avulla ja tulokset verifioitiin AGIFAP -elementtimenetelmäohjelmistolla. Optimoituja tuloksia tutkittiin edelleen Femap -elementtimenetelmäohjelmistolla, jolla haettiin vuorovaikutussuhteita monitavoiteoptimoinnin tueksi. FE -analyysien avulla muodostettiin kaksi apuohjelmaa optimoinnin tueksi. Työssä havaittiin, että teleskooppipuomin jatkoksen optimointi vaatii FE -analyysiohjelmiston rinnalleen, jotta voidaan varmistua rakenteen kestävyydestä ja optimoida väsymiskestävyyt-tä. Liukupalojen vaikutus teleskooppipuomin käytökseen sekä väsymiskestävyyden optimoin-ti vaatii jatkotutkimusta.