1000 resultados para Psicologia de la instrucció


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The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

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The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

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El objetivo de la investigación fue la adaptación al español de las escalas de interés y comportamientos generativos de McAdams, así co-mo el estudio de la generatividad en la vejez y su relación con el bienestar. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 165 voluntarios mayores de 65 años que, además de las versiones españolas de las escalas de generatividad, completa-ron instrumentos para evaluar satisfacción con la vida y orientación al futu-ro. Los resultados indicaron que la fiabilidad de las versiones españolas de las escalas de generatividad fue aceptable y similar a las originales en inglés. Mientras el interés generativo se relacionó con la satisfacción con la vida, los comportamientos generativos no lo hicieron. Sin embargo, ambas esca-las sí se relacionaron con la orientación al futuro, aunque esta relación no se confirmó en un análisis multivariable. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de la generatividad en la vejez y de distinguir entre interés y acción generati-va, ya que sus beneficios podrían ser muy diferentes.

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El objetivo de la investigación fue la adaptación al español de las escalas de interés y comportamientos generativos de McAdams, así co-mo el estudio de la generatividad en la vejez y su relación con el bienestar. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 165 voluntarios mayores de 65 años que, además de las versiones españolas de las escalas de generatividad, completa-ron instrumentos para evaluar satisfacción con la vida y orientación al futu-ro. Los resultados indicaron que la fiabilidad de las versiones españolas de las escalas de generatividad fue aceptable y similar a las originales en inglés. Mientras el interés generativo se relacionó con la satisfacción con la vida, los comportamientos generativos no lo hicieron. Sin embargo, ambas esca-las sí se relacionaron con la orientación al futuro, aunque esta relación no se confirmó en un análisis multivariable. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de la generatividad en la vejez y de distinguir entre interés y acción generati-va, ya que sus beneficios podrían ser muy diferentes.

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A lo largo de la última década, la adolescencia ha sido un tema dediscusión política en distintos espacios europeos al más alto nivel. En unasociedad aceleradamente cambiante se percibe que la adecuada socializaciónde las generaciones más jóvenes constituye un reto socio-históricoque nos afecta a todos. Los cambios en que estamos sumergidos son tanplurales (demográficos, sociales, tecnológicos, económicos, políticos,etc.) que generan un amplísimo frente de nuevos dilemas éticos. La opiniónde los ciudadanos de la Unión Europea se muestra preocupada pornuevos valores y destaca la preferencia por la responsabilidad en coherenciacon dicha situación cambiante. Todo este macrocontexto psicosocialviene planteando nuevos retos teóricos y de investigación a la comunidadcientífica. De hecho las ciencias humanas y sociales han empezadoa desarrollar nuevas líneas de investigación para comprender mejor lasnuevas relaciones entre adultos y adolescentes y las nuevas culturas queemergen entre estos últimos, impulsadas por nuevas aspiraciones socialescompartidas por grupos más o menos amplios de la población joven. Eldesarrollo de técnicas e instrumentos que nos permitan comprender mejorla perspectiva del adolescente se hace más evidente si analizamos su relacióncon las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Dichastecnologías comportan nuevos riesgos, pero también nuevas oportunidades,entre las que destaca la posibilidad de establecer nuevas formasde relación. La motivación que muestran los más jóvenes por las nuevastecnologías constituye un gran reto a los investigadores aplicados parasugerir formas de maximizar las potencialidades latentes

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This paper studies the initial development of certain language components. More precisely, we analyse the relation between three aspects that are closely involved in the grammar of the verb: morphological productivity, syntactic complexity, and verb vocabulary learning. The study is based on data about the relationship between lexical development and grammatical development, and also on proposals that a critical mass of vocabulary is needed in order to develop a grammatical component. The sample comprised six subjects who are monolingual or bilingual in Catalan andlor Spanish. Results show a morphological spurt some time afer the learning of a certain quantity of verbs. Moreover, syntactic complexity is only evident some months after this morphological spurt

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This work considers communicative intention as the basis for rhe analysis of rhe communicative phenomenon in natural contexts. It also aims to reconcile the traditions that analyse human communication today. The convergence with the referential-ecological approach (Boada and Forns, 1989; 1997) has dealt with a number of important problems that the classic referential approach was unable to address. Its system of categories includes new variables, in addition to the classic referential variables. The cornmunicative intention is taken into account, albeit implicitly. Using a conciliatory approach, the study aims to study the intentional dimension in greater depth. The speech act theory (Searle, 1969; 1975) is used to categorize the cornrnunicative exchanges arnong a sarnple of 28 individuals and presents a certain complirnentariety with data from other traditions

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Contribuir al mejor conocimiento de la responsabilidad de las Instituciones locales en un servicio tan importante como era el de la Instrucci??n P??blica. Interpretar los cambios que se produjeron en el ??mbito de la Instrucci??n Primaria y valorar si ??stos respondieron a unas expectativas y a unas necesidades sociales de esta ciudad en concreto. Presentar una panor??mica de la Instrucci??n Primaria a comienzos del siglo XX. Valorar el grado de eficiencia de las Instituciones. Detectar la preocupaci??n social existente por los aspectos educativos. La obra educativa realizada en la Restauraci??n en Zaragoza: aspectos comunes y diferencias con el resto del pa??s. Se analizan los siguientes aspectos: la sociedad zaragozana de la Restauraci??n; las Instituciones de promoci??n y control educativo; la pol??tica escolar municipal, las escuelas municipales, la infraestructura de las escuelas, el censo de alumnos, la situaci??n del profesorado; aspectos relacionados con la ense??anza (curr??culum y programas escolares, sistemas de ense??anza, m??todos de ense??anza, ex??menes p??blicos, material did??ctico); los centros privados; analfabetismo y proceso escolar; la Escuela Normal de Maestros y la Escuela Normal de Maestras; la educaci??n popular de adultos y la educaci??n popular de la mujer. Fuentes primarias. Documentos oficiales. Prensa local y profesional. Planos. Interpretaci??n y valoraci??n de los cambios producidos y comparaci??n con los del resto del pa??s. La situaci??n general de la Primera Ense??anza, al finalizar 1902, era muy diferente de la inicial. Los cambios m??s f??cilmente observables afectaban al n??mero de escuelas, al n??mero de alumnos escolarizados y al aumento de las consignaciones presupuestarias. La calidad de la ense??anza no sigui?? un ritmo paralelo al aumento cuantitativo, caracteriz??ndose por una deficiente infraestructura, frecuentes cambios en la localizaci??n, escasa dotaci??n para material escolar, persistencia de un profesorado auxiliar mal seleccionado y mal pagado. Frente a una Instrucci??n Primaria municipal que se considera escasa en sus objetivos, en los medios y posiblemente en los resultados, se desarrolla una ense??anza privada pujante, especialmente la de algunas ??rdenes religiosas, muchas de las cuales abrieron centros que se han mantenido hasta la actualidad. Respecto a las Escuelas Normales, se ha apreciado que muchas participaron de la situaci??n de abandono generalizado. La Corporaci??n Municipal asumi?? definitivamente la funci??n que le correspond??a respecto a la Instrucci??n Primaria en el nivel de edad propiamente escolar aunque no lleg?? a contar con el inter??s y, sobre todo, con la dotaci??n econ??mica que exig??a una mejora cualitativa de dicha ense??anza.

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Dar una idea general de la actuaci??n pedag??gica de las Hijas de la Caridad de San Vicente de Paul, su pr??ctica y pensamiento pedag??gico en una ??poca decisiva en la historia de Espa??a. El estudio que se presenta es una exposici??n anal??tica del trabajo realizado por las Hijas de la Caridad. Se empieza con un cap??tulo dedicado a San Vicente de Paul y a la Compa????a en su etapa fundacional, despu??s en la primera parte se trata de la venida de las Hijas de la Caridad a Espa??a y sobre las escuelas de instrucci??n primaria creadas. En la segunda parte se estudian los pensionados de se??oritas, en la tercera parte se trata el r??gimen escolar y administraci??n econ??mica de sus centros, la cuarta parte est?? dedicada a las escuelas de p??rvulos y de adultos, y por ??ltimo se estudian los asilos infantiles. Los instrumentos utilizados han sido las fuentes documentales y bibliogr??ficas relacionadas con dicho asunto. La labor llevada a cabo por las hermanas supuso un avance important??simo de la educaci??n en los siglos XVIII y XIX en los que la instrucci??n p??blica estaba surgiendo. Este trabajo es una muestra de su labor, aunque cada uno de sus cap??tulos exigir??a un estudio monogr??fico m??s detallado por lo extenso del tema.

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Els plans d’estudis corresponents a la carrera de Psicologia arreu de tot l’estat inclouen matèries troncals sobre metodologia de la recerca que donen lloc a assignatures com Estadística i Mètodes Quantitatius d’Investigació. Paradoxalment és possible accedir a aquests estudis sense haver cursat cap assignatura relacionada amb les matemàtiques des de l’Ensenyament Secundari Obligatori. Els estudiants que no han cursat assignatures amb continguts matemàtics no només saben menys sobre aquesta matèria, sinó que també poden estar menys motivats per adquirir nous coneixements sobre ella. En aquest treball es vol conèixer quina és l’opció cursada majoritàriament pels estudiants que accedeixen a la carrera de Psicologia de la UdG. A més es pretén comparar el rendiment acadèmic d’aquests estudiants en dues assignatures que en tot o en part tenen continguts matemàtics: Mètodes i dissenys d’investigació en Psicologia I i Estadística aplicada a la Psicologia, segons l’opció de batxillerat cursada. La mostra està formada pels estudiants matriculats als estudis de Psicologia de la UdG des del curs acadèmic 2003-2004 fins al 2006-07. Els resultats indiquen que la major part dels estudiants de Psicologia procedeixen de les opcions de batxillerat en Humanitats i en Ciències Socials. A més, s’observa que el rendiment acadèmic en aquestes dues assignatures dels estudiants procedents de les opcions de batxillerat Científico-tècnica, Ciències de la Salut i Ciències Socials és millor que el dels estudiants procedents de les opcions d’Humanitats i Arts tant pel que fa a les qualificacions obtingudes, com als percentatges de no presentats a les convocatòries oficials. Es discuteix la conveniència d’orientar adequadament als estudiants abans d’iniciar el batxillerat per tal que puguin triar l’opció que més s’adeqüi a la carrera que volen cursar a fi de millorar el seu rendiment i la seva motivació pels estudis

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