Laadunhallinta ketterissä menetelmissä

Ketterät menetelmät ovat yleistymässä ohjelmistotuotannossa. Yleistyminen aiheuttaa paineita ohjelmistotestaukselle, koska ketteryyttä vaaditaan myös testaukselta. Ketterät menetelmät jakavat samat perusarvot ja periaatteet, mutta lähestymistavat niiden täyttämiseksi poikkeavat toisistaan. Tässä työssä tutkitaan tarkemmin Scrum-menetelmän vaikutuksia ohjelmistotestaukseen ja laadunhallintaan. Scrum-menetelmää verrataan myös eXtreme Programming-menetelmään.

O papel dos programas interlaboratoriais para a qualidade dos resultados analíticos

Interlaboratorial programs are conducted for a number of purposes: to identify problems related to the calibration of instruments, to assess the degree of equivalence of analytical results among several laboratories, to attribute quantity values and its uncertainties in the development of a certified reference material and to verify the performance of laboratories as in proficiency testing, a key quality assurance technique, which is sometimes used in conjunction with accreditation. Several statistics tools are employed to assess the analytical results of laboratories participating in an intercomparison program. Among them are the z-score technique, the elypse of confidence and the Grubbs and Cochran test. This work presents the experience in coordinating an intercomparison exercise in order to determine Ca, Al, Fe, Ti and Mn, as impurities in samples of silicon metal of chemical grade prepared as a candidate for reference material.

Eliminating Software Failures - A Literature Survey

Software faults are expensive and cause serious damage, particularly if discovered late or not at all. Some software faults tend to be hidden. One goal of the thesis is to figure out the status quo in the field of software fault elimination since there are no recent surveys of the whole area. Basis for a structural framework is proposed for this unstructured field, paying attention to compatibility and how to find studies. Bug elimination means are surveyed, including bug knowhow, defect prevention and prediction, analysis, testing, and fault tolerance. The most common research issues for each area are identified and discussed, along with issues that do not get enough attention. Recommendations are presented for software developers, researchers, and teachers. Only the main lines of research are figured out. The main emphasis is on technical aspects. The survey was done by performing searches in IEEE, ACM, Elsevier, and Inspect databases. In addition, a systematic search was done for a few well-known related journals from recent time intervals. Some other journals, some conference proceedings and a few books, reports, and Internet articles have been investigated, too. The following problems were found and solutions for them discussed. Quality assurance is testing only is a common misunderstanding, and many checks are done and some methods applied only in the late testing phase. Many types of static review are almost forgotten even though they reveal faults that are hard to be detected by other means. Other forgotten areas are knowledge of bugs, knowing continuously repeated bugs, and lightweight means to increase reliability. Compatibility between studies is not always good, which also makes documents harder to understand. Some means, methods, and problems are considered method- or domain-specific when they are not. The field lacks cross-field research.

Leimuhitsauksen kokonaisvaltainen laadunhallinta päättymättömässä valssauksessa

Leimuhitsauksen laadunhallinnassa tärkeää on prosessimainen toiminta ja toimintojen kokonaisvaltaisuuden hahmottaminen. Leimuhitsauksen ollessa osana päättymätöntä valssausta hitsauksen laadunhallinta voidaan jakaa kolmeen päävaiheeseen: ennen hitsausta, hitsauksen aikana ja hitsauksen jälkeen vaikuttaviin laaduntuottotekijöihin. Leimuhitsauksen laaduntuottotekijöiden määritys ja jaottelu kaavioiksi on toteutettu tässä työssä. Leimuhitsin tekniseen laatuun vaikuttavat monet ilmiöt ja parametrit hitsauksen aikana. Tärkeimpiä hitsausparametreista ovat hitsausjännite, alustan liikenopeus, tyssäysmatka sekä leimutusaika. Väärät hitsausolosuhteet tai hitsausparametrit aiheuttavat erilaisia mekaanisia ja metallurgisia vikoja leimuhitsiin. Eräs metallurginen vikatyyppi ovat oksidisulkeumat hitsialueella. Nämä hapettuneet alueet voivat johtaa juurensa erilaisista syistä ja esimerkiksi leimutusajan ja epätasaisen liitospinnan yhteyttä sulkeumien syntyyn on epäilty. Pidennetyillä leimutusajoilla tehtyjen hitsauskokeiden ja hitsien rikkovien aineenkoetuskokeiden tuloksena todettiin tässä tutkittujen koehitsien oksidisulkeumien syntyvän hapettumalla leimutuksen aikana tai juuri hetkellä ennen tyssäystä, minkä lisäksi kosteat olosuhteet hitsausatmosfäärin ympärillä heikentävät lopputuloksen laatua. Leimutusajalla on tärkein osa leimutettavia pintoja tasaavana tekijänä ja mitä epätasaisempi liitettävä pinta on, sitä pidemmän leimutusajan se tarvitsee.

Quality standards in e-business software development

Large enterprises have for many years employed eBusiness solutions in order to improve their efficiency. Smaller companies, however, have not been able to leverage these technologies due to the high level of know-how and resources required in implementing them. To solve this, novel software services are being developed to facilitate eBusiness adoption for the small enterprise with the aim of making B2Bi feasible not only between large organisations but also between trading partners of all sizes. The objective of this study was to find what standards and techniques on eBusiness and software testing and quality assurance fit best for building these new kinds of software considering the requirements their unique eBusiness approach poses. The research was conducted as a literature study with focus on standards on software testing and quality assurance together with standards on eBusiness. The study showed that the current software testing and quality assurance standards do not possess such characteristics as would make select standards evidently better fitted for building this type of software, which were established to be best developed as web services in order for them to meet their requirements. A selection of eBusiness standards and technologies was proposed to support this approach. The main finding in the study was, however, that these kinds of web services that have high interoperability requirements will have to be able to carry out automated interoperability and conformance testing as part of their operation; this objective dictates how the software are built and how testing during software development is to be done. The study showed that research on automated interoperability and conformance testing for web services is still limited and more research is needed to make the building of highly-interoperable web services more feasible.

Ikääntyvät työelämässä. Päihittääkö nuoruus ja koulutus aikuisuuden ja kokemuksen?

The Ageing in Working Life. Do Adolescence and Schooling Beat Adulthood and Experience? This study examines the changes in the work and the work organisations of employees in the fields of health care and retail trade who have turned 45 and their experience of change. In addition, the question of how ageing employees experience their status in post-modern working life is explored. Attention is also focused on the choices and decisions connected with staying at work and retiring. These views are examined in relation to professions and professional cultures. Thematic interviews (N=98) were used to gather the material. The effects of the market liberalistic turn in welfare policy are clearly seen in the everyday work of the health care professions. These changes were examined from the point of view of managing by outcomes and quality assurance, multi-professional cooperation, flexibility in the division of labour, and the spread of market-like procedures. The discourse of those in involved retail trade was dominated by extremely tight global market competition and control of outcomes, and by the structural changes taking place in the retail trade sector. This change discourse was to a large extent a reaction to those changes in the functional environment which were experienced as negative and to the conflict between their own professional identity and professional ethics on the one hand, and their functional environment on the other. There were also obstacles connected with professional culture: defending one's own station and power, guarding the 'frontier', showed up in attitudes towards new management and organisation models or towards structural and functional reforms. The deep structures of professional culture and the mindset of the actors change much more slowly than the functional practices of organisations. For those in a supervisory position, the loss of power due to becoming part of a chain or because of the introduction of a team organisation model was not an easy thing to accept. The nurses and others in related fields felt that they were forced to do work that was below their level of training and professional skill. For sales personnel and those who did assisting work in health care, power and the possibility of having an influence were not so important, as long as they were able to do their work in their own way and were trusted. This view is often completely forgotten, for example, in various organisation models in which power and the possibility of having an influence entwined with power are taken for granted as being clearly positive and desired aspects of job satisfaction. Up to date professional skills were experienced as being important from the point of view of professional identity and self-worth. Thus, training can be understood as a moral obligation, which in turn is intertwined with professional ideology. In the rhetoric of adult education, an adult is expected to be an active player who will seek training again and again if working life so requires. The dark side of this ideology, which leads to feelings of guilt, was apparent in the thoughts of the respondents. Am I never good enough at my job; why must I continually strive for better, additional qualifications? The majority of the respondents evaluated their expertise as being at quite a high level. This self-confidence did not extend to applying for a job. Job recruitment was seen as a situation in which age discrimination reached its peak. The interviewees were unanimous about the idea that society favours the young. Especially among those in the retail trade sector, there was a feeling that it would be difficult, if not impossible, to find a new job of the same level or a permanent post if they were made redundant. Age discrimination was also apparent in the retail trade field in the form of older employees being retired against their will or transferred to other tasks. It was felt that ruthless forced retirement of older workers was part of the personnel policy of some organisations. The importance of one's outward appearance was connected with the theme of discrimination. This phenomenon is described using the concept of the double standard of ageing in feminist research. An ageing woman is relegated to an inferior position due to both her age and her sex. A culture that would both make possible and allow various types of choices regardless of age, which is described as being characteristic of the post-modern era, does not seem to be very topical in the practice of working life. It is important for employees that the management and the personnel policy that is being implemented makes them feel like both their contribution and they as individuals are appreciated, that their opinions are listened to and that they are noticed as persons. The interviewees hoped for gratitude and a concern for the well-being of employees that shows in everyday life. They valued training and activities aimed at maintaining their work ability, but thought that better coping at work and a pleasant working environment cannot be achieved through such measures as along as the foundation is 'in a mess'. Development of the quality of working life is the only thing that can improve job satisfaction and get people to remain in the work force longer than at present. There should be a sufficient number of properly trained employees at the work place. It was important to the respondents that they be able to stay on their job to the end with honour, since compromising with their own quality standards or acting contrary to their ideal self-image in terms of professional ethics would strike a blow to their professional self-esteem. They called for the development of various types of workplace flexibility, and felt that they have the right to a lightened workload and to early retirement. Early retirement was even seen as an altruistic deed: it would free up a place for younger workers. Thoughts of retirements were explained by familiar factors such as health and finances, life situation, the enticement of free-time, as well as by various factors related to work. It is very important to ageing employees that their work has meaningful content. The values related to self-fulfilment are felt to be of great importance, and if they cannot be realised at work, the respondents wanted more free time, either through retirement or in the form of flexibility in working life.

Controle da qualidade na determinação potenciométrica de sulfetos volatilizáveis por acidificação (SVA) utilizando adições de padrão

This paper presents a quality assurance and quality control protocol in order to ensure the reliability of analytical results for the determination of acid volatile sulfides in environmental samples by potentiometry. The monitoring of the ion selective sensor readings must be realized continually and particularly in this situation where the analyte is susceptible to transformation and volatilization. Potentiometry with the standard addition was presented as a rapid, accurate, precise, feasible as well as a low cost technique. Concentrations of the analyte in the range of 0.49 to 1.02 mg L-1 were tested with percentage recoveries varying from 89 to 113%.

Grape juice quality control by means of ¹H nmr spectroscopy and chemometric analyses

This work shows the application of ¹H NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics for quality control of grape juice. A wide range of quality assurance parameters were assessed by single ¹H NMR experiments acquired directly from juice. The investigation revealed that conditions and time of storage should be revised and indicated on all labels. The sterilization process of homemade grape juices was efficient, making it possible to store them for long periods without additives. Furthermore, chemometric analysis classified the best commercial grape juices to be similar to homemade grape juices, indicating that this approach can be used to determine the authenticity after adulteration.

APPLICATION OF PARAFAC AND OPLS-DA ANALYSES ON HPLC FINGERPRINTS FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF Hibiscus sabdariffaCALYXES

The calyxes of Hibiscus sabdariffa are used in traditional medicine around the world. However, quality assurance protocols and chemical variability have not been previously analyzed. In the present study, chemical characterization of a set of samples of H. sabdariffa calyxes commercialized in Colombia was accomplished with the aim to explore the chemical variability among them. Chemometrics-based analyses on the data obtained from the HPLC-UV-DAD-derived profiles were then performed. Thus, the pre-processed single-wavelength data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA-derived results evidenced different groups which were well-correlated to the corresponding total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents. Multi-wavelength chromatographic (HPLC-UV-DAD surfaces) data were additionally examined via parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) as data reduction method and the obtained loadings were subsequently submitted to PCA and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Results were thus consistent with those from single-wavelength data. PCA loadings were employed to determine those chemical components responsible for the data variance and OPLS-DA model, constructed from PARAFAC loadings, and indicated differentiation according total anthocyanin contents among samples. The present chemometric analysis therefore demonstrated to be an excellent tool for differentiation of H. sabdariffacalyxes according to their chemical composition.

A Survey and Classification of Software Testing Tools

Software testing is one of the essential parts in software engineering process. The objective of the study was to describe software testing tools and the corresponding use. The thesis contains examples of software testing tools usage. The study was conducted as a literature study, with focus on current software testing practices and quality assurance standards. In the paper a tool classifier was employed, and testing tools presented in study were classified according to it. We found that it is difficult to distinguish current available tools by certain testing activities as many of them contain functionality that exceeds scopes of a single testing type.

Testaushallintapalvelu SaaS-mallissa

Testaushallinta on ohjelmiston laadunvarmistusprosessin oleellinen osa, joka tarvitsee onnistuakseen työkalun. Testaushallintaohjelmiston tarjoaminen SaaS-palveluna luo mahdollisuuden tarjota tämän työkalun helposti ja kustannustehokkaasti, sekä valmiiksi määritellyin prosessein. Tässä työssä tutkitaan testaushallintaohjelmiston SaaS-palveluna tarjoamisen mahdollisuuksia ja rajoitteita pienen projektin näkökulmasta. SaaS-Palvelumallia tutkitaan osiensa muodostamana kokonaisuutena ja selvitetään mallin soveltumista testaushallintapalvelun tuottamiseen. Lisäksi tutkitaan tapaustutkimuksena kyselyn ja haastattelun avulla käyttäjien kokemuksia SaaS-palveluna toteutetun testaushallintaohjelmiston käyttämisestä. Tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat siihen, ettei SaaS-malli luo erityisiä rajoitteita testaushallintaohjelmiston tarjoamiseen laadunvarmistusprojektin käyttöön ainakaan tutkitussa mittakaavassa. Palvelun toimintamallien suunnitteluun ja vastuiden jakoon on kiinnitettävä erityistä huomiota, jotta palvelu voidaan toimittaa loppukäyttäjien tarpeita mahdollisimman paljon huomioiden.

A proposal for a repertoire of software testing methods

Nowadays software testing and quality assurance have a great value in software development process. Software testing does not mean a concrete discipline, it is the process of validation and verification that starts from the idea of future product and finishes at the end of product’s maintenance. The importance of software testing methods and tools that can be applied on different testing phases is highly stressed in industry. The initial objectives for this thesis were to provide a sufficient literature review on different testing phases and for each of the phases define the method that can be effectively used for improving software’s quality. Software testing phases, chosen for study are: unit testing, integration testing, functional testing, system testing, acceptance testing and usability testing. The research showed that there are many software testing methods that can be applied at different phases and in the most of the cases the choice of the method should be done depending on software type and its specification. In the thesis the problem, concerned to each of the phases was identified; the method that can help in eliminating this problem was suggested and particularly described.

Ammattikorkeakoulun yhteiskuntavastuu sidosryhmävuorovaikutuksen näkökulmasta

Tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia sidosryhmävuorovaikutuksen roolia ammattikorkeakoulun yhteiskuntavastuutehtävän toteuttamisessa. Tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisista ulottuvuuksista ammattikorkeakoulun yhteiskuntavastuu sidosryhmien näkökulmasta muodostuu, miten ammattikorkeakoulut toteuttavat sidosryhmävuorovaikutusta sekä mitä arvoa vuorovaikutus tuottaa osapuolille. Tutkimusstrategiana on laadullinen tapaustutkimus, jonka aineistonkeruumenetelmänä on teemahaastattelu ja tutkimusmetodina sisällönanalyysi. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu kolmen sidosryhmän ja kohdeorganisaation edustajien haastatteluista. Kohdeorganisaatio on Kymenlaakson ammattikorkeakoulu. Tutkimustulosten mukaan ammattikorkeakoulun yhteiskuntavastuu on pitkälle säädelty, laaja ja verkostomainen kokonaisuus, jossa sidosryhmät jakavat vastuuta. Lakisääteiset tehtävät muodostavat yhteiskuntavastuun rungon, jonka lisäksi ammattikorkeakoululla on samat vastuut kuin yrityksillä. Lakisääteisen ja valtionohjauksen perustason ylittäminen on mahdollista strategian, profiloitumisen ja laadunvarmistuksen avulla. Yhteiskuntavastuu ja siihen liittyvä vuorovaikutus integroituvat osaksi ammattikorkeakoulun toimintaa. Strategia suuntaa sidosryhmävuorovaikutukseen liittyvää ja käytössä olevien resurssien edellyttämää priorisointia. Vuorovaikutus on tutkielman perusteella strategista toimintaa, jonka moraaliset ja arvoa luovat ominaisuudet määräytyvät sekä valtionohjauksen että ammattikorkeakoulun vapaaehtoisesti ottamien vastuiden kautta.

Hitsauksen tehostaminen robotisoinnin käyttöönotolla

Kansainvälisen kilpailun kiristyessä yritysten on tehostettava tuotantoaan kustannusten alentamiseksi. Eräs tehostamisen keino on tuotannon automatisointi. Tässä diplomityössä käsitellään hitsauksen tehostamista robottiaseman käyttöönotolla GaV Group Oy:ssä. Työn tarkoituksena on tuoda esille oleellisimmat uuden valmistusteknologian tehokkaaseen käyttöönottoon kuuluvat asiat. Teoriaosassa käsitellään robottisolun investoinnin jälkeisiä toimenpiteitä esivalmistelusta, käyttöönotosta ja tuotannon stabiloinnista. Pääpaino teoriaosuudessa on esivalmistelulla, jolla on suurin vaikutus uuden teknologian käyttöönotossa. Lisäksi teoriaosuudessa käydään läpi laadunvarmistuksen pääperiaatteet, turvallisuusnäkökulmat ja muutoksen mittareiden määrittäminen. Käytännön osiossa on esitelty robottisolun käyttöönotto kohdeyrityksessä. Työn alussa valittiin robotisoidusti hitsattavat kappaleet, parannettiin mahdollisuuksien mukaan konstruktioita paremmin robotisoituun hitsaukseen soveltuviksi ja rakennettiin niille hitsauskiinnittimet. Robotilla tuotteille etsittiin sopivat parametrit ja tehtiin hitsausohjelmat tämän työn puitteissa. Työssä esitellään myös tuotannon käynnistyminen laatuongelmineen ja tuotannon tunnusluvut. Hitsauksen lisäksi robottiin liitettiin esivalmistuksen laadun takaamiseksi hienosädeplasma, jolla aukotetaan robotilla hitsattavia tuotteita. Hienosädeplasmalla saadaan entistä tarkemmat ja railopinnoiltaan siistit reiät yhteille, joka on välttämätöntä robotisoidussa hitsauksessa.

Vuokamallisten kartonkipakkausten laadunvarmistuslaitteiston kehittäminen

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli kehittää vuokamallisille kartonkipakkauksille laadunvarmistuslaitteisto. Kirjallisen osan alussa esiteltiin vuokamallisten kartonkipakkausten valmistusprosessia. Tästä siirryttiin laatuasioihin, jossa tärkeimmät asiat olivat kartonkivuokien valmistuksessa esiintyvät laatupoikkeamat ja konenäkö. Tutkimusosan alussa esitellään Lappeenrannan teknillisessä yliopistossa kehitetty kartonkivuokien valmistuslinjasto. Tämän jälkeen vaatimuslistan pohjalta suunnitellaan kyseiseen linjastoon sopiva automaattinen laadunvalvontalaite, johon sisältyy myös kartonkivuokien siirtolaite. Suunnitteluprosessi aloitettiin koekuvaamalla kartonkivuokia erilaisilla kameroilla ja valaistusmenetelmillä. Koekuvausten perusteella valittiin konenäkölaitteisto. Tämän jälkeen toiminnoista luotiin periaatepiirroksia, joista kehitettiin varsinainen suunnitelma. Työn tuloksena saatiin suunnitelma konenäköön perustuvan automaattisen laadunvalvontalaitteen rakentamiselle.