Memórias de infância num contexto de diversidade cultural

Portugal, nas últimas décadas, como efeito da globalização, adjetivou-se de multicultural, fazendo verdadeiramente valer a sua função de país de acolhimento. É natural, portanto, a existência de uma certa heterogeneidade sociocultural e diversidade linguística nas escolas portuguesas. Ora, a Escola Básica de 2.º e 3.º Ciclos, onde implementámos o nosso estudo, não constituiu em si a exceção. Porém, constatámos que a diversidade nela existente, embora respeitada, não era devidamente valorizada. Perante tal situação, traçámos como finalidade do estudo o desenvolvimento de uma investigação que nos concedesse um instrumento, a ser trabalhado numa aula de Português, que incide sobre a partilha de memórias de infância caminhando para a valorização e tomada de consciência do Outro linguística e culturalmente diferente. Consequentemente, esperamos contribuir para a melhor integração dos alunos provenientes de outras culturas e para a não existência de eventuais mecanismos de discriminação. Os nossos dados foram, essencialmente, recolhidos através da análise das memórias escritas dos alunos e de uma entrevista a uma aluna cabo-verdiana, constituindo esta a sua biografia linguística. No tratamento da informação recorremos a uma metodologia qualitativa com análise de conteúdo em que foram determinadas as categorias a conhecer: Brincadeiras de infância, Locais preferidos, Encontros interculturais e Momento da infância mais saudoso. A Declaração de Princípios sobre a Tolerância (1995) afirma que a diversidade deve ser reconhecida como uma riqueza a aceitar e a desenvolver. “A tolerância (…) é a harmonia na diferença.” (Artigo 1.º, 1.1). Como tal, através dos resultados do nosso projeto, acreditamos que com o trabalho em torno das memórias de infância é possível fomentar uma educação intercultural que potencie a referida tolerância e forme alunos capazes de dar resposta aos novos desafios desta nossa sociedade mutável que se conjetura cada vez mais multicultural e multilingue.

As reuniões de pais : a perspetiva dos pais e professores do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Relatório final apresentado para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Educação Pré- Escolar e em Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Exploring the Role of Parental Hearsay when Children Witness a Crime

In cases of potential child abuse, parents may provide hearsay testimony on behalf of a child, retelling events from the child’s perspective. However, according to the limited research that exists, parents may have a negative impact on their child’s memory of an event (Principe, DiPuppo, & Gammel, 2013). In order to gain a better understanding of parental hearsay, parents’ descriptions of information children provided in recorded parent-child discussions were compared to the actual information the children provided in the initial discussion and in a 1-week follow-up interview. Children interviewed by parents were also compared to children interviewed by a trained interviewer. To date, 11 children between the ages of 6-9 years have been assessed. While the current sample size was too small to yield many significant results, graphs and effect sizes suggest there are differences in memory accuracy and completeness between parents and children and across children’s interview condition. Whether hearsay testimony or children’s testimony is preferable may depend on how suggestive the initial parent-child discussion is.

Lie detection and children: Impact of the mode of presentation

Although a great deal of research has examined lie-detection among adults, little research has examined the differences between audio and visual mediums for deception among children. In the current study participants were presented (n = 42) with recordings of four children, each describing his/her experience of getting glasses. Two of the accounts were truthful, two were fabricated. Half of the participants were presented with videos, half were presented with audio-recordings. Following the presentation of each recording, participants responded to questions regarding the truthfulness of each child’s account. Results showed that when evaluating truth-tellers, participants’ lie-detection accuracy was significantly greater than chance. Within the video condition, non-parents were shown to report significantly more lie-related cues than parents. Several deception cues were shown to be related to lie-detection accuracy.

Diferenciação pedagógica e o olhar do educador de infância

Relatório de estágio para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Educação Pré-Escolar

Is there a health risk concerning the children´s consumption of cereal-based products? A cumulative mycotoxin risk assessment approach

Historically, the health risk of mycotoxins had been evaluated on the basis of single-chemical and single-exposure pathway scenarios. However, the co-contamination of foodstuffs with these compounds is being reported at an increasing rate and a multiple-exposure scenario for humans and vulnerable population groups as children is urgently needed. Cereals are among the first solid foods eaten by child and thus constitute an important food group of their diet. Few data are available relatively to early stages child´s exposure to mycotoxins through consumption of cereal-based foods. The present study aims to perform the cumulative risk assessment of mycotoxins present in a set of cereal-based foods including breakfast cereals (BC), processed cereal-based foods (PCBF) and biscuits (BT), consumed by children (1 to 3 years old, n=75) from Lisbon region, Portugal. Children food consumption and occurrence of 12 mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins and trichothecenes) in cereal-based foods were combined to estimate the mycotoxin daily intake, using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Different strategies were used to treat the left censored data. For aflatoxins, as carcinogenic compounds, the margin of exposure (MoE) was calculated as a ratio of BMDL (benchmark dose lower confidence limit) and aflatoxin daily exposure. For the remaining mycotoxins, the output of exposure was compared to the dose reference values (TDI) in order to calculate the hazard quotients (HQ, ratio between exposure and a reference dose). The concentration addition (CA) concept was used for the cumulative risk assessment of multiple mycotoxins. The combined margin of exposure (MoET) and the hazard index (HI) were calculated for aflatoxins and the remaining mycotoxins, respectively. Main results revealed a significant health concern related to aflatoxins and especially aflatoxin M1 exposure according to the MoET and MoE values (below 10000), respectively. HQ and HI values for the remaining mycotoxins were below 1, revealing a low concern from a public health point of view. These are the first results on cumulative risk assessment of multiple mycotoxins present in cereal-based foods consumed by children. Considering the present results, more research studies are needed to provide the governmental regulatory bodies with data to develop an approach that contemplate the human exposure and, particularly, children, to multiple mycotoxins in food. The last issue is particularly important considering the potential synergistic effects that could occur between mycotoxins and its potential impact on human and, mainly, children health.

As reuniões de pais : a perspetiva dos pais e professores do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Relatório final apresentado para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Educação Pré- Escolar e em Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

An exploration of parent ivolvement in Response to Intervention (RTI) in Title I schools

Research demonstrates that parental involvement positively impacts student achievement and enhances targeted instruction. Notably, however, little research currently exists on how schools involve parents in Response to Intervention (RTI), a framework for implementing targeted, tiered, research-based instruction. The purpose of this study was to interview selected parents, teachers, RTI specialists, and principals in three Title I elementary schools in one school district, plus one district-level administrator, in order to examine how elementary schools currently involve parents in RTI prereferral interventions, and to understand the factors that might facilitate or challenge such parent involvement. I employed a comparative case study qualitative design with each elementary school as the main unit of analysis. I conducted individual, in-depth interviews that lasted approximately 45-60 minutes with a total of 33 participants across the three school sites, including 11 parents, 12 teachers, and six RTI specialists, three principals, and one district-level administrator. I also analyzed documents related to RTI processes that are available through websites and participants. I used Strauss and Corbin’s (1998) three-step scheme for thematic/grounded theory analysis, and Atlas.ti as the electronic tool for management and analysis. Analyses of the data revealed that personnel across the sites largely agreed on how they explain RTI to parents and notify parents of student progress. Parents mostly disagreed with these accounts, stating instead that they learn about RTI and their child’s progress by approaching teachers or their own children with questions, or by examining report cards and student work that comes home. Personnel and parents cited various challenges for involving parents in RTI. However, they all also agreed that teachers are accessible and willing to reach out to parents, and that teachers already face considerable workloads. It appears that no district- or school-wide plan guides parent involvement practices in RTI at any of the three schools. Finally, I present a discussion of findings; implications for teachers, RTI implementation leaders, and Title school leaders; study limitations; and possibilities for future research.

Spectral graph theory with applications to quantum adiabatic optimization

In this dissertation I draw a connection between quantum adiabatic optimization, spectral graph theory, heat-diffusion, and sub-stochastic processes through the operators that govern these processes and their associated spectra. In particular, we study Hamiltonians which have recently become known as ``stoquastic'' or, equivalently, the generators of sub-stochastic processes. The operators corresponding to these Hamiltonians are of interest in all of the settings mentioned above. I predominantly explore the connection between the spectral gap of an operator, or the difference between the two lowest energies of that operator, and certain equilibrium behavior. In the context of adiabatic optimization, this corresponds to the likelihood of solving the optimization problem of interest. I will provide an instance of an optimization problem that is easy to solve classically, but leaves open the possibility to being difficult adiabatically. Aside from this concrete example, the work in this dissertation is predominantly mathematical and we focus on bounding the spectral gap. Our primary tool for doing this is spectral graph theory, which provides the most natural approach to this task by simply considering Dirichlet eigenvalues of subgraphs of host graphs. I will derive tight bounds for the gap of one-dimensional, hypercube, and general convex subgraphs. The techniques used will also adapt methods recently used by Andrews and Clutterbuck to prove the long-standing ``Fundamental Gap Conjecture''.

A Estrutura Familiar: que reflexos nos comportamentos sociais da criança?

Relatório de estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Paula Frassinetti para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Espaço para a iniciativa da criança: perspetivas e realidade em estudo

Relatório de estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Paula Frassinetti para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

A participação infantil no cotidiano da escola: crianças com voz e vez

A presente dissertação centra-se no estudo da participação infantil no cotidiano escolar, mais precisamente, das instituições de Educação Infantil. Para tanto, assumo como fundamental perceber a criança enquanto ator social, produtor de cultura e a infância como uma categoria social, geracional. O objetivo principal deste estudo é compreender quais as formas de participação de um grupo de crianças que compõe a turma de nível II, com 5 e 6 anos de idade, da Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil Tia Luizinha, a partir de suas manifestações no cotidiano escolar, buscando perceber quais são os momentos da rotina que as crianças percebem que participam, o que elas pensam sobre esses momentos e como os significam. Para tanto, o referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado para dialogar com esta investigação é oriundo da perspectiva da Sociologia da Infância (SARMENTO, 1997; 2000; 2007, CORSARO 2011, DELGADO, 2004; 2007), que percebem as crianças como sujeitos de direitos, capazes de participar/opinar sobre o meio no qual estão inseridas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa sobre o contexto escolar, cuja metodologia busca inspirações etnográficas, ou seja, é o cotidiano com as crianças, narrado por quem tornou-se ator desta pesquisa, juntamente com elas. Neste sentido, cabe ressaltar que é um processo investigativo COM crianças e não sobre elas. Os principais instrumentos metodológicos utilizados foram a observação, a escuta, os registros, os desenhos das crianças e suas falas. No tratamento dos dados que foram sendo gerados no percorrer da pesquisa, percebi a emergência de duas categorias de análise: a participação das crianças na RODA DE CONVERSA e no PÁTIO da escola. Neste sentido, estabeleço relação entre a infância e os espaços por elas escolhidos como sendo de maior participação, vindo a encontrar eco nos estudos da Geografia da Infância (LOPES, 2008). Foi possível perceber o quanto as crianças atribuem sentidos muito particulares aos espaços nos quais se inserem. A roda de conversa, configurava-se como um espaço/tempo dialógico do cotidiano, porém, ainda muito vinculada com a presença marcante do adulto-orientador. No pátio da escola, em especial, na pracinha, a participação infantil esteve intimamente relacionada a autonomia das crianças e as possibilidades de escolha que ali se apresentavam. Considero que os resultados deste estudo possam contribuir com as propostas pedagógicas das escolas da infância, no sentido acolher as manifestações das crianças, para assim, torná-las cada vez mais coautoras das ações pedagógicas.

A Parentalidade tardia : Os pais, os filhos e o amanhã

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica

Parents’ experiences during the transition from childhood to adolescence with Type 1 Diabetes: Parent-child relationships and support received during this time and clinical research portfolio

Background: Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) management often worsens as children become adolescents. This can be a difficult time for parents as they hand over responsibility of diabetes management to their adolescent. Objectives: To look at the experiences of parents with a child with T1D as they move to adolescence and take more responsibility for their diabetes management. To find out about parents’ experience of support during this transition. Subjects: Three parents of adolescents with T1D. Participants were recruited from the NHS Highland Paediatric Diabetes Service. Methods: Participants took part in a one-to-one semi-structured interview with a researcher. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse the interviews and find common themes across the interviews. Results: Participants experienced worry throughout their child’s transition to adolescence. They found it difficult to let their child take responsibility for their diabetes but acknowledged that their involvement caused tensions with their adolescent. Participants’ experience was that there were a number of practical adjustments to be made with a diagnosis of T1D and educating the network around their child was important. The participants reported that the diagnosis of T1D had an impact on the whole family and not just the child with the diagnosis. The parents felt well supported medically but said that the amount of time before their first clinic appointment felt too long. All participants had concerns about their adolescent moving to the adult diabetic service. Conclusions: Participants experienced worry relating to aspects of their adolescents T1D that they could not control, but were aware of the tensions caused by trying to keep elements of control. Areas of future research were identified.

Language Outcomes of the Play and Language for Autistic Youngsters (PLAY) Project Home Consultation model—An Extended Analysis

The current study is a post-hoc analysis of data from the original randomized control trial of the Play and Language for Autistic Youngsters (PLAY) Home Consultation program, a parent-mediated, DIR/Floortime based early intervention program for children with ASD (Solomon, Van Egeren, Mahone, Huber, & Zimmerman, 2014). We examined 22 children from the original RCT who received the PLAY program. Children were split into two groups (high and lower functioning) based on the ADOS module administered prior to intervention. Fifteen-minute parent-child video sessions were coded through the use of CHILDES transcription software. Child and maternal language, communicative behaviors, and communicative functions were assessed in the natural language samples both pre- and post-intervention. Results demonstrated significant improvements in both child and maternal behaviors following intervention. There was a significant increase in child verbal and non-verbal initiations and verbal responses in whole group analysis. Total number of utterances, word production, and grammatical complexity all significantly improved when viewed across the whole group of participants; however, lexical growth did not reach significance. Changes in child communicative function were especially noteworthy, and demonstrated a significant increase in social interaction and a significant decrease in non-interactive behaviors. Further, mothers demonstrated an increase in responsiveness to the child’s conversational bids, increased ability to follow the child’s lead, and a decrease in directiveness. When separated for analyses within groups, trends emerged for child and maternal variables, suggesting greater gains in use of communicative function in both high and low groups over changes in linguistic structure. Additional analysis also revealed a significant inverse relationship between maternal responsiveness and child non-interactive behaviors; as mothers became more responsive, children’s non-engagement was decreased. Such changes further suggest that changes in learned skills following PLAY parent training may result in improvements in child social interaction and language abilities.