静动结合的化学腐蚀法制备近场光学探针的理论分析

理论上分析了静动结合的化学腐蚀法制备探针的具体机理及过程。在静态腐蚀的过程中, 利用流体力学Young-Laplace方程的一级近似解获得了光纤插入到HF酸中形成的新月形高度。在动态腐蚀过程中, 详细分析了当静态腐蚀时间和动态腐蚀时间分别取不同值时, 光纤移动速度对光纤探针结构的影响。利用此法可制备出尖端锐利、大锥角或多锥体等各种结构的光纤探针。这为实验上制备出性能优良的探针, 为拓宽扫描近场光学显微镜的应用范围奠定基础。将上述理论分析的结果与本文实验中所得初步结果进行了比较, 所得结果一致。

Charge and spin transport in graphene devices

170 p.

Excimer laser plasma to control laser pulse duration

An injection-locking excimer laser beam with a pulse duration of 25 ns is focused on the surface of a polymide film. The laser beam that passes through the etching film is shorter than the original one. By optimizing the thickness of the film and the beam power density, a pulse with a 3-ns pulse duration can be obtained using this switch technology.

Growth of excellent-quality Nd : LuVO4 single crystal and laser properties

High-quality Nd:LuVO4 single crystal was successfully grown by Czochralski method. The assessment of the crystalline quality by the chemical etching method and Conoscope image was reported. The absorption spectra from 300 to 1000 nm and emission spectra from 960 to 1450 nm of Nd: LuVO4 were measured. Laser performance was achieved with Nd:LUVO4 crystal for the transition of F-4(3/2) -> I-4(11/2) (corresponding wavelength 1065.8 nm) in an actively Q-switched operation, and the average output power reached 5.42 W at a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 40 kHz under pump power of 18 W, giving an optical conversion efficiency of 30.1%. The pulse energy and peak power reached 138 mu J and 16.2 kW at PRF of 25 kHz under pump power of 14.2 W, and the pulse duration was 8.5 ns. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Study on the growth, etch morphology and spectra of Y2SiO5 crystal

Undoped Y2SiO5 single crystal was grown by the Czochralski method. The samples were optically polished after orienting and cutting. The rhombus and quadrangular dislocation etching pits, the low-angle grain boundaries and the inclusions in the samples were observed using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The absorption spectra were measured before and after H-2 annealing or air annealing. The absorption edge of Y2SiO5 crystal was determined to be about 202 nm. The absorption coefficient of Y2SiO5 crystal decreased after H-2 annealing and obviously increased after air annealing. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of surface treatment on sapphire substrates

The influence of mechanical polishing, chemo-mechanical polishing (CMP), as well as CMP and subsequent chemical etching on the properties of sapphire substrate surfaces has been studied. The sapphire substrates have been investigated by means of polarizing microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM). X-ray diffraction rocking curves (XRCs) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results show that CMP with subsequent chemically etching yields the best-quality sapphire substrate surfaces. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Defect analysis in Czochralski-grown Yb : FAP crystal

Growth-induced defects in Yb:FAP crystals grown by the Czochralski method have been investigated by optical microscopy, chemical etching, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Anisotropic etching features have been observed on two FAP crystal planes: (0001) and (1010). The shape of etch pits on the (0001) plane is hexagonal, while the etch pits on the (1010) plane have a variety of irregular shapes. It is also found that the density of etch pit varies along the boule. Based on the experimental observations, the formation mechanisnis of growth defects are discussed, and methods for reducing the growth-induced defect concentration is proposed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

提拉法Ti:LiAlO_2晶体的生长、缺陷及N_2退火研究

本文采用提拉法成功地生长了钛掺杂浓度为0.1%原子分数的LiAlO2单晶体,借助光学显微镜,结合化学腐蚀法,对Ti:LiAlO2晶体(100)面空气退火前后的缺陷特征进行了研究,用AFM观测了(100)面晶片在不同温度下流动N2气氛退火过的表面形貌。结果表明:Ti:LiAlO2晶体(100)面的位错腐蚀坑是底面为平行四边形的锥形坑,位错密度约为5.0×104cm-2,900℃空气退火后晶片表面的位错腐蚀坑变大;N2退火能显著影响晶片的表面形貌,当退火温度为900℃时,晶片的均方根粗糙度(RMS)达到最低值

高质量LiGaO2晶体的提拉法生长及表征

采用提拉法成功地生长了高质量的LiGaO2单晶体,生长过程中没有观察到挥发现象。通过四晶X射线衍射、化学腐蚀、光学显微、透过光谱以及原子力显微镜对晶体的质量进行了表征。结果表明：晶体中无包裹物及气泡,具有很高的质量,（001）面晶片的摇摆曲线半高宽仅为16.2arcsec,正交的（001）、（100）及（010）三个晶面具有不同的腐蚀形貌,其位错密度均低于10^4/cm^2;LiGaO2晶体的吸收边约为220nm;化学机械抛光后的晶片表面非常光滑,其均方根粗糙度仅为0.1nm（5×5μm^2）。

Growth and characterization of high-quality LiAlO2 single crystal

g-LiAlO2 single crystal is a promising substrate for GaN heteroepitaxy. In this paper, we present the growth of large-sized LiAlO2 crystal by modified Czochralski method. The crystal quality was characterized by high-resolution X-ray diffraction and chemical etching. The results show that the as-grown crystal has perfect quality with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 17.7-22.6 arcsec and etch pits density of (0.3-2.2) x 10(4) cm(-2) throughout the crystal boule. The bottom of the crystal boule shows the best quality. The optical transmission spectra from UV to IR exhibits that the crystal is transparent from 0.2 to 5.5 mu m and becomes completely absorbing around 6.7 mu m wavelength. The optical absorption edge in near UV region is about 191 nm.

Subsurface damage in optical substrates

The origin, character, analysis and treatment of subsurface damage (SSD) were summarized in this paper. SSD, which was introduced to substrates by manufacture processes, may bring about the decrease of laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of substrates and thin films. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods for the measurement of SSD were used extensively because of their conveniences and reliabilities. The principle, experimental setup and some other technological details were given for total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM), high-frequency scanning acoustic microscopy (HFSAM) and laser-modulated scattering (LMS). However, the spatial resolution, probing depth and theoretic models of these NDE methods demanded further studies. Furthermore, effective surface treatments for minimizing or eliminating SSD were also presented in this paper. Both advantages and disadvantages of ion beam etching (IBE) and magnetorheological finishing (MRF) were discussed. Finally, the key problems and research directions of SSD were summarized. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Investigation of laser-induced damage on multi-layer dielectric gratings

We investigate mechanisms of laser induced damage thresholds (LIDTs) of multi-layer dielectric gratings (AIDG,). It is found that the laser damage thresholds of MDGs and unstructured dielectric multi-layer coatings (the substrate of MDG) are 3.15J/cm(2) and 9.32 J/cm(2), respectively, at 1064nm (12ns) with the Littrow angle 51.2 degrees and the TEM00 mode. The laser-induced damage mechanism of multi-layer dielectric is presented with the analysis of the following factors: The dominant factor is the pollution on the corrugated surface, which is induced by the complex manufacture process of multi-layer dielectric gratings; another is the electric field distribution along the corrugated surface. The third reason is due to the reduction in stoichiometry of oxide films, resulting from the manufacture process of etching.

Caracterização de juntas soldadas por TIG autógeno manual com arco pulsado e arco não pulsado do aço inoxidável hiperduplex SAF 2707 HD.

O aço inoxidável hiperduplex, SAF 2707 HD, foi desenvolvido com o intuito de se obter novas ligas com maior resistência à corrosão do que a disponível nos aços inoxidáveis duplex / superduplex. Além da melhorada resistência à corrosão, este tb oferece propriedades mecânicas superiores. Os aços hiperduplex são aços de última geração que possuem elevados teores de elementos de liga, principalmente cromo, molibdênio e nitrogênio. Este tipo de aço caracteriza-se por apresentar estrutura bifásica, constituída de proporções praticamente iguais de ferrita e austenita devido à distribuição controlada dos elementos alfagênicos e gamagênicos. O interesse por esses aços cresce gradativamente com a necessidade de novos materiais para diversas aplicações na indústria petrolífera. Porém, quando expostos e mantidos a temperaturas elevadas, na faixa entre 600C e 1000C, algumas fases intermetálicas podem se formar, em que a fase sigma () é a mais proeminente. Possui uma estrutura cristalina tetragonal complexa rica em Cr e Mo, tendo efeito deletério no material afetando tanto a resistência à corrosão, quanto as propriedades mecânicas. Para este fim, faz-se necessário estudos da junta soldada para delinear as limitações desses aços e aperfeiçoar a aplicação. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar a junta soldada por TIG autógeno manual com arco pulsado e não pulsado do aço inoxidável hiperduplex SAF 2707 HD. As técnicas empregadas foram a metalografia por ataque eletrolítico (reagente NaOH) e color etching (reagente Behara), medidas de microdureza e quantificação microestrutural por Processamento Digital de Imagem. Os aspectos microestruturais foram observados por microscopia óptica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), estes passaram por etapas de processamento digital de imagens (PDI) para quantificar a fração volumétrica da fase austenita. Realizou-se análise química semi-quatitativa por EDS. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente através do teste de hipóteses com distribuição t de Student. Pela técnica color etching observou-se que a fase austenita foi gerada com distribuição mais homogênea para o arco pulsado, que o não pulsado. O ataque eletrolítico não revelou uma terceira fase (fase ) na junta soldada, a análise química por EDS não identificou uma variação significativa nos elementos presentes ao longo da zona de transição do metal de base para a zona de fusão. Através do PDI foram obtidos os valores médios da fração volumétrica de austenita de 36,38% (desvio padrão 6,40%) e 32,41% (desvio padrão 6,67%) para os dois métodos, pulsado e não pulsado, respectivamente. Foram obtidos os valores de microdureza para o metal de base 355,10 HV (desvio padrão 28,60) e para a zona de fusão 343,60 HV (desvio padrão 20,51) da amostra soldada pelo modo pulsado, para o modo não pulsado foram apresentaram os valores médios de 370,30 HV (desvio padrão 34,51) para o metal de base e de 345,20 HV (desvio padrão 41,33) para a zona de fusão. A análise estatística indicou que não houve variação significativa da fração volumétrica da fase austenita no cordão de solda para as duas condições testadas e não houve variação da microdureza entre a zona de fusão e o metal de solda das amostras submetidas aos dois processos.

Design of high-efficiency diffraction gratings based on total internal reflection for pulse compressor

We present designs of high-efficiency compression grating based on total internal reflection (TIR) for picosecond pulse laser at 1053 nm. The setup is devised by directly etching gratings into the bottom side of a prism so that light can successfully enter (or exit) the compression grating. Dependence of the -1 order diffraction efficiencies on the constructive parameters is analyzed for TE- and TM-polarized incident light at Littrow angle by using Fourier modal method in order to obtain optimal grating structure. The electric field enhancement within the high-efficiency TIR gratings is regarded as another criterion to optimize the structure of the TIR gratings. With the criterion of high diffraction efficiency, low electric field enhancement and sufficient manufacturing latitude, TIR compression gratings with optimized constructive parameters are obtained for TE- and TM-polarized incident light, respectively. The grating for TE-polarized light exhibits diffraction efficiencies higher than 0.95 within 23 nm bandwidth and relatively low square of electric field enhancement ratio of 5.7. Regardless of the internal electric field enhancement, the grating for TM-polarized light provides diffraction efficiencies higher than 0.95 within 42 nm bandwidth. With compact structure, such TIR compression gratings made solely of fused silica should be of great interest for application to chirped pulse amplification (CPA) systems. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Utilização de materiais restauradores autocondicionantes na prevenção de descoloração coronária causada por minociclina

O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar a capacidade de dois materiais restauradores em prevenir a descoloração coronária causada pela minociclina como medicação intracanal e propor uma técnica de fácil implementação para encorajar o uso da pasta tri-antibiótica para desinfecção do sistema de canais radiculares durante procedimentos de regeneração pulpar sem perda estética. Cem dentes foram selecionados, seus canais radiculares foram instrumentados e divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o tratamento dentinário utilizado: Grupo OB- Agente adesivo OptiBond All-In-One (KERR); Grupo U200- Cimento resinoso auto-condicionante e auto adesivo RelyX U200 (3M ESPE); Grupo MIN- Sem revestimento; Grupo CN- Sem revestimento (controle negativo). Em todos os grupos, com exceção do CN, foi utilizada pasta de minociclina como medicação intracanal coberta por uma bolinha de algodão e vedados com restauração provisória. As medições de cor foram realizadas com um espectrofotômetro no início do estudo (T0), e 7(T7), 14 (T14), 21 (T21) e 28 dias (T28) pós-minociclina. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística. As diferenças de cor (E*) foram crescentes nos grupos CN, OB, U200 e MIN, respectivamente. A diferença de luminosidade (L*) foi também crescente nos grupos CN, OB, U200 e MIN, respectivamente. Houve diferença significante entre os grupos MIN e CN, e entre os grupos MIN e U200 (p<0,05). O eixo amarelo-azul (b*) não apresentou alteração de cor significante (p>0,05). Uma alteração de cor significante no eixo vermelho-verde (a*) foi observada no grupo MIN em relação ao grupo CN (p<0,05). Portanto, conclui-se que a técnica foi fácil de ser implementada, ambos materiais reduziram a descoloração da coroa causada pela pasta de minociclina mas foram ineficazes em impedi-la completamente.