Un estudio del aprendizaje de validación matemática a nivel pre-universitario en relación con distintas interacciones en el aula

En este artículo presentamos los resultados cuantitativos sobre estados y cambios en el aprendizaje de la validación matemática (para los contenidos función de proporcionalidad directa y función cuadrática) en relación con diversas modalidades de enseñanza. En ellas se promovieron diferentes interacciones en el aula: interacciones entre experto y aprendiz (E-A) e interacciones en un grupo de aprendices (G-A). Los datos recabados y procesados, referidos al estado y al cambio producido en el aprendizaje de la validación, son individuales. Esto se ha llevado a cabo en la asignatura Matemática de nivel pre-universitario del Curso de Aprestamiento Universitario (CAU) en la Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), de la provincia de Buenos Aires.

El estado de las cosas

Este artículo comienza con un postulado y algunas definiciones, sigue con una tesis bastante categórica y un análisis breve e incompleto que se ha levantado para sostenerla, y acaba extrayendo algunas consecuencias.

La Web Semántica y los archivos de televisión: estado de la cuestión

Se analizan y describen las principales líneas de trabajo de la Web Semántica en el ámbito de los archivos de televisión. Para ello, se analiza y contextualiza la web semántica desde una perspectiva general para posteriormente analizar las principales iniciativas que trabajan con lo audiovisual: Proyecto MuNCH, Proyecto S5T, Semantic Television y VideoActive.

The origins of the control of information in war coverage

The conflict’s coverage, since its inception, has been closely linked to the relationship that both the military and the media have. The freedom they maintained during their first conflicts, although not without problems, though they suffered strict censorship suffered during World War I, and lastly the straitjacket treatment that they have endured during recent wars. The Vietnam War marked a turning point in this relationship, and after the invasion of Grenada, the military would launch new information guidelines, called Department of Defense National Media Pool. The lack of clear guidance of both control and space, has made for a complicated relationship between media and military, so the rules have evolved after every conflict shaping the future of press coverage and thus, war reporting.

Press, politic, and social order in Buenos Aires during the 1850s

The paper examines some reflections and discussions about the role and nature of the press that took place in Buenos Aires during the 1850s, referring to the difficulties involved in congenial freedom and order. This was caused by the fact that the press was considered a pillar of republican and civilized societies, but also an agent capable of corroding the social and political order.

La justificación del Derecho de Resistencia en el Estado Constitucional Democrático de Derecho: algunas reflexiones iusfilosóficas

This paper aims to demonstrate how in the constitutional rule of law the right of resistance plays a key role in its development, its adaptation to the changing reality of society and the satisfaction of the interests of all the people involved in this common project. Firstly, we will analyze how individuals or social groups must act when they suffer injustices due to state acts or laws that violate their most basic rights. In some cases, we believe that they have the right to exercise any form of weak resistance that they deem appropriate to present at the public scene a cause that must be socially and politically recognized. Secondly, we will see what happens when the rule of law itself is in danger. In that case, we believe that society will have not only the right but the duty to exercise the resistance in its most extreme form to defend the existing constitutional order of any illegitimate authority that seeks to impose itself on it and the sovereignty of the people.

Literatura y acto: Aquiles, el regreso a la batalla

Greek literature was used from early times with educational purposes, Greek heroes presented were considered as paradigms to follow. However, human acts burst beyond reason and the stories told have little effect on the decisions of the receptor. The aim of this article is to review the character of Achilles in the Iliad, because for him to no avail gifts, friends, much less a narration by his preceptor Phoenix to depose his anger and return to the battlefield to assist his friends.

Discourses on Modernization in the Employment Public Services: Towards a New Form of Governance?

The “crisis of the social issue” in the EU has led to a certain consensus in the need to renew the organizational and institutional model of public administration. The core of the reform implies important administrative changes in most of the European welfare states. Those changes are inspired on theories such as the new public management, management by objectives or partnership. Such changes involve both semantic (“sharing responsibilities”, “effective costs”, or the substitution of “citizen under an administration” by “consumer”) and political (predominance of scattered forms of power and the individualization of responsibilities) transformations which operate in the framework of individuals and State relations. The paradigms of activation and flexicurity have been central in this public administration modernization project. This commitment with new forms of governance of social issues has important consequences for the political and moral foundations of social cohesion, and the Spanish case is not an exception. This paper aims at looking at those representations of “modernization” (as they appear in debates about the employment services restructuring policies) in detail as well as providing references to the trajectory of such reforms of public services since the early eighties to the beginning of the crisis.

Welfare Regimes and “progressive” governments in Latin America: The cases of Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia

Several authors have applied the concept of Welfare Regimens for studying social policy in Latin America (Esping-Andersen, 1993 and 2000). Among others, Martínez Franzoni (2007) develops a typology, with fi eld work is at the turn of the millennium, and establishes three categories: State-productivist regime, state-protectionist and family orientated. Most countries in the region are placed in the latter category. The hypothesis of this article argues that with the emergence of governments considered “left” or “progressive” in several countries of the region from the late ‘90s and, more decisively, in 2000’, the map of welfare regimes models could have mutated substantively. The nationally transformative experiences are different (various socio-economic realities and political action in which they are located exists) but they have several contact points that can be summarized in a greater state intervention in different areas previously closed to their operating and recovery of important functions of welfare and care of the population by the government. The paper discusses with an exploratory and descriptive approach the welfare schemes that would shape in three countries that have constitutionalized the change from the neoliberal paradigm: Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador.

Conditional cash transfer programs and the representations of poverty in Bolivia and Peru

Bolivia and Peru adopted the same instruments of social policy —conditional cash transfer programs— to solve the same public problems under different political regimes. By means of the qualitative methodology of discourse analysis, this paper studies the representations of poverty and State made by key actors of those social programs. Underlying more differences than similarities, one demonstrates that the same social policy is linked to opposite social representations of poverty and the State role in every country. The main explanation for this is, far from being imposed by international organizations, those programs are adopted and adapted by each political regime.

Analysis of the admissions tests for teacher training in Spain and Finland: knowledge or competences

One of the most decisive factors in the quality of education and academic performance of students is quality, preparation and dedication of the teachers. The exquisite system of selecting candidates for teacher training programs is one of the fundamentals of success of the Finnish Education System. The responsibility of choosing the best students to convert them into teachers is a challenge that involves a significant reform of university admission. Achieving this goal involves the choice of strategies and educational tools in accordance to the complexity of the demands presented by the teaching profession in the digital age. This study describes, analyzes and compares the admission tests in the University of Spain (PAU) and Finland (VAKAVA), for those who wish to become professional educators, in order to understand the possible influence of these tests to select the most suitable candidates to develop into future teaching professionals. The results showed that in Spain, the entrance test to universities is developed in a general way for all the students that aspire to any field of knowledge, while in Finland, the test is specific and particular for students aspiring to the field of education. The results of this study can guide and encourage the necessary changes that have to be done in the admission tests to Spanish university in general and to teacher education faculties in particular.

El pensamiento político de José Ortega y Gasset

Las siguientes páginas versan sobre el pensamiento político de José Ortega y Gasset, mostrando –entre otras cosas– su evolución desde lo que sería el neokantismo de mocedad de Ortega hasta su madurez. Para cumplir con nuestro objetivo se ha recurrido a los escritos de Ortega, así como a autores especializados en su pensamiento. La historia del pensamiento político contemporáneo tiene una deuda contraída con Ortega que desde sus primeros escritos manifestó un claro interés por la política concebida ésta como pedagogía social y cuyo fin debía ser, en primer lugar, solventar los problemas de la vida pública nacional. El pensamiento político de Ortega se define asimismo por la defensa de los valores liberales (liberalismo) compatibles con los principios socialistas (socialismo), que en una primera época de juventud idealista neokantiana adquieren un significado eminentemente cultural aunque también moral, que no se perderá completamente en su madurez o época de plenitud vital, aunque bien es verdad que aquellos dos conceptos (liberalismo y socialismo), así como también su idea de democracia, irán respondiendo a la evolución de su pensamiento.

Review of Pedro Ramos Brandão, A Igreja Católica e o “Estado Novo” em Moçambique, 1960/1974.

Book review of Pedro Ramos Brandão, A Igreja Católica e o “Estado Novo” em Moçambique, 1960/1974, Lisbonne, Editorial Notícias, 2004, 259p. ISBN: 972-46-1567-7, préface de José Capela, note scientifique de António Costa Pinto

Qualidade higiénica do leite de ovelha e relação com o estado sanitário da glândula mamária

A preferência cada vez mais acentuada, por parte dos consumidores, por produtos típicos e genuínos originários de regiões geográficas específicas, determina a procura crescente de leite de ovelha, principal matéria-prima usada no fabrico de queijos tradicionais em Portugal. Segundo o Reg. 853/CE de 2004, o leite de ovelha destinado a produtos fabricados com leite cru por processos que não incluam qualquer tratamento térmico, deve ter um valor de mesófilos viáveis inferior a 500 000 por mililitro. Relativamente à contagem de células somáticas, para este leite não foi estabelecido nenhum critério ao contrário do estipulado para o leite produzido por fêmeas bovinas. O objectivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade higiénica e sanitária do leite de ovelha obtido por alguns produtores e destinado ao fabrico de queijo de Évora e investigar a eventual existência de uma relação entre os dois parâmetros citados anteriormente. Foram analisadas 269 amostras de leite de conjunto, recolhidas semanalmente, provenientes de 8 explorações equipadas com ordenha mecânica, durante o período de um ano. A todas as amostras foi feito o Teste Californiano de Mastites (TCM) e a pesquisa de resíduos de antibióticos e os parâmetros analisados foram mesófilos viáveis (MV), células somáticas (CS) e pH. Para o TCM, a moda foi 2, numa escala de 1 a 3, e todas amostras apresentaram resultado negativo à pesquisa de inibidores microbianos. A média geométrica de CS foi de 1 459 173 células somáticas por mililitro e a de MV foi de 181 574 ufc/mL. O pH médio foi de 6,81  0,08. Os elevados valores de CS obtidos traduzem a existência de uma grande prevalência de infecção intra-mamária que reduz fortemente a produção de leite e altera a sua qualidade. Por outro lado, a maior parte das explorações apresentaram valores de MV que cumpriam os critérios em vigor, relativamente ao leite destinado ao fabrico dos produtos com leite cru e sem qualquer tratamento térmico. Não se observou a existência de qualquer relação entre os valores de MV e de CS. Podemos concluir que apesar de existir uma elevada prevalência de infecção intramamária nos rebanhos em estudo, as regras de higiene relativamente à obtenção de leite estarão, provavelmente, a ser respeitadas. Contudo, uma vez que a maior parte dos microrganismos causadores de infecção intramamária é veiculada pelo leite, podendo entrar na cadeia alimentar e constituir um eventual perigo para a saúde pública, parece importante referir que a contagem de CS não deve ser negligenciada, como critério de qualidade do leite de ovelha.