IMPLEMENTATION OF GREEN IT IN ORGANIZATIONS: A STRUCTURATIONAL VIEW

ABSTRACTEnvironmental sustainability has become increasingly important to businesses as a response to the rapid depletion of natural resources. Information Technology (IT) in particular represents a meaningful part of the environmental issues that society has been facing. Therefore, Green IT emerges as a way of combining available resources and sustainable and economic policies, thus, generating benefits for both the environment and businesses. The purpose of this paper, hence, is to explain the dynamics of Green IT implementation in organizations in light of the structurationist view of technology. We conducted a case study research based on the cases of three Brazilian companies interested in this movement. Results provide a better understanding of the relationship among technology, individuals, and organization institutional properties, thus enhancing the role played by IT teams in institutionalizing the environmental dimension of sustainability in organizations.

A high-throughput screening method for general cytotoxicity part I Chemical toxicity

Foi desenvolvido um método destinado a fazer a triagem rápida e o escalonamento da toxicidade geral exercida por xenobióticos tendo como modelo o Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Para padronizar as condições de experimentação foi estabelecida a relação entre a absorvência a 525 nm e o número de células em suspensão por mililitro de meio de cultura e calculadas uma curva padrão e respectiva equação definidora (Y=6,8219E-08X + 0,0327) Culturas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae em meio completo para leveduras (YPD - 1% de glucose 2%, de peptona 0,5% e extracto de levedura 1%) foram expostas a diferentes concentrações de nicotina e a inibição do crescimento avaliada.

O planejamento econômico no Brasil: considerações críticas

In the past thirty years, a series of plans have been developed by successive Brazilian governments in a continuing effort to maximize the nation's resources for economic and social growth. This planning history has been quantitatively rich but qualitatively poor. The disjunction has stimulated Professor Mello e Souza to address himself to the problem of national planning and to offer some criticisms of Brazilian planning experience. Though political instability has obviously been a factor promoting discontinuity, his criticisms are aimed at the attitudes and strategic concepts which have sought to link planning to national goals and administration. He criticizes the fascination with techniques and plans to the exclusion of proper diagnosis of the socio-political reality, developing instruments to coordinate and carry out objectives, and creating an administrative structure centralized enough to make national decisions and decentralized enough to perform on the basis of those decisions. Thus, fixed, quantified objectives abound while the problem of functioning mechanisms for the coordinated, rational use of resources has been left unattended. Although his interest and criticism are focused on the process and experience of national planning, he recognized variation in the level and results of Brazilian planning. National plans have failed due to faulty conception of the function of planning. Sectorial plans, save in the sector of the petroleum industry under government responsibility, ha e not succeeded in overcoming the problems of formulation and execution thereby repeating old technical errors. Planning for the private sector has a somewhat brighter history due to the use of Grupos Executivos which has enabled the planning process to transcend the formalism and tradition-bound attitudes of the regular bureaucracy. Regional planning offers two relatively successful experiences, Sudene and the strategy of the regionally oriented autarchy. Thus, planning history in Brazil is not entirely black but a certain shade of grey. The major part of the article, however, is devoted to a descriptive analysis of the national planning experience. The plans included in this analysis are: The Works and Equipment Plan (POE); The Health, Food, Transportation and Energy Plan (Salte); The Program of Goals; The Trienal Plan of Economic and Social Development; and the Plan of Governmental Economic Action (Paeg). Using these five plans for his historical experience the author sets out a series of errors of formulation and execution by which he analyzes that experience. With respect to formulation, he speaks of a lack of elaboration of programs and projects, of coordination among diverse goals, and of provision of qualified staff and techniques. He mentions the absence of the definition of resources necessary to the financing of the plan and the inadequate quantification of sectorial and national goals due to the lack of reliable statistical information. Finally, he notes the failure to coordinate the annual budget with the multi-year plans. He sees the problems of execution as beginning in the absence of coordination between the various sectors of the public administration, the failure to develop an operative system of decentralization, the absence of any system of financial and fiscal control over execution, the difficulties imposed by the system of public accounting, and the absence of an adequate program of allocation for the liberation of resources. He ends by pointing to the failure to develop and use an integrated system of political economic tools in a mode compatible with the objective of the plans. The body of the article analyzes national planning experience in Brazil using these lists of errors as rough model of criticism. Several conclusions emerge from this analysis with regard to planning in Brazil and in developing countries, in general. Plans have generally been of little avail in Brazil because of the lack of a continuous, bureaucratized (in the Weberian sense) planning organization set in an instrumentally suitable administrative structure and based on thorough diagnoses of socio-economic conditions and problems. Plans have become the justification for planning. Planning has come to be conceived as a rational method of orienting the process of decisions through the establishment of a precise and quantified relation between means and ends. But this conception has led to a planning history rimmed with frustration, and failure, because of its rigidity in the face of flexible and changing reality. Rather, he suggests a conception of planning which understands it "as a rational process of formulating decisions about the policy, economy, and society whose only demand is that of managing the instrumentarium in a harmonious and integrated form in order to reach explicit, but not quantified ends". He calls this "planning without plans": the establishment of broad-scale tendencies through diagnosis whose implementation is carried out through an adjustable, coherent instrumentarium of political-economic tools. Administration according to a plan of multiple, integrated goals is a sound procedure if the nation's administrative machinery contains the technical development needed to control the multiple variables linked to any situation of socio-economic change. Brazil does not possess this level of refinement and any strategy of planning relevant to its problems must recognize this. The reforms which have been attempted fail to make this recognition as is true of the conception of planning informing the Brazilian experience. Therefore, unworkable plans, ill-diagnosed with little or no supportive instrumentarium or flexibility have been Brazil's legacy. This legacy seems likely to continue until the conception of planning comes to live in the reality of Brazil.

Quality perception in research laboratories from Fiocruz after QMS implementation

Quality Management System has been implemented at the René Rachou Research Center since 2003. This study investigated its importance for collaborators (Cs) in laboratories. This was a quantitative and descriptive study performed in a group of 113 collaborators. It was based on the World Health Organization handbook: Quality Practices in Basic Biomedical Research. The questionnaires evaluated the parameters using the Likert scale. Biosafety, training and ethics were considered to be the most important parameters. Supervision and quality assurance, data recording, study plan, SOPs and file storage achieved intermediate evaluation. The lower frequency of responses was obtained for result report, result verification, personnel and publishing practices. Understanding the perception of the collaborators allows the development of improvement actions aiming the construction of a training program directing strategies for disseminating quality.

An appraisal of the health planning method proposed by the Pan-American Health Organization for Latin America

A brief description of the main features of the health planning technique developed by the "Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo" (CENDES) in Venezuela, and proposed by the Pan-American Health Organization for use in Latin America, is presented. This presentation is followed by an appraisal of the planning method which includes comments both upon its positive aspects and upon its negative points. Comments are also made referring to other recent publications of the WHO/PAHO on health planning. In conclusion, the CENDES technique is considered a health planning method of great potential for use especially in underdeveloped areas, the success of its application depending upon the hability of the health planners to introduce the necessary modifications to adapt to the local circunstamces.

Estudos de impacte ambiental em infraestruturas rodoviárias com recurso a tecnologia SIG e avaliação multicritério

O Estudo de Impacte Ambiental (EIA) é uma peça fundamental no processo de Avaliação Ambiental a que têm de ser submetidos alguns projetos de engenharia. Este é o resultado de atividades e avaliações metodológicas conducentes a identificar/avaliar possíveis impactes, apresentando medidas de minimização e o plano de monitorização. Se existirem múltiplas alternativas, o EIA deve indicar a “ambientalmente mais favorável”. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodológica para apoio dessas atividades/avaliações, tendo como estrutura integradora um SIG ligado a modelos externos específicos, constituindo -se assim como uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento de um SADE -MC, no domínio ambiental. Essa proposta engloba a conceção duma rotina interativa, em Visual Basic® para suportar os processos de Screening/Scoping, Avaliação da Significância e Seleção dos Indicadores Ambientais. As funcionalidades do SIG, associadas aos módulos externos, são usadas para prever/quantificar os impactes e os indicadores ambientais. Estes indicadores são então utilizados como critérios, no módulo de avaliação multicritério que utiliza, nesta aplicação, o método ELECTRE III. Isso permite apresentar uma preordenação final das alternativas, desde a “ambientalmente mais favorável” até à mais adversa. Como caso de estudo, essa proposta metodológica é aplicada a um EIA referente ao projeto de um troço de autoestrada no Centro de Portugal.

Surgical correction of scoliosis: Numerical analysis and optimization of the procedure

A previously developed model is used to numerically simulate real clinical cases of the surgical correction of scoliosis. This model consists of one-dimensional finite elements with spatial deformation in which (i) the column is represented by its axis; (ii) the vertebrae are assumed to be rigid; and (iii) the deformability of the column is concentrated in springs that connect the successive rigid elements. The metallic rods used for the surgical correction are modeled by beam elements with linear elastic behavior. To obtain the forces at the connections between the metallic rods and the vertebrae geometrically, non-linear finite element analyses are performed. The tightening sequence determines the magnitude of the forces applied to the patient column, and it is desirable to keep those forces as small as possible. In this study, a Genetic Algorithm optimization is applied to this model in order to determine the sequence that minimizes the corrective forces applied during the surgery. This amounts to find the optimal permutation of integers 1, ... , n, n being the number of vertebrae involved. As such, we are faced with a combinatorial optimization problem isomorph to the Traveling Salesman Problem. The fitness evaluation requires one computing intensive Finite Element Analysis per candidate solution and, thus, a parallel implementation of the Genetic Algorithm is developed.

The use of wide-mesh gauze impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin covering wall openings in huts as a vector control method in Suriname

An alternative vector control method, using lambda-cyhalothrin impregnated wide-mesh gauze covering openings in the walls of the houses was developed in an area in the Eastern part of the interior of Suriname. Experimental hut observations showed that Anopheles darlingi greatly reduced their biting activity (99-100%) during the first 5 months after impregnation. A model assay showed high mortality both of mosquitoes repelled by the gauze as well as of those that succeeded in getting through it. A field application test in 270 huts showed good acceptance by the population and good durability of the applied gauze. After introducing the method in the entire working area, replacing DDT residual housespraying, the malaria prevalence, of 25-37% before application dropped and stabilized at between 5 and 10% within one year. The operational costs were less than those of the previously used DDT housespraying program, due to a 50% reduction in the cost of materials used. The method using widemesh gauze impregnated with lambdacyhalothrin strongly affects the behavior of An. darlingi. It is important to examine the effect of the method on malaria transmission further, since data indirectly obtained suggest substantial positive results.

Gestão integrada de resíduos de construção e demolição: análise de estudo

A actividade de construção civil é responsável por grande parte dos resíduos produzidos, nomeadamente em obras de construção, demolições de edifícios ou derrocadas, operações de manutenção, restauro, remodelação e reabilitação de construções. A gestão dos resíduos deste sector, abreviadamente designada por resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD), passou a estar regulada, através de regime de operações de gestão de RCD. Este diploma, define entre outras, a responsabilidade dos vários intervenientes no processo de gestão de resíduos, fase de projecto, execução, transporte e recepção. Com a evolução das preocupações ambientais da população e maior envolvência das empresas na contribuição para uma gestão integrada de resíduos, existe um crescente desenvolvimento de estudos no âmbito de caracterização de quantidades e tipos de resíduos produzidos pelo sector. Neste contexto, e por ser importante uma economia integrada com a gestão de resíduos, os principais desafios passam pelo planeamento e preparação de Obra desde da fase de projecto à fase de execução, com vista à prevenção, redução, reutilização e valorização dos RCD. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para este desenvolvimento do sector, mais concretamente na obtenção de indicadores de resíduos de construção (RC), resíduos de demolição (RD) e caracterização da tipologia destes. Para tanto, foi feita uma avaliação dos estudos desenvolvidos no âmbito de caracterização dos tipos de resíduos e indicadores de RC e RD, como método comparativo. Os indicadores deste estudo foram obtidos com base na análise de dados de casos de estudo, no caso concreto RC, de obras de estruturas, e RD de edifícios com execução de demolição selectiva. Na parte final deste estudo apresentam-se algumas conclusões e recomendações.

Aplicação das ferramentas lean: caso de estudo

Este trabalho tem como objectivo apresentar as ferramentas do Lean Thinking e realizar um estudo de caso numa organização em que este sistema é utilizado. Numa primeira fase do trabalho será feito uma análise bibliográfica sobre o ―Lean Thinking”, que consiste num sistema de negócios, uma forma de especificar valor e delinear a melhor sequência de acções que criam valor. Em seguida, será realizado um estudo de caso numa Empresa – Divisão de Motores – no ramo da aeronáutica com uma longa e conceituada tradição com o objectivo de reduzir o TAT (turnaround time – tempo de resposta), ou seja, o tempo desde a entrada de um motor na divisão até à entrega ao cliente. Primeiramente, analisando as falhas existentes em todo o processo do motor, isto é, a análise de tempos de reparação de peças à desmontagem do motor que têm que estar disponíveis à montagem do mesmo, peças que são requisitadas a outros departamentos da Empresa e as mesmas não estão disponíveis quando são precisas passando pelo layout da divisão. Por fim, fazer uma análise dos resultados até então alcançados na divisão de Motores e aplicar as ferramentas do ―Lean Thinking‖ com o objectivo da implementação. É importante referir que a implementação bem-sucedida requer, em primeiro lugar e acima de tudo, um firme compromisso da administração com uma completa adesão à cultura da procura e eliminação de desperdício. Para concluir o trabalho, destaca-se a importância deste sistema e quais são as melhorias que se podem conseguir com a sua implantação.

Análise de fiabilidade de sistemas e componentes de helicópteros

Este trabalho ocorre face à necessidade da empresa Helisuporte ter uma perspectiva a nível de fiabilidade das suas aeronaves. Para isso, foram traçados como objectivos de estudo a criação de uma base de dados de anomalias; identificação de sistemas e componentes problemáticos; caracterização dos mesmos, avaliar a condição de falha e, com isto, apresentar soluções de controlo de anomalias. Assim, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia que proporciona tratamento de dados com recurso a uma análise não-paramétrica, tendo sido escolhida a estatística de amostra. Esta irá permitir a identificação dos sistemas problemáticos e seus componentes anómalos. Efectuado o tratamento de dados, passamos para a caracterização fiabilística desses componentes, assumindo o tempo de operação e a vida útil específica de cada um. Esta foi possível recorrendo ao cálculo do nível de fiabilidade, MTBF, MTBUR e taxa de avarias. De modo a identificar as diferentes anomalias e caracterizar o “know-how” da equipa de manutenção, implementou-se a análise de condição de falha, mais propriamente a análise dos modos e efeitos de falha. Tendo isso em atenção, foi construído um encadeamento lógico simples, claro e eficaz, face a uma frota complexa. Implementada essa metodologia e analisados os resultados podemos afirmar que os objectivos foram alcançados, concluindo-se que os valores de fiabilidade que caracterizam alguns dos componentes das aeronaves pertencentes à frota em estudo não correspondem ao esperado e idealizado como referência de desempenho dos mesmos. Assim, foram sugeridas alterações no manual de manutenção de forma a melhorar estes índices. Com isto conseguiu-se desenvolver, o que se poderá chamar de, “fiabilidade na óptica do utilizador”.

Nonlinear optimization method for short-term hydro scheduling considering head-dependency

This paper is on the problem of short-term hydro scheduling, particularly concerning head-dependent reservoirs under competitive environment. We propose a new nonlinear optimization method to consider hydroelectric power generation as a function of water discharge and also of the head. Head-dependency is considered on short-term hydro scheduling in order to obtain more realistic and feasible results. The proposed method has been applied successfully to solve a case study based on one of the main Portuguese cascaded hydro systems, providing a higher profit at a negligible additional computation time in comparison with a linear optimization method that ignores head-dependency.