Optical properties of Ge self-organized quantum dots in Si

Small-size, high-density, and vertical-ordering Ge quantum dots are observed in strained Si/Ge short-period superlattices grown on Si(001) at low growth temperature by molecular-beam epitaxy. The photoluminescence (PL) peak position, the strong PL at room temperature, and the high exciton binding energy suggest an indirect-to-direct conversion of the Ge quantum dots. This conversion is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction. The characteristic of absorption directly indicates this conversion. The tunneling of carriers between these quantum dots is also observed. [S0163-1829(98)03515-2].

A theoretical model for the tilt of the GaAs/Si epilayers

The crystallographic tilt of the epilayers with respect to their substrates has been observed in many heteroepitaxial systems. Many models have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, but none of them is suitable for the large mismatched system, such as GaAs/Si. Here a new model is proposed for GaAs/Si epilayers, which can also be used in other large mismatched systems. The magnitude of the tilt calculated from this model coincide well with the experimental results. Especially, this model can correctly predict the tilt direction of the GaAs/Si epilayers.

以Au为缓冲层在Si衬底上生长ZnO薄膜

采用化学气相沉积（CVD）方法在Si（001）衬底上分别制备了有金属Au缓冲层以及无Au缓冲层的ZnO薄膜。其中Au缓冲层在物理气相沉积（PVD）设备中蒸发，厚度大约为300nm。有Au缓冲层的ZnO薄膜晶体质量比直接在Si衬底上生长有了显著提高。利用X射线衍射（XRD）研究了所生长ZnO薄膜的结晶质量，有Au缓冲层的ZnO薄膜虽然仍为多晶，但显示出明显的择优取向。用光学显微镜研究了ZnO薄膜的表面特征，金属Au缓冲层显著地提高了在Si衬底上生长的ZnO薄膜的晶粒尺寸及平整度。同时利用室温光致发光（PL）谱研究了ZnO薄膜的光学性质，并分析了有Au缓冲层的ZnO薄膜NEB发光峰强度反而弱的可能原因。

自组装Ge/Si量子点的研究进展

回顾与总结了该实验室对自组装Ge/Si(001)量子点的近期研究进展.着重介绍了生长在Si(001)衬底上的Ge量子点的形貌演变过程;多层Ge量子点的结构分析;Ge量子点结构的光学电学性质的表征;以及提高Ge量子点尺寸和分布均匀性的各种方法.

The effects of carbonized buffer layer on the growth of SiC on Si

Carbonized buffer layers were formed with C2H4 on Si(100) and Si(111) substrates using different methods and SIC epilayers were grown on each buffer layer at 1050 degrees C with simultaneous supply of C2H4 and Si2H6. The structure of carbonized and epitaxy layers was analyzed with in situ RHEED. The buffer layers formed at 800 degrees C were polycrystalline on both Si(100) and Si(111) substrates whereas they were single crystals, with twins on Si(100) and without tu ins on Si(111)substrates. when formed with a gradual rise in substrate temperature from 300 degrees C to growth temperature. Raising the substrate temperature slowly results in the formation of more twins. Epilayers grown on carbonized polycrystalline lavers are polycrystalline. Single crystal epilayers without twins grow on single crystalline buffer layers without twins or with a few twins. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Relaxação estrutural de camadas pseudomórficas de SiGe/Si(100) induzida pela implantação iônica de He ou Si e tratamento térmico

O Si tensionado (sSi) é um material com propriedades de transporte eletrônico bastante superiores as do Si, sendo considerado como uma alternativa importante para a produção de dispositivos MOSFET (transistor de efeito de campo metal-óxido-semicondutor) de mais alta performance (e.g. freqüências de operação f>100 GHz). O sSi é obtido através do crescimento epitaxial de Si sobre um substrato de mesma estrutura cristalina, porém com parâmetro de rede diferente. Esta tese apresenta uma investigação detalhada de um novo método que possibilita a produção de camadas relaxadas de Si1xGex com espessuras inferiores a 300 nm, consideradas como a melhor alternativa tecnológica para a produção de sSi. Este método envolve a implantação de íons de He+ ou de Si+ em heteroestruturas pseudomórficas de Si1-xGex/Si(001) e tratamentos térmicos. Foram estudados os efeitos dos diversos parâmetros experimentais de implantação e tratamentos térmicos sobre o processo de relaxação estrutural, utilizando-se heteroestruturas pseudomórficas de Si1-xGex/Si(001) crescidas via deposição de vapor químico, com distintas concentrações de Ge (0,19x 0,29) e com espessuras entre 70 e 425 nm. Com base no presente estudo foi possível identificar diversos mecanismos atômicos que influenciam o processo de relaxação estrutural das camadas de Si1-xGex/Si(001). O processo de relaxação é discutido em termos de um mecanismo complexo que envolve formação, propagação e interação de discordâncias a partir de defeitos introduzidos pela implantação. No caso das implantações de He, por exemplo, descobrimos que podem ocorrer perdas de He durante as implantações e que este efeito influencia negativamente a relaxação de camadas finas. Além disso, também demonstramos que os melhores resultados são obtidos para energias e fluências de implantação que resultam na formação de bolhas planas localizadas no substrato de Si a uma distância da interface equivalente a uma vez a espessura da camada de SiGe. O grau de relaxação satura em 50% para camadas de SiGe com espessura 100 nm. Este resultado é discutido em termos da energia elástica acumulada na camada de SiGe e da retenção de He. No caso de implantações de Si, discutimos a formação de defeitos tipo {311} e sua transformação térmica em discordâncias. Este estudo resultou numa visão abrangente dos principais fatores limitantes do processo, bem como na otimização dos valores de parâmetros experimentais para a produção de camadas de SiGe com alto grau de relaxação e com baixa densidade de defeitos.

[0 0 1] zone-axis bright-field diffraction contrast from coherent Ge(Si) islands on Si(0 0 1): Dedicated to Professor Fang-hua Li on the occasion of her 70th birthday

Coherent Ge(Si)/Si(001) quantum dot islands grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy at a growth temperature of 700degreesC were investigated using transmission electron microscopy working at 300 kV. The [001] zone-axis bright-field diffraction contrast images of the islands show strong periodicity with the change of the TEM sample substrate thickness and the period is equal to the effective extinction distance of the transmitted beam. Simulated images based on finite element models of the displacement field and using multi-beam dynamical diffraction theory show a high degree of agreement. Studies for a range of electron energies show the power of the technique for investigating composition segregation in quantum dot islands. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Carbon nanotube synthesis from germanium nanoparticles on patterned substrates

Controlled synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is highly desirable for nanoelectronic applications. To date, metallic catalyst particles have been deemed unavoidable for the nucleation and growth of any kind of CNTs. Ordered arrays of nanotubes have been obtained by controlled deposition of the metallic catalyst particles. However, the presence of metal species mixed with the CNTs represents a shortcoming for most electronic applications, as metal particles are incompatible with silicon semiconductor technology. In the present paper we report on a metal-catalyst-free synthesis of CNTs, obtained through Ge nanoparticles on a Si(001) surface patterned by nanoindentation. By using acetylene as the carbon feed gas in a low-pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) system, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) have been observed to arise from the smallest Ge islands. The CNTs and the Ge three-dimensional structures have been analysed by SEM, EDX and AFM in order to assess their elemental features and properties. EDX and SEM results allow confirmation of the absence of any metallic contamination on the surface, indicating that the origin of the CNT growth is due to the Ge nanocrystals.

Towards controlled growth of carbon nanotubes from germanium on nanoindented silicon substrates

In this paper, we report on a metal-catalyst-free synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on a pre-patterned Si(001) surface. Arrays of triangular-shaped holes were created by nanoindentation in specific sites of the sample. After germanium deposition and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of acetylene, a few CNTs nucleated and grew from germanium nanoparticles. These results illustrate that it is possible to control the growth of CNTs without the use of any metal catalyst. By leading the assembly of Ge nanoparticles with a patterning technique, a precise control over the growth order is also attainable.

Diamond nucleation by energetic pure carbon bombardment

Deposition of 1000 eV pure carbon ions onto Si(001) held at 800 degrees C led to direct nucleation of diamond crystallites, as proven by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Molecular dynamic simulations show that diamond nucleation in the absence of hydrogen can occur by precipitation of diamond clusters in a dense amorphous carbon matrix generated by subplantation. Once the diamond clusters are formed, they can grow by thermal annealing consuming carbon atoms from the amorphous matrix. The results are applicable to other materials as well.

Room-temperature photoluminescence of ZnO/MgO multiple quantum wells deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering

Wurtzite ZnO/MgO superlattices were successfully grown on Si (001) substrates at 750 degrees C using radio-frequency reactive magnetron sputtering method. X-ray reflection and diffraction, electronic probe and photoluminescence analysis were used to characterize the multiple quantum wells (MQWs). The results showed the periodic layer thickness of the MQWs to be 1.85 to 22.3 nm. The blueshift induced by quantum confinement was observed. Least square fitting method was used to deduce the zero phonon energy of the exciton from the room-temperature photoluminescence. It was found that the MgO barrier layers has a much larger offset than ZnMgO. The fluctuation of periodic layer thickness of the MQWs was suggested to be a possible reason causing the photoluminescence spectrum broadening.

Nanofabrication of grid-patterned substrate by holographic lithography

The two-dimensional grid patterns on Si(001) in nanometer scale have been fabricated by holographic lithography and reactive ion etching, which can be used as a substrate for positioning Ge islands during self-assembled epitaxy to obtain an ordered Ge quantum dots matrix. By changing the configuration of the holographic lithography and the etching rate and time, we can control the grid period, the shape of the pattern cell, and the orientation of those shapes, respectively. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of annealing on self-organized InAs quantum islands on GaAs (100)

Self-organized InAs islands on (001) GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy were annealed and characterized with photoluminescence (PL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PL spectra from the InAs islands demonstrated that annealing resulted in a blueshift in peak energy, a reduction in intensity, and a narrower linewidth in the PL peak. In addition, the TEM analysis revealed the relaxation of strain in some InAs islands with the introduction of the network of 90 degrees dislocations. The correlation between the changes in the PL spectra and the relaxation of strain in InAs islands was discussed. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(98)01850-6].

Improvement of Ge self-organized quantum dots by use of Sb surfactant

A Sb-mediated growth technique is developed to deposit Ge quantum dots (QDs) of small size, high density, and foe of dislocations. These QDs were grown at low growth temperature by molecular beam epitaxy. The photoluminescence and absorption properties of these Ge QDs suggest an indirect-to-direct conversion, which is in good agreement with a theoretical calculation. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(98)00420-3].

纳米半导体技术

本书介绍了纳米半导体材料的定义、性质及其在未来信息技术中的地位的同时，主要介绍了纳米半导体材料制备的方法和共性关键技术，几种常用的纳米半导体材料的评价技术和应变自组装半导体量子点(线)的尺寸、密度分布、形貌、组分及结构特性的实验研究，纳米半导体材料的电子结构、光学和电学性质，基于子带跃迁的量子级联激光器的工作原理、特性和它的发展现状及其应用前景分析，最后重点介绍了纳米半导体器件及应用。本书适合于从事或对纳米半导体科学技术有兴趣的科研工作者、教师、研究生、本科生和工程技术人员阅读，有些章节可作为科普读物。