Utilization of Incident Reporting in The Finnish Maritime Industry

Marine traffic is expected to increase rapidly in the future, both in the Baltic Sea and in the Gulf of Finland. As the number of vessels in the area increases, so does the risk of serious marine accidents. To help prevent such accidents in the future, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has put forth the International Safety Management Code (the ISM Code), which aims to improve the safety of the vessels. The second work package of the Development of maritime safety culture (METKU) project investigates the effects of the ISM Code and potential areas of improvement in maritime safety. The first phase in the work package used a literature review to determine how maritime safety culture could be improved. Continuous improvement, management commitment and personnel empowerment and motivation were found to be essential. In the second phase, shipping companies and administrators were interviewed. It was discovered that especially incident reporting based on continuous improvement was felt to be lacking. This third phase aims to take a closer look at incident reporting and suggest improvements based on the findings. Both the IMO and national legislation encourage shipping companies in incident reporting, and on the national level a shared incident reporting system (ForeSea) is being pushed forward. The objective of this research project was to find out the IMO’s attitude towards incident reporting, to establish a theoretical framework of reference in incident reporting, and to observe how reporting is actually being employed on the seas. Existing incident reporting systems were also researched. The study was carried out using a literature review and the results previously gathered in interviews. The results of phase two were elaborated further for themes relating to incident reporting. According to the findings of this research, the theoretical background of incident reporting dates back to the early 20th century. Although some theories are widely accepted, some have also received criticism. The lack of a concise, shared terminology poses major difficulties in maritime incident reporting and in determining its efficiency. A central finding is the fact that existing incident reporting focuses mostly on information flow away from the ship, whereas the backward information flow is much less planned and monitored. In incident reporting, both nationally and internationally, stakeholders are plenty. The information produced by these parties is scattered, however, and thus not very usable. Based on this research, the centralizing of this information should be made a priority. Traditionally, the success of incident reporting has been determined statistically, from the number of reported incidents. Yet existing reporting systems have not been designed with such statistical analysis in mind, so different methodologies might yield a more comprehensive view. The previous findings of seafarers and management (including shipping companies and administration) having differing views on safety work and safety management were backed up by the results of this study. Seafarers find seamanship and storytelling important, while management wants a more systematic and broad approach on safety matters. The research project was carried out by the Centre for Maritime Studies of the University of Turku, in the Kotka unit (Maritime Logistics Research), with coordination by the Kotka Maritime Research Centre. The major financiers of the project were the European Union and the city of Kotka. The financing authority was the Regional Council of Päijät-Häme. Partners in the project were the shipping companies Finnlines Oyj, Kristina Cruises Oy, Meriaura Oy and VG-Shipping Oy, and the ports of Helsinki, Kotka and Hamina. The partners provided both funding for the project and information for the research.

Desenvolvimento e aplicação de método GC-MS/MS para análise simultânea de 17 HPAs em material particulado atmosférico

Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) estão associados ao aumento da incidência de diversos tipos de cânceres no homem. Essas moléculas são formadas principalmente na queima incompleta de matéria orgânica, sendo encontradas em todos os compartimentos ambientais. Órgãos regulamentadores das áreas ambiental e de saúde ocupacional consideram 17 HPAs como contaminantes atmosféricos prioritários. Este trabalho apresenta um método para análise simultânea destes HPAs utilizando-se a cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massas operando no modo tandem (GC-MS/MS). Os limites de detecção e quantificação do método mostraram-se até 5 vezes inferiores aos obtidos no método GC-MS (SCAN). O método mostrou-se seletivo para análise de HPAs em extratos de amostras de material particulado atmosférico. Uma análise comparativa de dois sistemas de solventes (diclorometano/metanol 4:1 v/v e hexano/acetona 1:1 v/v) para a extração de HPAs, utilizando amostras de material particulado atmosférico, revelou que ambas as misturas de solventes possuem poder de extração semelhante. Os resultados sugerem que é possível realizar extração de HPAs de material particulado atmosférico em ultra-som com a mistura hexano/acetona (1:1), que é menos tóxica em relação à mistura diclorometano/metanol (4:1), bastante utilizada nestas análises, sem perdas significativas na exatidão do método.

Aplicação de material zeolítico sintetizado de cinzas de carvão como adsorvente de poluentes em água

Cinzas leve de carvão tratadas pelo método hidrotérmico foram usadas como adsorvente de baixo custo para a remoção de íons metálicos e corante de solução aquosa. As isotermas de adsorção das cinzas leve tratadas foram estudadas e os resultados foram ajustados pelos modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich. A isoterma de Freundlich descreveu melhor o processo de adsorção do azul de metileno. Os dados de equilíbrio para a adsorção dos íons zinco e cádmio se ajustaram melhor á equação de Langmuir. O valor máximo de capacidade de adsorção obtido foi de 0,78 (mg g-1)(L mg)1/n para o azul de metileno, 38,1 mg g-1 para o Zn2+ e 67, 5 mg g-1 para o Cd2+. Os materiais sintetizados exibiram capacidades de adsorção muito maiores do que as das cinzas leves usadas como matéria-prima. O estudo mostrou que o material zeólitico pode efetivamente adsorver azul de metileno e íons metálicos com eficiências de remoção na faixa de 82-99%.

Mädätysjäännöksen tuotteistamismahdollisuudet Kymenlaaksossa

Biokaasun tuotantoa ollaan selvästi lisäämässä Suomessa. Biokaasutuksen kokonaishyödyn kannalta on olennaista, että mädätyksen lopputuote eli mädätysjäännös saadaan lannoitekäyttöön. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli selvittää Kymenlaakson Jäte Oy:n mahdollisuuksia tuotteis-taa Kymen Bioenergia Oy:n yhteismädätyslaitoksen mädätysjäännöstä. Työssä keskityttiin hyötykäyttövaihtoehdoista lannoitekäyttöön maanviljelyssä sekä tilanteeseen jossa mädätyslaitos käsittelee sekä puhdistamolietettä että biojätettä ja mädätysjäännös kuivataan mekaanisesti. Mekaanisesti kuivatun mädätysjäännöksen ensisijaiset tuotteistamisvaihtoehdot maanviljelyyn ovat joko jäännös sellaisenaan tai termisesti kuivattuna ja rakeistettuna, eli kuivarakeena. Mäkikylän laitoksen mädätysjäännöksen arvo peltolannoitteena on syyskuun 2010 keinolannoit-teiden hintaan vertaamalla sellaisenaan noin 1–20 €/t ja kuivarakeena noin 2–60 €/t. Arvo riippuu siitä, miten tuotteiden typpeä ja fosforia huomioidaan kasveille käyttökelpoiseksi. Täl-lä hetkellä käyttökelpoisin tapa on ympäristötuen puhdistamolietetuotteita koskevien ehtojen mukaisesti ottaa huomioon vesiliukoinen typpi ja 40 % kokonaisfosforista. Tällöin mädätys-jäännöksen arvo on noin 6 €/t ja kuivarakeen n. 18 €/t. Käytön kannalta kuivarae on helpompi vaihtoehto ja alueen viljelijät ovat heille tehdyn kyselyn mukaan varsin kiinnostuneita kuivarakeesta lannoitteena. Muista tuotteistusvaihtoehdoista termisesti kuivaamalla mädätysjäännöksen tehollinen lämpö-arvo saapumistilassa on noin 10 MJ/kg. Vastaava arvo jyrsinturpeen kesäkuun 2010 hinnan mukaan on noin 30 €/t. Tuotteen soveltuvuus polttoon tulee silti varmistaa. Termisesti kuiva-tulla mädätysjäännöksellä on tuotteistamismahdollisuuksia hieman laajemmin kuin kompostoidulla. Kompostoidun mädätysjäännöksen tuotteistamisen lähtökohta on lähinnä viherrakentaminen. Maanviljelykäyttöä ajatellen mädätysjäännöstä ei välttämättä tarvitse kompostoida.

Pohjakuonan käsittelyn ja hyötykäytön toimintamallin muodostaminen Kotkan Energia Oy:n jätteenpolttolaitokselle

Tavoitteena tässä diplomityössä oli selvittää Kotkan Energia Oy:n jätteenpolttolaitoksen toiminnassa syntyvän pohjakuonan hyötykäyttömahdollisuuksia ja kustannuksiltaan järkevin tapa käsitellä pohjakuona. Tarkasteltavia vaihtoehtoja hyötykäytön osalta olivat erilaiset maarakennustyöt sekä kaatopaikkojen peittäminen. Hyötykäyttövaihtoehdoille vaihtoehtoisena ratkaisuna tutkittiin kaatopaikkasijoituksen kannattavuutta. Pohjakuonan käyttöä maarakentamisessa, jätetäyttöjen peitemaina sekä pohjakuonan loppusijoitusta kaatopaikoille säätelee lainsäädäntö. Valtioneuvoston asetuksessa kaatopaikoista on määritelty loppusijoitettaville jakeille liukoisuus raja-arvot, joiden mukaisesti jätteet sijoitetaan joko pysyvän jätteen, tavanomaisen jätteen tai ongelmajätteen kaatopaikoille. Jätetäyttöjen peitemateriaalina käytettävän jakeen on myös täytettävä kyseisen kaatopaikkaluokan liukoisuusraja-arvot. Maarakennusasetus antaa puolestaan liukoisuus- ja pitoisuusraja-arvot maarakennuksessa hyödynnettäville jakeille. Pohjakuonan hyötykäyttö vaatii kuitenkin aina ympäristöluvan. Hyötyvoimalan pohjakuonasta tehtyjen analyysien perusteella voidaan todeta, että käsiteltyä pohjakuonaa olisi mahdollista käyttää esimerkiksi kenttien ja kaatopaikkojen pohjarakenteissa sekä kaatopaikoilla jätetäyttöjen peitemaina. Pohjakuonan hyödyntäminen kaukolämpötöiden maarakennuksessa vaatii vielä lisätutkimuksia putkien korroosioriskin osalta. Diplomityön tuloksena kehitettiin toimintamalli, jonka avulla Kotkan Energia Oy:n on mahdollista säästää kuonan käsittelyn ja hyötykäytön kustannuksissa. Kustannuksiltaan parhaaksi vaihtoehdoksi osoittautui kuonan käsittely omalla biopolttoaineiden välivarastolla sekä käsitellyn pohjakuonan hyödyntäminen välivaraston pohjarakenteissa. 

Effects of Silica Based Biomaterials on Bone Marrow Derived Cells - Material Aspects of Bone Regeneration

Silica based biomaterials, such as melt-derived bioactive glasses and sol-gel glasses, have been used for a long time in bone healing applications because of their ability to form hydroxyapatite and to stimulate stem cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, bone marrow derived cells were cultured with bioactive glass and sol-gel silica, and seeded into porous polymer composite scaffolds that were then implanted femorally and subcutaneously in rats to monitor their migration inside host tissue. Bone marrow derived cells were also injected intraperitoneally. Transplanted cells migrated to various tissues inside the host, including the lung, liver spleen, thymus and bone marrow. The method of transplantation affected the time frame of cell migration, with intraperitoneal injection being the fastest and femoral implantation the slowest, but not the target tissues of migration. Transplanted donor cells had a limited lifetime in the host and were later eliminated from all tested tissues. Bioactive glass, however, affected the implanted cells negatively. When it was present in the scaffold no donor cells were found in any of the tested host tissues. Bioactive glass S53P4 was found to support both osteoblastic and osteoclastic phenotype of bone marrow derived cells, but it was resistant to the resorbing effect of osteoclastic bone marrow derived cells, showing that bioactive glass is rather dissolved through physicochemical reactions than resorbed by cells. Fast-dissolving silica sol gel in microparticulate form was found to increase collagen formation by bone marrow derived cells, while slow dissolving silica microparticles enhanced their proliferation, suggesting that the dissolution rate of silica controls the response of bone marrow derived cells.

Uso de material didático sobre embriologia do sistema nervoso: avaliação dos estudantes

A Embriologia Humana é de extrema importância na formação de profissionais de saúde, porém seu estudo, muitas vezes, é considerado desestimulante, decorativo e sem significado prático para muitos estudantes, tornando-se pouco efetivo. Este trabalho objetivou produzir material didático interativo com modelos embrionários representativos do desenvolvimento embrionário do sistema nervoso. Para avaliar de forma qualitativa a real efetividade e capacidade de facilitar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem no contexto da Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas, o material foi aplicado aos estudantes da primeira série de Medicina e Enfermagem da Faculdade de Medicina de Marília. Os estudantes consideraram que o material contribuiu para o entendimento do tema e facilitou a visualização dos eventos embrionários, além de despertar o interesse pelo estudo da disciplina. O material serviu como recurso para sedimentar o conhecimento e suscitou nos estudantes a integração dos conhecimentos com outras disciplinas. Em termos qualitativos, a análise dos questionários dos estudantes indicou que o material didático produzido foi efetivo na aprendizagem e funcionou como recurso na aprendizagem autodirigida, favorecendo a diversificação de fontes de busca e sendo complementar a livros-texto e outros materiais teóricos.

Utilization of Automatic Meter Reading in the Improvement of a District Heating System

A district heating system comprises production facilities, a distribution network, and heat consumers. The utilization of new energy metering and reading system (AMR) is increasing constantly in district heating systems. This heuristic study shows how the AMR system can be exploited in finding optimization opportunities in district heating system. In this study, the district heating system is mainly considered from the viewpoint of operational optimization. The focus is on the core processes, heat production and distribution. Three objectives were set to this study. The first one was to examine general optimization opportunities in district heating systems. Second, to figure out the benefits of AMR for general optimization opportunities. Finally, to define a methodology for process improvement endeavors. This study shows, through a case study, the usefulness of AMR in specifying current deficiencies in a district heating system. Based on a literature review, the methodology for the improvement of business processes is presented. Additionally, some issues related to future competitiveness of district heating are concerned. As a conclusion, some optimization objectives are considered more desirable than others. Study shows that AMR is useful in the specification of optimization targets in the district heating system. Further steps in optimization process were not examined in detail. That would seem to be interesting topic for further studies.

Utilization of Meat and bone meal for energy production

At the end of the 1990s the stock breeding in the Europe was suffering from the animal disease epidemics such as Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and foot –and mouth disease. The European Union (EU) tackled to this problem by tightening the legislation of animal by-products. At this point, rendering and fat producing industries faces new challenges, which they have to cope with in a way of trying to find alternatives to their products (animal fats and meat and bone meal). One of the most promising alternatives to utilize these products was to use them in energy production purposes. The purpose of the Thesis was to examine the utilization possibilities of Meat and bone meal (MBM) for energy production. The first part of the Thesis consists of theory part. The theory part includes evaluation of basic properties of MBM as a fertilizer and as a fuel, legislative evaluation and evaluation of different burning techniques. The second part of the Thesis consists of burning tests in Energy laboratory of LUT with different mixtures of peat and MBM. The purpose of the burning tests was to identify co-firing possibilities of peat and MBM and emission- and ash properties for peat and MBM.

Packaging concept development for an assortment of medical device products

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli kehittää Wipak Oy:n valmistamille sterilointipakkauksille tulevaisuuden pakkauskonsepti. Sterilointipakkaukset luokitellaan lääkelaitedirektiivin mukaan lisätarvikkeiksi luokan 1 lääkelaitteille, ja tämä näkökulma oli vahvasti mukana konseptin kehityksessä. Lähtökohtana pakkauskonseptin suunnittelulle oli tuotteiden arvoketjussa, eli pakata tuotteet siten että pakkausten avulla voidaan tuottaa lisäarvoa arvoketjun toimijoille. Tavoitteena oli parantaa pakkausten viestintää, toimivuutta/tehokkuutta toimitusketjussa sekä vahvistaa brändin imagoa myynti- ja kuljetuspakkauksen avulla. Lääkinnälliset laitteet ja tarvikkeet ovat lainsäädännön ja normien avulla tarkasti säädeltyjä. Näiden normien vaatimukset asettavat perusteet myynti- ja kuljetuspakkausten kehittämiselle. Tämän lisäksi suunnittelussa on huomioitu asiakkaiden toiveet ja kehitystarpeet. Kirjallisuusosuudessa on keskitytty lääkinnällisten laitteiden pakkausyksiköiden toimintoihin sekä niiden kehitysnäkymiin. Pääpaino on ollut pakkausmerkintöjen ja jäljitettävyyden kehittämisellä, koska tietojen automaattisen tunnistuksen hyödyntäminen lääkintälaitteiden pakkausten arvoketjussa on kasvava trendi. Manuaalisesti tehtävät tuotevirtojen kirjaukset ketjun eri toimijoiden osalta lisäävät riskejä jäljitettävyyden kannalta ja aiheuttavat lisätyötä ja – kustannuksia ketjun kaikille osapuolille. Ehdotus uudesta pakkauskonseptista on kehitetty näiden tietojen pohjalta. Ehdotuksessa on huomioitu lainsäädännöstä ja ketjun toimijoilta tulevat tarpeet, sekä alan tulevaisuuden kehitysnäkymät. Ehdotetun pakkauskonseptin avulla saadaan lisättyä myynti- ja kuljetuspakkausten tehokkuutta, parannettua jäljitettävyyttä ja helpotettu arvoketjun alavirran toimijoiden työtä lisäämällä erillinen sisäpakkaus myyntiyksikön sisälle. Työssä on lisäksi selvitetty pakkauskonseptin kustannusvaikutukset tuotteiden hintaan. Lopussa on ehdotettu jatkotoimenpiteet suunnitelman implementoimisesta käytäntöön.

Customer reference marketing and utilization of social media as an integral part of customer references

The objective of this Bachelor's Thesis is to find out the role of social media in the B-to-B marketing environment of the information technology industry and to discover how IT-firms utilize social media as a part of their customer reference marketing. To reach the objectives the concepts of customer reference marketing and social media are determined. Customer reference marketing can be characterized as one of the most practically relevant but academically relatively overlooked ways in which a company can leverage its customers and delivered solutions and use them as references in its marketing activities. We will cover which external and internal functions customer references have, that contribute to the growth and performance of B-to-B firms. We also address the three mechanisms of customer reference marketing which are 'status transfer', 'validation through testimonials' and 'demonstration of experience and prior performance'. The concept of social media stands for social interaction and creation of user-based content which exclusively occurs through Internet. The social media are excellent tools for networking because of the fast and easy access, easy interaction and vast amount of multimedia attributes. The allocation of social media is determined. The case company helps clarify the specific characteristics of social media usage as part of customer-reference-marketing activities. For IT-firms the best channels to utilize social media in their customer reference marketing activities are publishing and distribution services of content and networking services.

Inclusão de material herborizado em metacrilato para estudos de anatomia vegetal

As técnicas usuais empregadas no processamento de materiais herborizados são limitantes porque não permitem reproduzir um laminário permanente e porque o registro dos resultados é temporário. Em estudos de anatomia aplicada à taxonomia, muitas vezes, é necessário utilizar exsicatas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo testar a utilização de metacrilato (Historesin, Leica) na preparação e inclusão de material herborizado, visando a obtenção de laminário permanente. Foram utilizadas folhas de plantas herborizadas do gênero Senecio Tourn. ex L. (Asteraceae), previamente reidratadas em H2O e armazenadas em etanol 70%. As amostras foram desidratadas em série etanólica e submetidas à (1v:1v) mistura de AE 95% e resina pura. Durante a infiltração, com resina pura, o material foi submetido a vácuo durante 72 horas. Os blocos foram cortados em micrótomo de avanço automático, com navalhas de aço descartáveis, e os cortes foram corados com azul-de-toluidina (pH 4,0). As lâminas foram montadas em Permount. O laminário permanente obtido apresentou qualidade superior à dos produzidos pelas técnicas usuais, pois foi possível obter cortes seriados, com espessura determinada. Essa técnica possibilitou otimizar a obtenção de cortes, a partir de pequenos fragmentos de exsicatas.

Efficient installed base information management and utilization in global after sales service business

This Master´s thesis explores how the a global industrial corporation’s after sales service department should arrange its installed base management practices in order to maintain and utilize the installed base information effectively. Case company has product-related records, such as product’s lifecycle information, service history information and information about product’s performance. Information is collected and organized often case by case, therefore the systematic and effective use of installed base information is difficult also the overview of installed base is missing. The goal of the thesis study was to find out how the case company can improve the installed base maintenance and management practices and improve the installed base information availability and reliability. Installed base information management practices were first examined through the literature. The empirical research was conducted by the interviews and questionnaire survey, targeted to the case company’s service department. The research purpose was to find out the challenges related to case company´s service department’s information management practices. The study also identified the installed base information needs and improvement potential in the availability of information. Based on the empirical research findings, recommendations for improve installed base management practices and information availability were created. Grounding of the recommendations, the case company is suggested the following proposals for action: Service report development, improving the change management process, ensuring the quality of the product documentation in early stages of product life cycle and decision to improve installed base management practices.

Researching Manufacturing Planning and Control system and Master Scheduling in a manufacturing firm.

The objective of this thesis is to research Manufacturing Planning and Control (MPC) system and Master Scheduling (MS) in a manufacturing firm. The study is conducted at Ensto Finland Corporation, which operates on a field of electrical systems and supplies. The paper consists of theoretical and empirical parts. The empirical part is based on weekly operating at Ensto and includes inter-firm material analysis, learning and meetings. Master Scheduling is an important module of an MPC system, since it is beneficial on transforming strategic production plans based on demand forecasting into operational schedules. Furthermore, capacity planning tools can remarkably contribute to production planning: by Rough-Cut Capacity Planning (RCCP) tool, a MS plan can be critically analyzed in terms of available key resources in real manufacturing environment. Currently, there are remarkable inefficiencies when it comes to Ensto’s practices: the system is not able to take into consideration seasonal demand and react on market changes on time; This can cause significant lost sales. However, these inefficiencies could be eliminated through the appropriate utilization of MS and RCCP tools. To utilize MS and RCCP tools in Ensto’s production environment, further testing in real production environment is required. Moreover, data accuracy, appropriate commitment to adapting and learning the new tools, and continuous developing of functions closely related to MS, such as sales forecasting, need to be ensured.

Avaliação do processo produtivo de uma indústria de manufatura de painéis por meio do balanço de material e do rendimento da matéria-prima

O trabalho foi desenvolvido no setor de manufatura de painéis da Battistella Indústria e Comércio Ltda., localizada em Santa Catarina, e teve como objetivo a avaliação do processo produtivo de painéis, utilizando-se os princípios do balanço de material e do rendimento da matéria-prima. Além disso, pretendeu-se estabelecer uma metodologia para aplicação em outras indústrias madeireiras. Os dados foram obtidos através de visitas, aplicação de questionários e dados de escritório, e elaboraram-se equações e um fluxograma para representar o balanço de material. Concluiu-se que a indústria é integrada, representando vantagem competitiva. O balanço de material indicou que a atividade com maior potencial gerador de resíduos foi a preparação de sarrafos de madeira (55,71% do total de resíduos gerados). As atividades com maiores rendimentos foram a prensagem (97,44%), o seccionamento (93,92%), o esquadrejamento (93,51), o lixamento (90,97%) e a preparação de sarrafos (54,51%). O rendimento geral da manufatura foi de 63,16%, sendo os valores encontrados no trabalho similares aos da literatura. A metodologia desenvolvida para o trabalho é simples e pode ser aplicada em outras indústrias do setor madeireiro.