91 resultados para jatkuvatoiminen prosessi


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The dissertation deals with remote narrowband measurements of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by lightning flashes. A lightning flash consists of a number of sub-processes. The return stroke, which transfers electrical charge from the thundercloud to to the ground, is electromagnetically an impulsive wideband process; that is, it emits radiation at most frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum, but its duration is only some tens of microseconds. Before and after the return stroke, multiple sub-processes redistribute electrical charges within the thundercloud. These sub-processes can last for tens to hundreds of milliseconds, many orders of magnitude longer than the return stroke. Each sub-process causes radiation with specific time-domain characteristics, having maxima at different frequencies. Thus, if the radiation is measured at a single narrow frequency band, it is difficult to identify the sub-processes, and some sub-processes can be missed altogether. However, narrowband detectors are simple to design and miniaturize. In particular, near the High Frequency band (High Frequency, 3 MHz to 30 MHz), ordinary shortwave radios can, in principle, be used as detectors. This dissertation utilizes a prototype detector which is essentially a handheld AM radio receiver. Measurements were made in Scandinavia, and several independent data sources were used to identify lightning sub-processes, as well as the distance to each individual flash. It is shown that multiple sub-processes radiate strongly near the HF band. The return stroke usually radiates intensely, but it cannot be reliably identified from the time-domain signal alone. This means that a narrowband measurement is best used to characterize the energy of the radiation integrated over the whole flash, without attempting to identify individual processes. The dissertation analyzes the conditions under which this integrated energy can be used to estimate the distance to the flash. It is shown that flash-by-flash variations are large, but the integrated energy is very sensitive to changes in the distance, dropping as approximately the inverse cube root of the distance. Flashes can, in principle, be detected at distances of more than 100 km, but since the ground conductivity can vary, ranging accuracy drops dramatically at distances larger than 20 km. These limitations mean that individual flashes cannot be ranged accurately using a single narrowband detector, and the useful range is limited to 30 kilometers at the most. Nevertheless, simple statistical corrections are developed, which enable an accurate estimate of the distance to the closest edge of an active storm cell, as well as the approach speed. The results of the dissertation could therefore have practical applications in real-time short-range lightning detection and warning systems.

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Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is an ultrasensitive technique for measuring the concentration of a single isotope. The electric and magnetic fields of an electrostatic accelerator system are used to filter out other isotopes from the ion beam. The high velocity means that molecules can be destroyed and removed from the measurement background. As a result, concentrations down to one atom in 10^16 atoms are measurable. This thesis describes the construction of the new AMS system in the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Helsinki. The system is described in detail along with the relevant ion optics. System performance and some of the 14C measurements done with the system are described. In a second part of the thesis, a novel statistical model for the analysis of AMS data is presented. Bayesian methods are used in order to make the best use of the available information. In the new model, instrumental drift is modelled with a continuous first-order autoregressive process. This enables rigorous normalization to standards measured at different times. The Poisson statistical nature of a 14C measurement is also taken into account properly, so that uncertainty estimates are much more stable. It is shown that, overall, the new model improves both the accuracy and the precision of AMS measurements. In particular, the results can be improved for samples with very low 14C concentrations or measured only a few times.

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The purpose of this study is to analyse education, employment, and work-life experiences of visually impaired persons in expert jobs. The empirical data consists of 30 thematic interviews (24 visually impaired persons, 1 family-member of a visually impaired person, 5 persons working with diversity issues), of supplementary articles, and of statistics on the socio-economic status of the visually impaired. The interviewees experiences of education and employment have been analysed by a qualitative method. The analysis has been deepened by reflecting it against the recent discussion on the concept of diversity. The author s methodological choice as a disability researcher has been to treat the interviewees as co-researchers rather than objects of research. Accessibility in its different forms is a prerequisite of diversity in the workplace, and this study examines what kind of accessibility is required by visually impaired professionals. Access to working life depends on the attitudes prejudices and expectations that society has towards a minority group. Social accessibility is connected with internal relationships in the workplace, and achieving social accessibility is a bilateral process. Information technology has revolutionised the visually impaired people s possibilities of accessing information and performing expert tasks. Accessible environment, good mobility skills, and transportation services enable visually impaired employees to get to their workplaces and to navigate there with ease. Integration has raised the level of education and widened the selection of career options for the visually impaired. However, even visually impaired people with academic degrees often need employment support services. Visually impaired professionals are mainly employed in the public and third sector. Achieving diversity in the labour market is a multiactor process. Social support services are needed, as well as courage and readiness from employers to hire people with disabilities. The organisations of the visually impaired play an important role in affecting the attitudes and providing peer support. Visually impaired employees need good professional skills, blindness skills, and social courage, and they need to be comfortable with their disability. In the workplace, diversity may actualise as diverse ways of working: the work is done by using technical aids or other means of compensating for the lack of eyesight. When an employee must find compensatory solutions for disability-related limitations at work, this will also develop his/her problem-solving abilities. Key words: visually impaired, diversity, accessibility, working life

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The purpose of this work is to use the concepts of human time and cultural trauma in a biographical study of the turning points in the recent history of Estonia. This research is primarily based on 148 in-depth biographical interviews conducted in Estonia and Sweden in 1995-2005, supplemented by excerpts from 5 collections and 10 individually published autobiographies. The main body of the thesis consists of six published and of two forthcoming separate refereed articles, summarised in the theoretical introduction, and Appendix of the full texts of three particular life stories. The topic of the first article is the generational composition and the collective action frames of anti-Soviet social mobilisation in Estonia in 1940-1990. The second article details the differentiation of the rites of passage and the calendar traditions as a strategy to adapt to the rapidly changed political realities, comparatively in Soviet Estonia and among the boat-refugees in Sweden. The third article investigates the life stories of the double-minded strategic generation of the Estonian-inclined Communists, who attempted to work within the Soviet system while professing to uphold the ideals of pre-war Estonia. The fourth article is concentrated on the problems of double mental standards as a coping strategy in a contradictory social reality. The fifth article implements the theory of cultural trauma for the social practice of singing nationalism in Estonia. The sixth article bridges the ideas of Russian theoreticians concerning cultural dialogue and the Western paradigm of cultural trauma, with examples from Estonian Russian life stories. The seventh article takes a biographical look at the logic of the unraveling of cultural trauma through four Soviet decades. The eighth article explores the re-shaping of citizen activities as a strategy of coping with the loss of the independent nation state, comparatively in Soviet Estonia and among Swedish Estonians. Cultural trauma is interpreted as the re-ordering of the society s value-normative constellation due to sharp, violent, usually political events. The first one under consideration was caused by the occupations of the Republic of Estonia by the Soviet army in 1940-45. After half a century of suppression the memories of these events resurfaced as different stories describing the long-term, often inter-generational strategies of coping with the value collapse. The second cultural trauma is revealed together with the collapse of the Soviet power and ideology in Estonia in 1991. According to empirical data, the following three trauma discourses have been reconstructed: - the forced adaptation to Soviet order of the homeland Estonians; - the difficulty of preserving Estonian identity in exile (Sweden); - the identity crisis of the Russian population of Estonia. Comparative analyses of these discourses have shown that opposing experiences and worldviews cause conflicting interpretations of the past. Different social and ethnic groups consider coping with cultural trauma as a matter of self-defence and create appropriate usable pasts to identify with. Keywords: human time, cultural trauma, frame analysis, discourse, life stories

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On a journey from marginal to mainstream? The lifestyle and recovery of former drug users This thesis studies the lifestyle and recovery of former users of illicit drugs through their experiences. The study describes the life of people with drug problems both during the time they used drugs regularly and after they stopped the use entirely. The focus is on the development of the lifestyle of 32 persons who no longer use drugs. They may have stopped using drugs independently or with the help of a treatment. In this study, persons who have given up drug use with the help of a psychosocially oriented treatment are called non-medicinally treated former users (n=19) whereas opioid addicts who have stopped using drugs through substitution treatment are referred to as substitution treatment patients (n=13). The research material was gathered from theme interviews. The criteria for the focus group of the study included the following: a) the interviewees had had a serious drug problem in their past; b) they had not used drugs for at least one year prior to the interview; c) they were not in an institutional care at the time of the study. This thesis is basically a lifestyle study in which the aspects of lifestyle are used to describe the everyday life of former drug users. The study reviews the whole spectrum of everyday routines, especially the social interaction and subjective experiences of people. The second concept used in this study is recovery, which is described as a process that starts from the abstinence from substances and adoption of the recovery culture and continues as a comprehensive change of the lifestyle, identity and values of an individual. Disengaging from a drug-oriented lifestyle and connected social network as well as finding an individual frame of reference is a demanding process. Years of drug use have often caused complex health and social disadvantages as well as problems with work, education, livelihood, accommodation and human relationships. The effect of the past on the present arises at all levels. The interviews revealed a recovery culture maintaining the lifestyle as well as an adaptive and optimistic approach to the future among those participating in the study. The study shows that an adequate distance from acute substance use is a precondition for the beginning of the recovery process, yet abstinence in itself tells nothing about the actual recovery. The study describes how some recovering users find a meaning in life easily whereas others have to work actively for their recovery. Detaching oneself from the feeling of adopted abnormality connected with substance addiction forms an important basis for satisfying abstinence. Peer groups support the development of counter-cultures and abstinence or the support is received from the community formed in the substitution treatment clinic.

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The purpose of this research is to draw up a clear construction of an anticipatory communicative decision-making process and a successful implementation of a Bayesian application that can be used as an anticipatory communicative decision-making support system. This study is a decision-oriented and constructive research project, and it includes examples of simulated situations. As a basis for further methodological discussion about different approaches to management research, in this research, a decision-oriented approach is used, which is based on mathematics and logic, and it is intended to develop problem solving methods. The approach is theoretical and characteristic of normative management science research. Also, the approach of this study is constructive. An essential part of the constructive approach is to tie the problem to its solution with theoretical knowledge. Firstly, the basic definitions and behaviours of an anticipatory management and managerial communication are provided. These descriptions include discussions of the research environment and formed management processes. These issues define and explain the background to further research. Secondly, it is processed to managerial communication and anticipatory decision-making based on preparation, problem solution, and solution search, which are also related to risk management analysis. After that, a solution to the decision-making support application is formed, using four different Bayesian methods, as follows: the Bayesian network, the influence diagram, the qualitative probabilistic network, and the time critical dynamic network. The purpose of the discussion is not to discuss different theories but to explain the theories which are being implemented. Finally, an application of Bayesian networks to the research problem is presented. The usefulness of the prepared model in examining a problem and the represented results of research is shown. The theoretical contribution includes definitions and a model of anticipatory decision-making. The main theoretical contribution of this study has been to develop a process for anticipatory decision-making that includes management with communication, problem-solving, and the improvement of knowledge. The practical contribution includes a Bayesian Decision Support Model, which is based on Bayesian influenced diagrams. The main contributions of this research are two developed processes, one for anticipatory decision-making, and the other to produce a model of a Bayesian network for anticipatory decision-making. In summary, this research contributes to decision-making support by being one of the few publicly available academic descriptions of the anticipatory decision support system, by representing a Bayesian model that is grounded on firm theoretical discussion, by publishing algorithms suitable for decision-making support, and by defining the idea of anticipatory decision-making for a parallel version. Finally, according to the results of research, an analysis of anticipatory management for planned decision-making is presented, which is based on observation of environment, analysis of weak signals, and alternatives to creative problem solving and communication.

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Tämän tutkielman aiheena on kulttuurienvälisyys kulttuurienvälisessä kaksikielisessä opetuksessa (Educación Intercultural Bilingüe, EIB) Boliviassa ja erityisesti kulttuurienvälisen kaksikielisen koulutuksen maisteriohjelmassa (Maestría en Educación Intercultural Bilingüe), jota koordinoi PROEIB Andes -järjestö yhteistyössä Cochabamban Universidad Mayor de San Simónin kanssa. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten kulttuurienvälisyys määritellään ja mitä se käytännössä merkitsee opetuksen eri osa-alueilla: sisällöissä, opetusmetodeissa ja -materiaaleissa sekä arvioinnissa. Koska kulttuurienvälisen kaksikielisen opetuksen toteutus ja tutkiminen eri Latinalaisen Amerikan maissa on tähän asti painottunut lähes yksinomaan perusopetukseen, pyrin työssäni keskittymään kulttuurienvälisyyden ilmentymiin nimenomaan bolivialaisessa korkeakoulukontekstissa. Tutkielman aineistona on käytetty kahdeksaa EIB -asiantuntijoiden teemahaastattelua, jotka FM Eila Isotalus on tehnyt Boliviassa vuonna 2004. Haastatteluaineisto analysoitiin teoriasidonnaista eli abduktiivista sisällönanalyysiä käyttäen. Tutkielman teoriatausta koostuu yhtäältä kulttuurienvälisyyteen ja monikulttuurisuuteen liittyvien käsitteiden määrittelystä, ja toisaalta kulttuurienväliseen opetukseen liittyvien mallien esittelystä. Aineiston analyysissä avuksi on ollut etenkin James A. Banksin teoria monikulttuurisen opetuksen viidestä ulottuvuudesta, joiden kautta on voitu pohtia kulttuurienvälisyyden toteutumista opetuksen eri osa-alueilla ja nostaa esille bolivialaisen kulttuurienvälisen opetuksen erityispiirteitä. Aineiston analyysissä ilmenee, että kulttuurienvälisyyden käsitteen määrittely on vahvasti kontekstisidonnainen ja jatkuva prosessi, johon vaikuttavat eri toimijoiden näkemykset ja vaatimukset. EIB -asiantuntijoiden esittämät määrittelyt voidaan jakaa makro- ja mikrososiaaliseen kategoriaan sen mukaan, nähdäänkö kulttuurienvälisyys ensisijaisesti yhteiskunnallisena vai yksilötason käsitteenä. Aineistossa korostuu ajatus latinalaisamerikkalaisesta kulttuurienvälisyydestä poliittisena käsitteenä, jonka keskiössä on vaatimus yhteiskunnallisten valtasuhteiden muutoksesta. Yksi suurimmista haasteista kulttuurienvälisyyden toteuttamisessa bolivialaisessa korkeakouluopetuksessa ovat akateemiseen kulttuuriin liittyvät perinteet, jotka vaikeuttavat uusien toimintatapojen omaksumista. Kulttuurienvälisyys opetuksessa on toistaiseksi tarkoittanut etupäässä sisältöjen monipuolistamista lisäämällä opetusohjelmiin elementtejä paikallisista kulttuureista. Tärkeänä askeleena EIB:n kehityksessä voidaan pitää painopisteen siirtymistä sisältökysymyksistä kulttuurienvälisten opetusmetodien luomiseen. Näiden opetusmenetelmien tulisi pohjautua ymmärrykseen oppimisesta kokonaisvaltaisena, yhteisöllisenä prosessina ja siten kuroa umpeen kuilua koulun ja yhteisöjen arkielämän välillä. Opetusmenetelmien ja -materiaalien suhteen keskeinen kulttuurienvälisyyteen liittyvä kysymys on intiaanikansojen suullisen kulttuurin ja tiedon jakamisen perinteiden hyödyntäminen opetuksessa. Maisteriohjelman opiskelijoiden arvioinnissa pyritään huomioimaan yksilön kokonaisvaltainen kehitys pelkkien opintosuoritusten sijasta, mutta arvosanoihin pohjautuvasta arvostelukäytännöstä ei ole toistaiseksi voitu luopua yliopiston vaatimusten vuoksi. Kaiken kaikkiaan kulttuurienvälisyyden toteuttaminen EIB:ssä ja maisteriohjelmassa on pitkän tähtäimen prosessi, joka vaatii perinteisten opetuskäytäntöjen kyseenalaistamista ja korkeakouluopetuksessa myös akateemisen kulttuurin haastamista. On oleellisen tärkeää, että prosessiin osallistuvat asiantuntijoiden ohella myös esimerkiksi opiskelijat, intiaaniyhteisöt ja -järjestöaktiivit.

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Angiogeneesi on tärkeä ilmiö elimistön fysiologiassa, mutta myös lukuisissa patologisissa tiloissa. Angiogeneesi on monivaiheinen prosessi, joka sisältää angiogeneesiä indusoivia ja sitä inhiboivia tekijöitä tasapainossa keskenään. Useat tutkimukset puoltavat sitä, että tymosiini ȕ4 (Tȕ4) ja tetrapeptidi Ac-SDKP (N-asetyyliseryyli- aspartyyli-lysyyli-proliini) indusoivat angiogeneesiä in vitro ja in vivo. Tutkimukset viittaavat myös siihen, että prolyylioligopeptidaasi (POP) hydrolysoi peptidifragmentin Ac- SDKP Tȕ4:n (43 ah) proliinin jälkeen. POP on laajalti esiintyvä seriiniproteaasi, joka pystyy pilkkomaan vain alle 30 aminohapon oligopeptidejä. Tȕ4:n tulee siksi pilkkoutua ensin jonkin, vielä tuntemattoman peptidaasin johdosta. POP:ia on löydetty eniten aivoista, minkä vuoksi sitä on tutkittu varsinkin muistin ja oppimisen häiriötiloissa sekä neurodegeneratiivisten sairausten yhteydessä. POP:in todellinen fysiologinen merkitys on kuitenkin vielä selvittämättä. Tämän pro gradun kirjallisuusosiossa selvitetään angiogeneesiin liittyvien tekijöiden yhteyksiä sekä kuvataan angiogeenisten Tȕ4:n, Ac-SDKP:n ja POP:in ominaisuuksia, esiintymistä ja toimintaa. Kokeellisen osion tarkoituksena oli osoittaa, osallistuvatko POP ja Tȕ4 tetrapeptidin Ac-SDKP muodostumiseen ja kapillaarimuodostumiseen ja edelleen, voidaanko POPaktiivisuutta, tetrapeptidi- ja kapillaarimuodostumista estää spesifisellä POP-inhibiittorilla, KYP-2047:llä. Kokeellinen osa oli kaksiosainen. Ensimmäisessä osassa tutkittiin POPaktiivisuutta ja suoritettiin Ac-SDKP –pitoisuusmittauksia ajanjaksolla 0-180 min Wistarkannan rotista tehdyillä homogenaateilla. Tutkimusryhminä olivat 0,1 ja 0,5 μM KYP-2047 (+2 μM Tȕ4), 1:20 (0,625 μM) humaaniperäinen rekombinantti-POP (+ 2 μM Tȕ4), 2 μM Tȕ4 (pos. kontrolli) ja raakahomogenaatti (neg. kontrolli). Toisessa osassa tutkittiin kapillaarimuodostumista ajanjaksolla 0-180 min humaaniperäisillä napanuoralaskimon primaariendoteelisoluilla MatrigelTM Matrix -päällystetyllä 48- kuoppalevyllä, jolle oli siirrostettu 50 000 solua/kuoppa. Naudan seerumilla ja antibiooteilla käsitellyt tutkimusryhmät olivat 5 ja 10 μM KYP-2047 (+4 μM Tȕ4), 1:20 (0,625 μM) humaaniperäinen rekombinantti-POP (+4 μM Tȕ4), 4 μM Tȕ4 (pos. kontrolli) ja DMEM (neg. kontrolli). Kuoppia inkuboitiin ja kapillaarimuodostuminen kuvattiin valomikroskoopilla digitaalikameralla. Kutakin tutkimusryhmää pipetoitiin kolmeen rinnakkaiseen kuoppaan ja kokeet toistettiin neljästi. Sulkeutuneiden kapillaarien lukumäärä laskettiin manuaalisesti ja tuloksista tehtiin tilastollinen analyysi. 7ȕ4:n ja POP:in havaittiin molempien osallistuvan tetrapeptidin AC-SDKP muodostumiseen munuaishomogenaateissa. Primaariendoteelisolut muodostivat selkeitä kapillaareja Matrigelilla, erityisesti POP- ja Tȕ4–ryhmissä. KYP-2047 inhiboi tehokkaasti POP:ia kaikissa kokeissa osoittautuen hyväksi antiangiogeeniseksi yhdisteeksi. Angiogeneesin mekanismien ja POP:in, Tȕ4:n ja Ac-SDKP:n yhteyksien selvittäminen vaatii luonnollisesti vielä lisätutkimuksia.

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The indigenous cloud forests in the Taita Hills have suffered substantial degradation for several centuries due to agricultural expansion. Currently, only 1% of the original forested area remains preserved in this region. Furthermore, climate change imposes an imminent threat for local economy and environmental sustainability. In such circumstances, elaborating tools to conciliate socioeconomic growth and natural resources conservation is an enormous challenge. This dissertation tackles essential aspects for understanding the ongoing agricultural activities in the Taita Hills and their potential environmental consequences in the future. Initially, alternative methods were designed to improve our understanding of the ongoing agricultural activities. Namely, methods for agricultural survey planning and to estimate evapotranspiration were evaluated, taking into account a number of limitations regarding data and resources availability. Next, this dissertation evaluates how upcoming agricultural expansion, together with climate change, will affect the natural resources in the Taita Hills up to the year 2030. The driving forces of agricultural expansion in the region were identified as aiming to delineate future landscape scenarios and evaluate potential impacts from the soil and water conservation point of view. In order to investigate these issues and answer the research questions, this dissertation combined state of the art modelling tools with renowned statistical methods. The results indicate that, if current trends persist, agricultural areas will occupy roughly 60% of the study area by 2030. Although the simulated land use changes will certainly increase soil erosion figures, new croplands are likely to come up predominantly in the lowlands, which comprise areas with lower soil erosion potential. By 2030, rainfall erosivity is likely to increase during April and November due to climate change. Finally, this thesis addressed the potential impacts of agricultural expansion and climate changes on Irrigation Water Requirements (IWR), which is considered another major issue in the context of the relations between land use and climate. Although the simulations indicate that climate change will likely increase annual volumes of rainfall during the following decades, IWR will continue to increase due to agricultural expansion. By 2030, new cropland areas may cause an increase of approximately 40% in the annual volume of water necessary for irrigation.

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Thin films are the basis of much of recent technological advance, ranging from coatings with mechanical or optical benefits to platforms for nanoscale electronics. In the latter, semiconductors have been the norm ever since silicon became the main construction material for a multitude of electronical components. The array of characteristics of silicon-based systems can be widened by manipulating the structure of the thin films at the nanoscale - for instance, by making them porous. The different characteristics of different films can then to some extent be combined by simple superposition. Thin films can be manufactured using many different methods. One emerging field is cluster beam deposition, where aggregates of hundreds or thousands of atoms are deposited one by one to form a layer, the characteristics of which depend on the parameters of deposition. One critical parameter is deposition energy, which dictates how porous, if at all, the layer becomes. Other parameters, such as sputtering rate and aggregation conditions, have an effect on the size and consistency of the individual clusters. Understanding nanoscale processes, which cannot be observed experimentally, is fundamental to optimizing experimental techniques and inventing new possibilities for advances at this scale. Atomistic computer simulations offer a window to the world of nanometers and nanoseconds in a way unparalleled by the most accurate of microscopes. Transmission electron microscope image simulations can then bridge this gap by providing a tangible link between the simulated and the experimental. In this thesis, the entire process of cluster beam deposition is explored using molecular dynamics and image simulations. The process begins with the formation of the clusters, which is investigated for Si/Ge in an Ar atmosphere. The structure of the clusters is optimized to bring it as close to the experimental ideal as possible. Then, clusters are deposited, one by one, onto a substrate, until a sufficiently thick layer has been produced. Finally, the concept is expanded by further deposition with different parameters, resulting in multiple superimposed layers of different porosities. This work demonstrates how the aggregation of clusters is not entirely understood within the scope of the approximations used in the simulations; yet, it is also shown how the continued deposition of clusters with a varying deposition energy can lead to a novel kind of nanostructured thin film: a multielemental porous multilayer. According to theory, these new structures have characteristics that can be tailored for a variety of applications, with precision heretofore unseen in conventional multilayer manufacture.

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Eräs taloustieteen keskeisistä tutkimussuunnista on viime vuosikymmeninä ollut informaation taloustiede: epätäydellinen informaatio ja sen vaikutus markkinoiden toimintaan. Epätäydellisen informaation teoriat johtavat tietyissä olosuhteissa hyvin erilaisiin johtopäätöksiin talouden toiminnasta kuin täydellisten markkinoiden teoria. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan epäsymmetrisen informaation ja tasevaikeuksien aiheuttaman luottorajoitteisuuden synnyttämiä tehottomuuksia rahoitusmarkkinoilla ja niiden roolia suhdannevaihteluiden voimistajana. Informaation taloustieteeseen pohjautuvien suhdanneteorioiden mukaan rahoitusmarkkinoiden ongelmat ovat paitsi seurausta reaalitalouden ongelmista, myös vastaavasti itse reaalitalouden ongelmia vaikeuttava tekijä. Vuorovaikutus on kahdensuuntainen. Se, että ongelmat rahoitusmarkkinoilla saattavat voimistaa pienetkin shokit koko talouden tasolla havaittaviksi pitkäkestoisiksi suhdanteiksi, tarjoaa selityksen sille, miksi syvät taantumat vaikuttavat usein saavan alkunsa suhteellisen pienistä reaalitaloudellisista impulsseista. Rahoitusmarkkinoilla on arveltu olevan merkittävä osa myös rahapolitiikan välittymisessä. On esitetty, että korkomuutosten kysyntävaikutusten ohella rahapoliittisilla toimenpiteillä on vaikutusta myös rahoitusmarkkinoiden tehokkuuteen. Näin rahapolitiikan reaalitaloudellisten vaikutusten suuruus olisi riippuvainen rahoitusmarkkinoilla vallitsevista epätäydellisyyksistä. Tämä luottokanavaksi nimetty prosessi perustuu rahapolitiikan aiheuttamiin muutoksiin yksityisen sektorin ja pankkien taseissa. Taseiden heikkeneminen saattaa johtaa informaatio-ongelmien pahenemiseen. Perinteisesti rahapoliittisten toimien on katsottu vaikuttavan lähinnä yksityisen sektorin kulutus- ja investointihalukkuuteen, mutta epätäydellisen informaation rahoitusmarkkinoilla ne voivat vaikuttaa luoton säännöstelyn kautta myös rahoituksen saannin edellytyksiin, eli yksityisen sektorin kulutus- ja investointimahdollisuuksiin. Rahoitusmarkkinoiden epätäydellisyyksien vaikutus rahapolitiikan tehoon tai eksogeenisten shokkien aiheuttamiin suhdanteisiin vaihtelee taloudellisen tilanteen mukaan. Hyvinä taloudellisina aikoina informaatio-ongelmat ovat pienempiä ja sekä pankkien että lainaajien taseet vahvempia kuin huonoina. Luottokanavien merkitys ei siis pysy vakiona, eikä näin ollen myöskään rahapolitiikan vaikutus reaalitalouteen. Etenkin syvissä taantumissa, jolloin luottokanavat ovat voimakkaimmillaan, saattavat normaalioloissa rahapolitiikan välittymistä dominoivat korkokanavat ja tavanomainen rahapolitiikka menettää merkityksensä. Huolimatta siitä, että teoreettinen mielenkiinto rahoitusmarkkinoiden reaalitaloudellisia vaikutuksia kohtaan on viime vuosikymmenten aikana koettujen kriisien myötä kasvanut; kysyntä- ja tarjontapuolen häiriöitä korostaviin koulukuntiin jakautunutta makrotaloustiedettä eivät rahoitusmarkkinoiden epätäydellisyyksien varaan rakennetut ns. financial accelerator -mallitkaan ole kyenneet yhdistämään. Rahoitusmarkkinoiden epätäydellisyydet voivatkin voimistaa noususuhdanteita ja taantumia vaikuttamalla paitsi kotitalouksille myönnettävien luottojen kautta kulutuskysyntään ja tuotantokapasiteetin käyttöasteeseen, myös yrityksille myönnettävien luottojen ja investointien kautta tuotantokapasiteetin määrään.

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The first line medication for mild to moderate Alzheimer s disease (AD) is based on cholinesterase inhibitors which prolong the effect of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in cholinergic nerve synapses which relieves the symptoms of the disease. Implications of cholinesterases involvement in disease modifying processes has increased interest in this research area. The drug discovery and development process is a long and expensive process that takes on average 13.5 years and costs approximately 0.9 billion US dollars. Drug attritions in the clinical phases are common due to several reasons, e.g., poor bioavailability of compounds leading to low efficacy or toxic effects. Thus, improvements in the early drug discovery process are needed to create highly potent non-toxic compounds with predicted drug-like properties. Nature has been a good source for the discovery of new medicines accounting for around half of the new drugs approved to market during the last three decades. These compounds are direct isolates from the nature, their synthetic derivatives or natural mimics. Synthetic chemistry is an alternative way to produce compounds for drug discovery purposes. Both sources have pros and cons. The screening of new bioactive compounds in vitro is based on assaying compound libraries against targets. Assay set-up has to be adapted and validated for each screen to produce high quality data. Depending on the size of the library, miniaturization and automation are often requirements to reduce solvent and compound amounts and fasten the process. In this contribution, natural extract, natural pure compound and synthetic compound libraries were assessed as sources for new bioactive compounds. The libraries were screened primarily for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect and secondarily for butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effect. To be able to screen the libraries, two assays were evaluated as screening tools and adapted to be compatible with special features of each library. The assays were validated to create high quality data. Cholinesterase inhibitors with various potencies and selectivity were found in natural product and synthetic compound libraries which indicates that the two sources complement each other. It is acknowledged that natural compounds differ structurally from compounds in synthetic compound libraries which further support the view of complementation especially if a high diversity of structures is the criterion for selection of compounds in a library.

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Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa selvitetään suomalaisessa yrityselämässä vaikuttavien yhdysvaltalaisten strategiakirjojen maailmankuvaa, ihmiskäsitystä ja arvokkaina pidettyjä päämääriä. Lähtöoletuksena on, että strategiakirjat sekä kuvaavat että tuottavat organisaatioiden johtamista, kulttuuria ja ajattelutapoja. Tutkielman lähdeaineistona on käytetty suomalaisten strategia-asiantuntijoiden arvioiden mukaan yrityselämässä luetuimpia ja vaikutusvaltaisimpia strategiakirjoja. Lähdekirjat ovat ilmestymisjärjestyksessä Strategia kilpailutilanteessa (Porter), Vallankumouksen kärjessä (Hamel), Hyvästä paras (Collins), Strategiakartat (Kaplan ja Norton) ja Sinisen meren strategia (Kim ja Mauborgne). Tutkielman ensisijainen metodi on käsiteanalyysi. Tutkielman nimi, Strategiapuhe, viittaa lähdekirjoissa esiintyviin diskursseihin eli puhetapoihin. Tutkimuskysymyksiä on kolme: Minkälainen on strategisen johtamisen maailmankuva ja käsitys todellisuudesta? Mitkä ovat strategiaoppien mukaan yritysten keskeiset toimijaryhmät ja mikä on heidän suhteensa strategiaan? Mikä on strategian tarkoitus ja mitä keinoja tarkoituksen toteuttamiseksi lähdeteoksissa tarjotaan? Tutkielma jakautuu johdannon ja loppukatsauksen lisäksi kolmeen päälukuun. Johdannon alussa esitellään strategian käsitettä ja historiaa. Strategia-ajattelun kehityskaaren ymmärtäminen selittää lähdeteoksiksi valittujen strategiakirjojen diskursiivista sisältöä. Ensimmäisessä pääluvussa tarkastellaan strategisen johtamisen maailmankuvaa ja todellisuuskäsitystä viiden lähdekirjoissa keskeisen käsitteen avulla. Nämä käsitteet ovat toimiala, motivaatio, oikeudenmukaisuus, arvo ja kulttuuri. Toisessa pääluvussa selvitetään lähdekirjojen ihmiskäsitystä ja toimijuuden jakautumista neljän keskeisen ihmisryhmän, omistajien, johtajien, työntekijöiden ja asiakkaiden, kesken. Strategiakirjallisuuden diskursseissa hämärretään nelijakoista toimijuuskäsitystä puhumalla yrityksistä itsenäisinä toimijoina. Kolmannessa pääluvussa analysoidaan lähdekirjojen käsitystä strategialla tavoiteltavasta menestyksestä sekä keinoja, joiden kerrotaan johtavan taloudelliseen menestykseen. Luvussa analysoitavat lähdekirjojen käsitteet ovat kilpailu, kasvu, prosessi, laatu, kehitys johdannaiskäsitteineen, laatu, innovaatiot ja riskit. Strategiakirjallisuuden keskeisin arvo on omistajalähtöisyys eli pyrkimys lisätä yrityksen taloudellista osakkeiden arvoa. Lähdeteosten maailmankuva, toimijat ja arvot asetetaan palvelemaan välineellisesti omistajien taloudellisen menestyksen päämäärää. Strategiakirjallisuus on luonteeltaan ratkaisukeskeistä ja monistista. Strategiadiskursseille on tyypillistä, että niissä määritellään oikeat organisaation ongelmat ja tarjotaan niihin ratkaisu, strategia.

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Lakes serve as sites for terrestrially fixed carbon to be remineralized and transferred back to the atmosphere. Their role in regional carbon cycling is especially important in the Boreal Zone, where lakes can cover up to 20% of the land area. Boreal lakes are often characterized by the presence of a brown water colour, which implies high levels of dissolved organic carbon from the surrounding terrestrial ecosystem, but the load of inorganic carbon from the catchment is largely unknown. Organic carbon is transformed to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in biological processes that result in lake water gas concentrations that increase above atmospheric equilibrium, thus making boreal lakes as sources of these important greenhouse gases. However, flux estimates are often based on sporadic sampling and modelling and actual flux measurements are scarce. Thus, the detailed temporal flux dynamics of greenhouse gases are still largely unknown. ----- One aim here was to reveal the natural dynamics of CH4 and CO2 concentrations and fluxes in a small boreal lake. The other aim was to test the applicability of a measuring technique for CO2 flux, i.e. the eddy covariance (EC) technique, and a computational method for estimation of primary production and community respiration, both commonly used in terrestrial research, in this lake. Continuous surface water CO2 concentration measurements, also needed in free-water applications to estimate primary production and community respiration, were used over two open water periods in a study of CO2 concentration dynamics. Traditional methods were also used to measure gas concentration and fluxes. The study lake, Valkea-Kotinen, is a small, humic, headwater lake within an old-growth forest catchment with no local anthropogenic disturbance and thus possible changes in gas dynamics reflect the natural variability in lake ecosystems. CH4 accumulated under the ice and in the hypolimnion during summer stratification. The surface water CH4 concentration was always above atmospheric equilibrium and thus the lake was a continuous source of CH4 to the atmosphere. However, the annual CH4 fluxes were small, i.e. 0.11 mol m-2 yr-1, and the timing of fluxes differed from that of other published estimates. The highest fluxes are usually measured in spring after ice melt but in Lake Valkea-Kotinen CH4 was effectively oxidised in spring and highest effluxes occurred in autumn after summer stratification period. CO2 also accumulated under the ice and the hypolimnetic CO2 concentration increased steadily during stratification period. The surface water CO2 concentration was highest in spring and in autumn, whereas during the stable stratification it was sometimes under atmospheric equilibrium. It showed diel, daily and seasonal variation; the diel cycle was clearly driven by light and thus reflected the metabolism of the lacustrine ecosystem. However, the diel cycle was sometimes blurred by injection of hypolimnetic water rich in CO2 and the surface water CO2 concentration was thus controlled by stratification dynamics. The highest CO2 fluxes were measured in spring, autumn and during those hypolimnetic injections causing bursts of CO2 comparable with the spring and autumn fluxes. The annual fluxes averaged 77 (±11 SD) g C m-2 yr-1. In estimating the importance of the lake in recycling terrestrial carbon, the flux was normalized to the catchment area and this normalized flux was compared with net ecosystem production estimates of -50 to 200 g C m-2 yr-1 from unmanaged forests in corresponding temperature and precipitation regimes in the literature. Within this range the flux of Lake Valkea-Kotinen yielded from the increase in source of the surrounding forest by 20% to decrease in sink by 5%. The free water approach gave primary production and community respiration estimates of 5- and 16-fold, respectively, compared with traditional bottle incubations during a 5-day testing period in autumn. The results are in parallel with findings in the literature. Both methods adopted from the terrestrial community also proved useful in lake studies. A large percentage of the EC data was rejected, due to the unfulfilled prerequisites of the method. However, the amount of data accepted remained large compared with what would be feasible with traditional methods. Use of the EC method revealed underestimation of the widely used gas exchange model and suggests simultaneous measurements of actual turbulence at the water surface with comparison of the different gas flux methods to revise the parameterization of the gas transfer velocity used in the models.

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Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Ronald Inglehartin hiljaisen arvovallankumouksen teoriaa refleksiivisen modernisaatioteorian piiristä johdettujen vaihtoehtoisten yhteiskunnallisen epävarmuuden kasvuun liitty-vien selitysmallien kautta. Inglehartin teoria antaa ymmärtää, että modernisaation myötä käynnissä on ollut hiljainen prosessi, jossa aineellisen hyvinvoinnin ja turvallisuuden parissa kasvavat sukupolvet omaksuvat edeltäjiään jälkimaterialistisempia arvoja. Tutkimuksessa johdetaan Inglehartin teorialle kaksi rinnakkaista selitysmallia, jotka perustuvat Ulrich Beckin ja Anthony Giddensin modernisaatioteoretisoin-teihin. Ensimmäisessä mallissa Inglehartin määrittämää jälkimaterialismia pyritään selittämään Giddensin teorian avulla modernisaation myötä tapahtuvan traditioiden purkautumisen myötä yksilötasolla ilmenevän uudenlaisen autonomian kokemisen kautta, jolloin jälkimaterialismin oletetaan olevan yleisempää sellais-ten ihmisten keskuudessa, jotka traditioista irtautuessaan kykenevät onnistuneeseen itsereflektioon. Empiiristä mallinnusta varten koostetaan faktorianalyysillä kaksi Giddensin teoriaan perustuvaa jälkima-terialismia selittävää muuttujaa, joiden välinen yhteisvaikutus on tilastollisen analyysin keskiössä. Toinen malli perustuu Beckin riskiyhteiskuntateoretisointiin ja perustuu pitkälle kehittyneen modernisaa-tion mukanaan tuomien uudenlaisten riskien ja epävarmuuksien kokemiseen ja olettaa, että huolestunei-suus uudenlaisten riskien ja epävarmuuksien suhteen näkyy suurempana materialististen arvojen omak-sumisena. Selitysmalleja testataan empiirisesti ordinaalisella regression- sekä kovarianssianalyysillä World Values Survey 2005:n, European Values Study 2008:n sekä saksalaisen Political Attitudes, Political Participati-on and Voter Conduct in United Germany –surveyn vuosien 1994-2002 aineistoilla. Empiirisen analyysin perusteella kumpaakaan mallia ei kuitenkaan voida näyttää toteen käytettävissä olevilla aineistoilla. Tut-kimuksessa pyritään siten vielä problematisoimaan tutkimusasetelman operationalisointiin liittyviä on-gelmakohtia survey-aineistojen suhteen mahdollisten jatkotutkimuksien kannalta.