La sociedad centroamericana vista a través del prisma del café

IntroducciónSe ha vuelto tradición en la historiografía centroamericana usar el análisis del café para explicar fenómenos más amplios como las diferencias entre los países en cuanto a estructura de clases, regímenes políticos, relaciones étnicas, ritmos de crecimiento y patrones de cambio tecnológico (Cardoso, 1975; Paige, 1987). El café ofrece una oportunidad excelente para este tipo de análisis, ya que es un cultivo importante en los países, hay difencias marcadas entre países en cuanto a las características  de la caficultura y el periodo de consolidación de los Estados nacionales en la región corresponde a una época cuado el café ocupaba un papel dominante en la estructura de las exportaciones, el café se encuentra en un laboratorio perfecto para realizar una amplia variedad de "cuasi-experimentos" de ciencias sociales.

The global epidemiology and contribution of cannabis use and dependence to the global burden of disease: results from the GBD 2010 study

Aim Estimate the prevalence of cannabis dependence and its contribution to the global burden of disease. Methods Systematic reviews of epidemiological data on cannabis dependence (1990-2008) were conducted in line with PRISMA and meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Culling and data extraction followed protocols, with cross-checking and consistency checks. DisMod-MR, the latest version of generic disease modelling system, redesigned as a Bayesian meta-regression tool, imputed prevalence by age, year and sex for 187 countries and 21 regions. The disability weight associated with cannabis dependence was estimated through population surveys and multiplied by prevalence data to calculate the years of life lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). YLDs and DALYs attributed to regular cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia were also estimated. Results There were an estimated 13.1 million cannabis dependent people globally in 2010 (point prevalence0.19% (95% uncertainty: 0.17-0.21%)). Prevalence peaked between 20-24 yrs, was higher in males (0.23% (0.2-0.27%)) than females (0.14% (0.12-0.16%)) and in high income regions. Cannabis dependence accounted for 2 million DALYs globally (0.08%; 0.05-0.12%) in 2010; a 22% increase in crude DALYs since 1990 largely due to population growth. Countries with statistically higher age-standardised DALY rates included the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Western European countries such as the United Kingdom; those with lower DALY rates were from Sub-Saharan Africa-West and Latin America. Regular cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia accounted for an estimated 7,000 DALYs globally. Conclusion Cannabis dependence is a disorder primarily experienced by young adults, especially in higher income countries. It has not been shown to increase mortality as opioid and other forms of illicit drug dependence do. Our estimates suggest that cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia is not a major contributor to population-level disease burden.

Risk factors for hospital re-presentation among older adults following fragility fractures: Protocol for a systematic review

Background After being discharged from hospital following the acute management of a fragility fracture, older adults may re-present to hospital emergency departments in the post-discharge period. Early re-presentation to hospital, which includes hospital readmissions, and emergency department presentations without admission, may be considered undesirable for individuals, hospital institutions and society. The identification of modifiable risk factors for hospital re-representation following initial fracture management may prove useful for informing policy or practice initiatives that seek to minimise the need for older adults to re-present to hospital early after they have been discharged from their initial inpatient care. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify correlates of hospital re-presentation in older patients who have been discharged from hospital following clinical management of fragility fractures. Methods/Design The review will follow the PRISMA-P reporting guidelines for systematic reviews. Four electronic databases (Pubmed, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus) will be searched. A suite of search terms will identify peer-reviewed articles that have examined the correlates of hospital re-presentation in older adults (mean age of 65 years or older) who have been discharged from hospital following treatment for fragility fractures. The Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies will be used to assess the quality of the studies. The strength of evidence will be assessed through best evidence synthesis. Clinical and methodological heterogeneity across studies are likely to impede meta-analyses. Discussion The best evidence synthesis will outline correlates of hospital re-presentations in this clinical group. This synthesis will take into account potential risks of bias for each study, while permitting inclusion of findings from a range of quantitative study designs. It is anticipated that findings from the review will be useful in identifying potentially modifiable risk factors that have relevance in policy, practice and research priorities to improve the management of patients with fragility fractures. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO CRD42015019379

High incidence of contaminating maternal cell overgrowth in human placental mesenchymal stem/stromal cell cultures: A systematic review

Placenta is a readily accessible translationally advantageous source of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) currently used in cryobanking and clinical trials. MSCs cultured from human chorion have been widely assumed to be fetal in origin, despite evidence that placental MSCs may be contaminated with maternal cells, resulting in entirely maternally derived MSC cultures. To document the frequency and determinants of maternal cell contamination in chorionic MSCs, we undertook a PRISMA-compliant systematic review of publications in the PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases (January 2000 to July 2013) on placental and/or chorionic MSCs from uncomplicated pregnancies. Of 147 studies, only 26 (18%) investigated fetal and/or maternal cell origin. After excluding studies that did not satisfy minimal MSC criteria, 7 of 15 informative studies documented MSC cultures as entirely fetal, a further 7 studies reported cultured human chorionic MSC populations to be either maternal (n=6) or mixed (n=1), whereas 1 study separately cultured pure fetal and pure maternal MSC from the same placenta. Maternal cell contamination was associated with term and chorionic membrane samples and greater passage number but was still present in 30% of studies of chorionic villous MSCs. Although most studies assume fetal origin for MSCs sourced from chorion, this systematic review documents a high incidence of maternal-origin MSC populations in placental MSC cultures. Given that fetal MSCs have more primitive properties than adult MSCs, our findings have implications for clinical trials in which knowledge of donor and tissue source is pivotal. We recommend sensitive methods to quantitate the source and purity of placental MSCs.

The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on platelet aggregation: A systematic literature review

Background The potential effect of ginger on platelet aggregation is a widely-cited concern both within the published literature and to clinicians; however, there has been no systematic appraisal of the evidence to date. Methods Using the PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed the results of clinical and observational trials regarding the effect of ginger on platelet aggregation in adults compared to either placebo or baseline data. Studies included in this review stipulated the independent variable was a ginger preparation or isolated ginger compound, and used measures of platelet aggregation as the primary outcome. Results Ten studies were included, comprising eight clinical trials and two observational studies. Of the eight clinical trials, four reported that ginger reduced platelet aggregation, while the remaining four reported no effect. The two observational studies also reported mixed findings. Discussion Many of the studies appraised for this review had moderate risks of bias. Methodology varied considerably between studies, notably the timeframe studied, dose of ginger used, and the characteristics of subjects recruited (e.g. healthy vs. patients with chronic diseases). Conclusion The evidence that ginger affects platelet aggregation and coagulation is equivocal and further study is needed to definitively address this question.

Early post-operative mortality after major lower limb amputation: A systematic review of population and regional based studies

OBJECTIVE: Lower limb amputation is often associated with a high risk of early post-operative mortality. Mortality rates are also increasingly being put forward as a possible benchmark for surgical performance. The primary aim of this systematic review is to investigate early post-operative mortality following a major lower limb amputation in population/regional based studies, and reported factors that might influence these mortality outcomes. METHODS: Embase, PubMed, Cinahl and Psycinfo were searched for publications in any language on 30 day or in hospital mortality after major lower limb amputation in population/regional based studies. PRISMA guidelines were followed. A self developed checklist was used to assess quality and susceptibility to bias. Summary data were extracted for the percentage of the population who died; pooling of quantitative results was not possible because of methodological differences between studies. RESULTS: Of the 9,082 publications identified, results were included from 21. The percentage of the population undergoing amputation who died within 30 days ranged from 7% to 22%, the in hospital equivalent was 4-20%. Transfemoral amputation and older age were found to have a higher proportion of early post-operative mortality, compared with transtibial and younger age, respectively. Other patient factors or surgical treatment choices related to increased early post-operative mortality varied between studies. CONCLUSIONS: Early post-operative mortality rates vary from 4% to 22%. There are very limited data presented for patient related factors (age, comorbidities) that influence mortality. Even less is known about factors related to surgical treatment choices, being limited to amputation level. More information is needed to allow comparison across studies or for any benchmarking of acceptable mortality rates. Agreement is needed on key factors to be reported.

Impact of chemotherapy on cancer-related fatigue and cytokines in 1312 patients: A systematic review of quantitative studies

Purpose of review: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is the most common psychosomatic distress experienced by cancer patients before, during and after chemotherapy. Its impact on functional status and Health Related Quality of Life is a great concern among patients, healthcare professionals and researchers. The primary objective of this systematic review is to determine whether the different chemotherapies affect the association of CRF with individual pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The PRISMA statement guideline has been followed to systematically search and screen article from PubMed and Embase. Recent findings: This review has examined 14 studies which included a total of 1312 patients. These studies assayed 20 different kinds of cytokines. The cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-1RA, TGF-[beta] and sTNF-R2 were associated with CRF in patients receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy. However, only interleukin-13 was identified in the taxane-based chemotherapy. Similarly, different sets of cytokines were linked with CRF in patients with chemotherapy regimens containing platinum, cyclophosphamides, topotecan or bleomycin. Summary: This review has identified that cytokines are differentially linked with CRF according to the various types of chemotherapy regimens.

Nörtin tarina

Pro gradu -tutkielmani aihe on nörtin stereotypia ja kuinka se on mahdollisesti muuttunut teknologiahypen ja yhteiskunnan muutoksen myötä. Tarkastelen eri aikakausien elokuvien tarjoamaa kuvaa nörteistä ja sitä miten tämä kuva on muuttunut. Lähtökohtana muutokselle on 1980-luvun stereotyyppinen kuva nörtistä teknisesti lahjakkaana, mutta epäsuosittuna ja sosiaalisesti lähes avuttomana mieshenkilönä. Hypoteesina tutkielmassani on muutos. Niin kutsutun nörttiyden yleistyessä ja muun muassa vuosituhannen vaihteen it-kuplan ja teknologiahypen myötä kuva nörtistä on muuttunut. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selventää mitä nörttiys voi olla nykyään ja mitä se on ollut ennen. Alustavat tutkimuskysymykseni, joita lähden tässä työssäni kehittelemään ja syventämään, ovat: – Kuinka nörtin stereotypia on muuttunut ajan myötä, 1980-luvulta nykyaikaan? – Mitkä asiat vaikuttavat nörtin stereotypiaan? Mistä nörttiys muodostuu? – Onko nörttiys oma alakulttuurinsa? Nörtin tarinaa lähden aluksi seuraamaan yhdysvaltalaisten elokuvien kautta. Elokuvissa henkilöhahmot usein esitetään tietynlaisina ihmistyyppeinä. Lähden etsimään nörttityyppiä sieltä, mistä sen voi nähdä syntyneen, yhdysvaltalaisesta nuorisokulttuurista ja sitä kuvaavista elokuvista. Etsin elokuvien tarjoamasta kuvasta nörtteihin liittyviä yleistyksiä ja lainalaisuuksia. Tämä gradu rakentuu erilaisten prismojen varaan, joiden keskiössä on nörtti. Lainaan prisman käsitettä luonnontieteistä, joissa prismalla tarkoitetaan optista laitetta, jolla voidaan taittaa, heijastaa tai hajottaa valoa valospektrin eri väreihin. Esimerkiksi auringon valkoinen valo taittuu prisman läpi kulkiessaan sateenkaaren kaikkiin väreihin. Spektri on se värien kirjo, johon esimerkiksi juuri auringon valo jakautuu. Nämä luonnontieteestä lainatut termit saattavat aluksi kuulostaa hieman kaukaa haetuilta ja käytänkin niitä tässä gradussa metaforana asioiden useammista näkökulmista ja tarkastelusuunnista. Tarkastelussa tässä tutkielmassa ovat sukupuolijärjestelmien prisma, toisessa päässään ”miehisyys” ja toisessa ”naiseus”. Toisella prismalla löytyvät etnisyyteen liittyvät asiat. Spektrit jakautuvat toisena ääripäänään ”rodullistettu herruus” ja toisena päätynä ”rodullistettu alisteisuus”. Yksi lähestymiskulma on uuden teknologian herättämät pelot sekä nörtti sivuroolissa, kritiikittömänä, urkinnan apulaisena. Viimeinen piirtämäni prisma vaikuttaa koko nörtti-imagon taustalla. Se liittyy yhteiskunnan muutokseen ja työnjakoon yhteiskunnassa. Kuten kaikki liittyy kaikkeen, myös tämä prisma liittyy jokaiseen aikaisemmin mainittuun näkemykseen

Efecto de la eliminación de hospederos sobre la dinámica poblacional de gusano rosado del algodonero Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) lepidoptera, Gelechidae en plan de erradicación

El presente trabajo es un análisis descriptivo preliminar, sobre las actividades llevadas acabo en el plan de erradicación y contención del gusano rosado del algodonero Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), el cual se llevó a cabo en la “Isla del Maiz” (Corn lsland). localizada en el Océano Atlántico, en la Región Autónoma Atlantíco Sur (RAAS) de la República de Nicaragua. El objetivo principal de este trabajo consistió en determinar el efecto de la eliminación de los hospederos principales del "Gusano Rosado”, que son : Algodón Silvestre (Gossypium barbadense), Higuerilla (Ricinus communis) y algunos hospederos alternos que interactúan sobra su biologia y dinámica Poblacional. Se ubicaron trampas DELTAS de PRISMA con feromonas, con el objetivo de capturar adultos machos de Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Esta plaga es facilmente confundible con el falso Gusano Rosado Colombiano (Sacacioces piralis). Gusano rosado, es una plaga cuarentenada en Nicaragua y restos de países del área Centro Americana; este insecto vive en malvaceas silvestres y cultivadas, atacando órganos reproductivos (Botones florales, flores, bellotas y motas), provoca la destrucción de semillas y las fibras, a la vez que sus daños y residuos fecales pueden ser fuente de infestación de hongos y bacterias fitopatogenas. Se realizaron inspeccionas de manera visual en diferentes áreas de la Isla para ubicar los focos de los hospederos ya determinados y posteriormente eliminarlos de forma mecanico-quimica, aplicándole al herbicida TORDON -101 (Pichloran 2, 4•D) a los tocones cortados y en ocasiones arrancar las plantas de forma manual desde sus raices, esto en dependencia de las dimensiones del tallo y tamaño de la planta en la medida que fuese posible arrancarlo del suelo. De la eliminación mecanico-quimica efectuado sobre los hospederos alimenticios de la plaga ya determinados (Algodón Silvestre e Higuerilla), se puede promediar un 95% de plantas huespedes eliminadas, para ambas especies, durante todo el periodo que duro nuestro trabajo. De igual forma se instalaron un total de 100 trampas DELTAS distribuidas en 5 rutas procurando cubrir el 95 % del territorio de la Isla del Maiz. Producto del monitoreo y el alto indice de capturas de adultos machos efecto de la actividad confucionista de la feromona sexual ubicada en cada una de las trampas, utilizado como método de control y erradicación de la plaga, nos indicaron que la población de adultos de gusano rosado presentaba una reducción considerable; lo cual demuestra que la eliminación de los hospederos afecta eficazmente la dinámica poblacional de esta plaga.

Mons. Enrique Angelelli, obispo de La Rioja (1968-1976) : recepción diocesana de su muerte: testimonios y valoraciones

Resumen: Este aporte intenta lograr una mirada sincrónica de la tragedia que se llevó de este mundo a Mons. Enrique Angelelli. La trama humana en su conjunto se desarrolla entre tristezas y alegrías y, también, lógicamente, la historia de la Iglesia posee los mismos condimentos. Pero, la clave está en la luz con la cual miramos estos acontecimientos que, en este caso, no sólo será científica o meramente sociológica sino, fundamentalmente, teológica. Así, al recoger los testimonios del pueblo de Dios, presentamos un hecho histórico reflejado a través del prisma de la fe.

Emendas parlamentares: orçamento do Distrito Federal

Análise do sistema de apresentação de emendas parlamentares aos projetos de leis orçamentárias de 2010, 2011 e 2012, no âmbito do Distrito Federal, sob o prisma das questões técnicas e das relações políticas entre os Poderes Legislativo e Executivo. O período selecionado compreende eventos importantes ocorridos na Capital Federal. Trata-se de espaço temporal onde houve pelo menos três situações que repercutiram de forma direta na administração e planejamento orçamentário da Capital: o advento das investigações e deflagração do escândalo Caixa de Pandora; as eleições gerais, seguidas da vitória dos partidos de oposição e, a efetivação do primeiro ano de governo sob nova administração, período pós-crise. No primeiro instante o trabalho dispõe sobre: 1) normas que regem o sistema de planejamento orçamentário do Distrito Federal; 2) a formatação do orçamento distrital; 3) a transferência de recursos do Fundo Constitucional para segurança, saúde e educação da Capital. As relações políticas e orçamentárias ocorridas entre os Poderes Executivo e Legislativo são relevantemente consideradas no escopo do trabalho. Na mesma linha analítica, o estudo joga luz sobre as prerrogativas parlamentares de apresentar emendas ao orçamento. Nessa etapa as inserções dos deputados são estudadas sob a óptica da quantidade, da qualidade, da destinação e, também, sob os aspectos políticos que envolvem a matéria, compreendendo desta forma as fases de elaboração e apresentação, finalizando com a execução ou não execução das referidas emendas por parte do Poder Executivo. Em arremate o material dispõe sobre as anomalias e consequências havidas no ciclo de emendas ao orçamento distrital ressaltando o modelo utilizado.

As modificações no Regimento Interno da Câmara dos Deputados e as teorias de organização do legislativo

Analisa as alterações do Regimento Interno da Câmara dos Deputados, desde a promulgação da Resolução n. 17 de 1989, segundo o prisma das teorias de organização do Legislativo – distributivista, informacional e partidária -, a partir da premissa de que elas apontam, em suas variáveis explicativas de organização institucional, ora para a centralização, ora para a descentralização de poderes.

[R_Enciso_Concepcion] Levantamiento topográfico de la ermita y el crucero de la Concepción (Enciso, La Rioja)

[ES] Este proyecto tiene una continuación en el siguiente registro:

[R_Casalarreina_Condestables] Documentación geométrica del Palacio de los Condestables de Casalarreina (La Rioja)

[ES] La documentación de este proyecto ha servido como base para la realización de los siguientes proyectos y artículos:

[A_Arlucea_SanMartin] Documentación geométrica y representación virtual de la iglesia de San Martín de Arlucea (Álava)

[ES] El edificio tiene planta rectangular de unos 30 x 15 metros con un interior con una altura de 10 metros. Cuenta con una torre anexa a los pies y un pórtico de piedra de ocho arcos de posible factura medieval. La antigua cabecera ha quedado como la sacristía actual.