The severity of chorioamnionitis in pregnant sheep is associated with in vivo variation of the surface-exposed multiple-banded antigen/gene of ureaplasma parvum

Ureaplasma species are the bacteria most frequently isolated from human amniotic fluid in asymptomatic pregnancies and placental infections. Ureaplasma parvum serovars 3 and 6 are the most prevalent serovars isolated from men and women. We hypothesized that the effects on the fetus and chorioamnion of chronic ureaplasma infection in amniotic fluid are dependent on the serovar, dose, and variation of the ureaplasma multiple banded antigen (MBA) and mba gene. We injected high- or low dose U. parvum serovar 3, serovar 6, or vehicle intra-amniotically into pregnant ewes at 55 days of gestation (term = 150 days) and examined the chorioamnion, amniotic fluid, and fetal lung tissue of animals delivered by cesarean section at 125 days of gestation. Variation of the multiple banded antigen/mba generated by serovar 3 and serovar 6 ureaplasmas in vivo were compared by PCR assay and Western blot. Ureaplasma inoculums demonstrated only one (serovar 3) or two (serovar 6) MBA variants in vitro, but numerous antigenic variants were generated in vivo: serovar 6 passage 1 amniotic fluid cultures contained more MBA size variants than serovar 3 (P = 0.005),and ureaplasma titers were inversely related to the number of variants (P = 0.025). The severity of chorioamnionitis varied between animals. Low numbers of mba size variants (five or fewer) within amniotic fluid were associated with severe inflammation, whereas the chorioamnion from animals with nine or more mba variants showed little or no inflammation. These differences in chorioamnion inflammation may explain why not all women with in utero Ureaplasma spp. experience adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Placental abruption : Studies on incidence, risk factors and potential predictive biomarkers

Placental abruption, one of the most significant causes of perinatal mortality and maternal morbidity, occurs in 0.5-1% of pregnancies. Its etiology is unknown, but defective trophoblastic invasion of the spiral arteries and consequent poor vascularization may play a role. The aim of this study was to define the prepregnancy risk factors of placental abruption, to define the risk factors during the index pregnancy, and to describe the clinical presentation of placental abruption. We also wanted to find a biochemical marker for predicting placental abruption early in pregnancy. Among women delivering at the University Hospital of Helsinki in 1997-2001 (n=46,742), 198 women with placental abruption and 396 control women were identified. The overall incidence of placental abruption was 0.42%. The prepregnancy risk factors were smoking (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1, 2.7), uterine malformation (OR 8.1; 1.7, 40), previous cesarean section (OR 1.7; 1.1, 2.8), and history of placental abruption (OR 4.5; 1.1, 18). The risk factors during the index pregnancy were maternal (adjusted OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1, 2.9) and paternal smoking (2.2; 1.3, 3.6), use of alcohol (2.2; 1.1, 4.4), placenta previa (5.7; 1.4, 23.1), preeclampsia (2.7; 1.3, 5.6) and chorioamnionitis (3.3; 1.0, 10.0). Vaginal bleeding (70%), abdominal pain (51%), bloody amniotic fluid (50%) and fetal heart rate abnormalities (69%) were the most common clinical manifestations of placental abruption. Retroplacental blood clot was seen by ultrasound in 15% of the cases. Neither bleeding nor pain was present in 19% of the cases. Overall, 59% went into preterm labor (OR 12.9; 95% CI 8.3, 19.8), and 91% were delivered by cesarean section (34.7; 20.0, 60.1). Of the newborns, 25% were growth restricted. The perinatal mortality rate was 9.2% (OR 10.1; 95% CI 3.4, 30.1). We then tested selected biochemical markers for prediction of placental abruption. The median of the maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) multiples of median (MoM) (1.21) was significantly higher in the abruption group (n=57) than in the control group (n=108) (1.07) (p=0.004) at 15-16 gestational weeks. In multivariate analysis, elevated MSAFP remained as an independent risk factor for placental abruption, adjusting for parity ≥ 3, smoking, previous placental abruption, preeclampsia, bleeding in II or III trimester, and placenta previa. MSAFP ≥ 1.5 MoM had a sensitivity of 29% and a false positive rate of 10%. The levels of the maternal serum free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin MoM did not differ between the cases and the controls. None of the angiogenic factors (soluble endoglin, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, or placental growth factor) showed any difference between the cases (n=42) and the controls (n=50) in the second trimester. The levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) showed no difference between the cases (n=181) and the controls (n=261) (median 2.35 mg/l [interquartile range {IQR} 1.09-5.93] versus 2.28 mg/l [IQR 0.92-5.01], not significant) when tested in the first trimester (mean 10.4 gestational weeks). Chlamydia pneumoniae specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) as well as C. trachomatis specific IgG, IgA and chlamydial heat-shock protein 60 antibody rates were similar between the groups. In conclusion, although univariate analysis identified many prepregnancy risk factors for placental abruption, only smoking, uterine malformation, previous cesarean section and history of placental abruption remained significant by multivariate analysis. During the index pregnancy maternal alcohol consumption and smoking and smoking by the partner turned out to be the major independent risk factors for placental abruption. Smoking by both partners multiplied the risk. The liberal use of ultrasound examination contributed little to the management of women with placental abruption. Although second-trimester MSAFP levels were higher in women with subsequent placental abruption, clinical usefulness of this test is limited due to low sensitivity and high false positive rate. Similarly, angiogenic factors in early second trimester, or CRP levels, or chlamydial antibodies in the first trimester failed to predict placental abruption.

Epithelial sodium channel in airway epithelium of the newborn infant : Implications for postnatal pulmonary adaptation

The aim of the present thesis was to study the role of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in clearance of fetal lung fluid in the newborn infant by measurement of airway epithelial expression of ENaC, of nasal transepithelial potential difference (N-PD), and of lung compliance (LC). In addition, the effect of postnatal dexamethasone on airway epithelial ENaC expression was measured in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The patient population was formed of selected term newborn infants born in the Department of Obstetrics (Studies II-IV) and selected preterm newborn infants treated in the neonatal intensive care unit of the Hospital for Children and Adolescents (Studies I and IV) of the Helsinki University Central Hospital in Finland. A small population of preterm infants suffering from BPD was included in Study I. Studies I, III, and IV included airway epithelial measurement of ENaC and in Studies II and III, measurement of N-PD and LC. In Study I, ENaC expression analyses were performed in the Research Institute of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In the following studies, analyses were performed in the Scientific Laboratory of the Hospital for Children and Adolescents. N-PD and LC measurements were performed at bedside in these hospitals. In term newborn infants, the percentage of amiloride-sensitive N-PD, a surrogate for ENaC activity, measured during the first 4 postnatal hours correlates positively with LC measured 1 to 2 days postnatally. Preterm infants with BPD had, after a therapeutic dose of dexamethasone, higher airway epithelial ENaC expression than before treatment. These patients were subsequently weaned from mechanical ventilation, probably as a result of the clearance of extra fluid from the alveolar spaces. In addition, we found that in preterm infants ENaC expression increases with gestational age (GA). In preterm infants, ENaC expression in the airway epithelium was lower than in term newborn infants. During the early postnatal period in those born both preterm and term airway epithelial βENaC expression decreased significantly. Term newborn infants delivered vaginally had a significantly smaller airway epithelial expression of αENaC after the first postnatal day than did those delivered by cesarean section. The functional studies showed no difference in N-PD between infants delivered vaginally and by cesarean section. We therefore conclude that the low airway epithelial expression of ENaC in the preterm infant and the correlation of N-PD with LC in the term infant indicate a role for ENaC in the pathogenesis of perinatal pulmonary adaptation and neonatal respiratory distress. Because dexamethasone raised ENaC expression in preterm infants with BPD, and infants were subsequently weaned from ventilator therapy, we suggest that studies on the treatment of respiratory distress in the preterm infant should include the induction of ENaC activity.

Glycemic Control in Diabetic Pregnancies: Effects on Fetal and Maternal Outcome

Background: Both maternal and fetal complications are increased in diabetic pregnancies. Although hypertensive complications are increased in pregnant women with pregestational diabetes, reports on hypertensive complications in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have been contradictory. Congenital malformations and macrosomia are the main fetal complications in Type 1 diabetic pregnancies, whereas fetal macrosomia and birth trauma but not congenital malformations are increased in GDM pregnancies. Aims: To study the frequency of hypertensive disorders in gestational diabetes mellitus. To evaluate the risk of macrosomia and brachial plexus injury (Erb’s palsy) and the ability of the 2-hour glucose tolerance test (OGTT) combined with the 24-hour glucose profile to distinguish between low and high risks of fetal macrosomia among women with GDM. To evaluate the relationship between glycemic control and the risk of fetal malformations in pregnancies complicated by Type 1 diabetes mellitus. To assess the effect of glycemic control on the occurrence of preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension in Type 1 diabetic pregnancies. Subjects: A total of 986 women with GDM and 203 women with borderline glucose intolerance (one abnormal value in the OGTT) with a singleton pregancy, 488 pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes (691 pregnancies and 709 offspring), and 1154 pregnant non-diabetic women (1181 pregnancies and 1187 offspring) were investigated. Results: In a prospective study on 81 GDM patients the combined frequency of preeclampsia and PIH was higher than in 327 non-diabetic controls (19.8% vs 6.1%, p<0.001). On the other hand, in 203 women with only one abnormal value in the OGTT, the rate of hypertensive complications did not differ from that of the controls. Both GDM women and those with only one abnormal value in the OGTT had higher pre-pregnancy weights and BMIs than the controls. In a retrospective study involving 385 insulin-treated and 520 diet-treated GDM patients, and 805 non-diabetic control pregnant women, fetal macrosomia occurred more often in the insulin-treated GDM pregnancies (18.2%, p<0.001) than in the diet-treated GDM pregnancies (4.4%), or the control pregnancies (2.2%). The rate of Erb’s palsy in vaginally delivered infants was 2.7% in the insulin-treated group of women and 2.4% in the diet-treated women compared with 0.3% in the controls (p<0.001). The cesarean section rate was more than twice as high (42.3% vs 18.6%) in the insulin-treated GDM patients as in the controls. A major fetal malformation was observed in 30 (4.2%) of the 709 newborn infants in Type 1 diabetic pregnancies and in 10 (1.4%) of the 735 controls (RR 3.1, 95% CI 1.6–6.2). Even women whose levels of HbA1c (normal values less than 5.6%) were only slightly increased in early pregnancy (between 5.6 and 6.8%) had a relative risk of fetal malformation of 3.0 (95% CI 1.2–7.5). Only diabetic patients with a normal HbA1c level (<5.6%) in early pregnancy had the same low risk of fetal malformations as the controls. Preeclampsia was diagnosed in 12.8% and PIH in 11.4% of the 616 Type 1 diabetic women without diabetic nephropathy. The corresponding frequencies among the 854 control women were 2.7% (OR 5.2; 95% CI 3.3–8.4) for preeclampsia and 5.6% (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5–3.1) for PIH. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that glycemic control, nulliparity, diabetic retinopathy and duration of diabetes were statistically significant independent predictors of preeclampsia. The adjusted odds ratios for preeclampsia were 1.6 (95% CI 1.3–2.0) for each 1%-unit increment in the HbA1c value during the first trimester and 0.6 (95% CI 0.5–0.8) for each 1%-unit decrement during the first half of pregnancy. In contrast, changes in glycemic control during the second half of pregnancy did not alter the risk of preeclampsia. Conclusions: In type 1 diabetic pregnancies it is extremely important to achieve optimal glycemic control before pregnancy and maintain it throughout pregnancy in order to decrease the complication rates both in the mother and in her offspring. The rate of fetal macrosomia and birth trauma in GDM pregnancies, especially in the group of insulin-treated women, is still relatively high. New strategies for screening, diagnosing, and treatment of GDM must be developed in order to decrease fetal and neonatal complications.

Pre-eclampsia : The role of soluble VEGF receptor-1 and related anti-angiogenic factors beyond

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy complication that affects about 5% of all pregnancies. It is known to be associated with alterations in angiogenesis -related factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). An excess of antiangiogenic substances, especially the soluble receptor-1 of VEGF (sVEGFR-1), has been observed in maternal circulation after the onset of the disease, probably reflecting their increased placental production. Smoking reduces circulating concentrations of sVEGFR-1 in non-pregnant women, and in pregnant women it reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia. Soluble VEGFR-1 acts as a natural antagonist of VEGF and placental growth factor (PlGF) in human circulation, holding a promise for potential therapeutic use. In fact, it has been used as a model to generate a fusion protein, VEGF Trap , which has been found effective in anti-angiogenic treatment of certain tumors and ocular diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the potential use of maternal serum sVEGFR-1, Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and endostatin, three central anti-angiogenic markers, in early prediction of subsequent pre-eclampsia. We also studied whether smoking affects circulating sVEGFR-1 concentrations in pregnant women or their first trimester placental secretion and expression in vitro. Last, in order to allow future discussion on the potential therapy based on sVEGFR-1, we determined the biological half-life of endogenous sVEGFR-1 in human circulation, and measured the concomitant changes in free VEGF concentrations. Blood or placental samples were collected from a total of 268 pregnant women between the years 2001 2007 in Helsinki University Central Hospital for the purposes above. The biomarkers were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). For the analyses of sVEGFR-1, Ang-2 and endostatin, a total of 3 240 pregnant women in the Helsinki area were admitted to blood sample collection during two routine ultrasoundscreening visits at 13.7 ± 0.5 (mean ± SD) and 19.2 ± 0.6 weeks of gestation. Of them, 49 women later developing pre-eclampsia were included in the study. Their disease was further classified as mild in 29 and severe in 20 patients. Isolated early-onset intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was diagnosed in 16 women with otherwise normal medical histories and uncomplicated pregnancies. Fifty-nine women remaining normotensive, non-proteinuric and finally giving birth to normal-weight infants were picked to serve as the control population of the study. Maternal serum concentrations of Ang-2, endostatin and sVEGFR-1, were increased already at 16 20 weeks of pregnancy, about 13 weeks before the clinical manifestation of preeclampsia. In addition, these biomarkers could be used to identify women at risk with a moderate precision. However, larger patient series are needed to determine whether these markers could be applied for clinical use to predict preeclampsia. Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), especially if noted at early stages of pregnancy and not secondary to any other pregnancy complication, has been suggested to be a form of preeclampsia compromising only the placental sufficiency and the fetus, but not affecting the maternal endothelium. In fact, IUGR and preeclampsia have been proposed to share a common vascular etiology in which factors regulating early placental angiogenesis are likely to play a central role. Thus, these factors have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of IUGR. However, circulating sVEGFR-1, Ang-2 and endostatin concentrations were unaffected by subsequent IUGR at early second trimester. Furthermore, smoking was not associated with alterations in maternal circulating sVEGFR-1 or its placental production. The elimination of endogenous sVEGFR-1 after pregnancy was calculated from serial samples of eight pregnant women undergoing elective Caesarean section. As typical for proteins in human compartments, the elimination of sVEGFR-1 was biphasic, containing a rapid halflife of 3.4 h and a slow one of 29 h. The decline in sVEGFR-1 concentrations after mid-trimester legal termination of pregnancy was accompanied with a simultaneous increase in the serum levels of free VEGF so that within a few days after pregnancy VEGF dominated in the maternal circulation. Our study provides novel information on the kinetics of endogenous sVEGFR-1, which serves as a potential tool in the development of new strategies against diseases associated with angiogenic imbalance and alterations in VEGF signaling.

Ciência, Natureza e normatização institucional do parto.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender os símbolos atribuídos às tecnologias utilizadas na atenção obstétrica, como também conhecer as práticas femininas na busca por cuidados médicos na assistência ao parto. Para tanto, analisamos os relatos de 16 gestantes atendidas pelo setor privado e os de 13 gestantes assistidas pelo setor público. O estudo combinou duas técnicas qualitativas: a observação etnográfica e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A pesquisa encontrou, entre outros, os seguintes resultados: 1-a maioria das mulheres observadas expressou a preferência pelo parto normal. 2- o nascimento, independente do tipo de parto desejado, está associado a categorias de medo, tensão e risco. 3- o discurso médico, segundo as gestantes atendidas pela rede privada, reforça a ansiedade e medo feminino e de sua família na medida em que associa o parto normal à dor e ao risco de morte. A cesariana, por outro lado, é descrita como um parto seguro. 4- na maternidade pública, as mulheres e seus acompanhantes vivenciaram o parto normal de maneira sofrida e passiva. 5- práticas profissionais compatíveis com a humanização do parto e as orientadas pelo modelo médico hegemônico, isto é, centrado na tecnologia na atenção ao nascimento, coexistem na rede pública. Contudo, a abordagem normativa ainda está presente em ambas as práticas. 6- a participação das parturientes nas decisões sobre o parto é escassa na rede pública. Em suma, concluímos que mulheres e médicos compartilham a visão de parto normal enquanto categoria de risco e a cesariana como prática segura.

Posição Socioeconômica de origem e contemporânea e parto cesáreo em primíparas no Estudo Pró-Saúde

Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar o efeito da posição socioeconômica (PSE) de origem e contemporânea na proporção de parto cesáreo em primíparas (N=1438) na coorte do Estudo Pró-Saúde, e a evolução da proporção de partos cesáreos ao longo do tempo. A fim de identificar novos nascimentos na coorte, foi empregado o método probabilístico para relacionar as bases do Estudo Pró-Saúde e do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos. A PSE contemporânea e de origem foram classificadas, respectivamente, tomando por base a escolaridade da primípara e de seus pais, sendo criada uma variável com quatro níveis (PSE de origem-contemporânea: alta-alta; alta-baixa; baixa-alta e baixa-baixa). Considerando o grupo de PSE baixa-baixa como referência, foram observadas as seguintes razões de prevalência para parto cesáreo, após ajuste para idade e período do parto: alta-alta 1,16 (IC 95% 1,04 1,31); baixa-alta 1,16 (IC 95% 1,03 1,30); alta-baixa 1,14 (IC 95% 0,98 1,33). Nos estratos com PSE contemporânea alta observou-se um aumento de 1,5 vezes da proporção de partos cesáreos no último período avaliado (1990-2004), quando comparado com o período inicial (1947-1979), enquanto nos estratos de PSE contemporânea baixa esse aumento foi de 3 vezes. Concluindo, mulheres com PSE contemporânea alta, independentemente da PSE de origem, apresentaram maior probabilidade da realização do parto cesáreo. Entretanto, as mulheres dos estratos com PSE contemporânea baixa apresentaram o maior crescimento das proporções de partos cesáreos ao longo do tempo, o que potencialmente aumenta o risco de complicações em um grupo já mais vulnerável.

Implantação da assistência humanizada ao parto em Juiz de Fora (1998-2001)

Trata-se de um estudo de natureza histórico-social do tempo presente. O objeto é a implantação do modelo humanizado de assistência ao parto em Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, no período de 1998 a 2001. Os objetivos do estudo são: descrever as circunstâncias de criação da Comissão Interinstitucional para Redução da Cesariana e Proteção ao Parto Normal; analisar as estratégias da Comissão Interinstitucional para Redução da Cesariana e Proteção ao Parto Normal e a implantação do modelo humanizado de assistência ao parto na cidade de Juiz de Fora; analisar os efeitos da participação das enfermeiras obstétricas no campo obstétrico. O estudo apoia-se nas noções teóricas de campo, habitus, poder simbólico, luta simbólica e capital do sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu. Na análise foi realizada a triangulação de dados, através da articulação da documentação oral e escrita à luz das noções teóricas. A criação da Comissão Interinstitucional para Redução da Cesariana e Proteção ao Parto Normal foi uma estratégia elaborada na esfera da gestão pública da cidade. Teve início no dia 26 de fevereiro de 1998 no Departamento de Programação e Acompanhamento SMS/JF. As estratégias utilizadas pela Comissão para implantar o modelo humanizado de assistência ao parto foram: a elaboração e a implantação de um Plano de Ação com ações de informações e sensibilização dos médicos e da população; formação de Recursos Humanos para implantar as práticas obstétricas humanizadas, com a criação do Curso de Especialização em Enfermagem Obstétrica; e a reconfiguração do campo obstétrico com o projeto de criação da Casa de Parto. Como efeitos da implantação do modelo humanizado de assistência ao parto foi evidenciado que, a partir de 2001, enfermeiras obstétricas, egressas do Curso de Especialização em Enfermagem Obstétrica/Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), começaram a ocupar espaços nas salas de partos de duas Maternidades da cidade, e em 2005, foi criada a Lei Municipal do Acompanhante.

Teaching neuraxial anesthesia techniques for obstetric care in a Ghanaian referral hospital: achievements and obstacles.

Anesthesia providers in low-income countries may infrequently provide regional anesthesia techniques for obstetrics due to insufficient training and supplies, limited manpower, and a lack of perceived need. In 2007, Kybele, Inc. began a 5-year collaboration in Ghana to improve obstetric anesthesia services. A program was designed to teach spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery and spinal labor analgesia at Ridge Regional Hospital, Accra, the second largest obstetric unit in Ghana. The use of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery increased significantly from 6% in 2006 to 89% in 2009. By 2012, >90% of cesarean deliveries were conducted with spinal anesthesia, despite a doubling of the number performed. A trial of spinal labor analgesia was assessed in a small cohort of parturients with minimal complications; however, protocol deviations were observed. Although subsequent efforts to provide spinal analgesia in the labor ward were hampered by anesthesia provider shortages, spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery proved to be practical and sustainable.

Worldwide childhood type 1 diabetes incidence - what can we learn from epidemiology?

Type 1 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in most part of the world, although reliable data are still unavailable in several countries. Wide variations exist between the incidence rates of different populations, incidence is lowest in China and Venezuela (0.1 per 100 000 per year) and highest in Finland and Sardinia (37 per 100 000 per year). In most populations girls and boys are equally affected. In general, the incidence increases with age, the incidence peak is at puberty. After the pubertal years, the incidence rate significantly drops in young women, but remains relatively high in young adult males up to the age 29-35 years. Prospective national and large international registries (DIAMOND and EURODIAB) demonstrated an increasing trend in incidence in most regions of the world over the last few decades and increases seem to be the highest in the youngest age group. Analytical epidemiological studies have identified environmental risk factors operating early in life which might have contributed to the increasing trend in incidence. These include enteroviral infections in pregnant women, older maternal age (39-42 years), preeclampsia, cesarean section delivery, increased birthweight, early introduction of cow's milk proteins and an increased rate of postnatal growth (weight and height). Optimal vitamin D supplementation during early life has been shown to be protective. Some of these environmental risk factors such as viruses may initiate autoimmunity toward the beta cell, other exposures may put on overload on the already affected beta cell and thus accelerate the disease process.

Timing and mode of delivery in twins : the ongoing controversy

Tese de doutoramento, Medicina (Ginecologia e Obstetrícia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2014

16q24.1 microdeletion in a premature newborn: Usefulness of array-based comparative genomic hybridization in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.

OBJECTIVE:: Report of a 16q24.1 deletion in a premature newborn, demonstrating the usefulness of array-based comparative genomic hybridization in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and multiple congenital malformations. DESIGN:: Descriptive case report. SETTING:: Genetic department and neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care children's hospital. INTERVENTIONS:: None. PATIENT:: We report the case of a preterm male infant, born at 26 wks of gestation. A cardiac malformation and bilateral hydronephrosis were diagnosed at 19 wks of gestation. Karyotype analysis was normal, and a 22q11.2 microdeletion was excluded by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. A cesarean section was performed due to fetal distress. The patient developed persistent pulmonary hypertension unresponsive to mechanical ventilation and nitric oxide treatment and expired at 16 hrs of life. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:: An autopsy revealed partial atrioventricular canal malformation and showed bilateral dilation of the renal pelvocaliceal system with bilateral ureteral stenosis and annular pancreas. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis (Agilent oligoNT 44K, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) showed an interstitial microdeletion encompassing the forkhead box gene cluster in 16q24.1. Review of the pulmonary microscopic examination showed the characteristic features of alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins. Some features were less prominent due to the gestational age. CONCLUSIONS:: Our review of the literature shows that alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins is rare but probably underreported. Prematurity is not a usual presentation, and histologic features are difficult to interpret. In our case, array-based comparative genomic hybridization revealed a 16q24.1 deletion, leading to the final diagnosis of alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins. It emphasizes the usefulness of array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis as a diagnostic tool with implications for both prognosis and management decisions in newborns with refractory persistent pulmonary hypertension and multiple congenital malformations.

Riesgo de endometritis posparto asociado a vaginitis/vaginosis tratada

Introducción: la Endometritis Posparto constituye la causa más frecuente de fiebre puerperal, y su incidencia aumenta con la presencia de factores de riesgo como cesárea, ruptura prematura de membranas, mayor numero de tactos vaginales, índice de masa corporal mayor de 30, presencia de Vaginitis/Vaginosis, entre otros. Esta última puede incrementar el riesgo hasta 15 veces según la población en estudio. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio de casos y controles para determinar el riesgo de Endometritis Posparto asociado a Vaginitis/Vaginosis tratada incluyendo todas las pacientes atendidas por el servicio de urgencias en la Clínica Universitaria Colombia, durante el 2008. Resultados: se presentaron un total de 88 pacientes divididas en 2 grupos, pareados en una relación 1:1 por edad materna, paridad y vía del parto. Al realizar el análisis univariado el nivel educativo y la vía del parto mostraron resultados no concluyentes (OR 1.0, p<0.05). El resto de las variables a estudio como: edad, paridad, estado civil, nivel socioeconómico, numero de tactos vaginales, ruptura de membranas, corioamnionitis, infección de vías urinarias, anemia y presencia de flujo vaginal, asociado a endometritis no mostraron resultados estadísticamente significativos. La asociación entre presencia de flujo y endometritis y la presencia de un flujo polimicrobiano evidenciaron un ligero aumento del riesgo sin evidencia estadísticamente significativa Conclusión: No existe una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre Vaginitis/Vaginosis tratada y Endometritis Posparto. Se requiere la realización de nuevos estudios con un mayor número de pacientes y otros diseños tipo cohorte para establecer de forma más clara esta asociación.

Factores perinatales como predictores de severidad de la enfermedad de membrana hialina

Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a la mayor severidad de EMH. Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional con componente analítico tipo casos y controles. Resultados: total de pacientes 64, 13 (20.3%) con EMH severa y 51 EMH leve moderada. Se encontró relación entre la ruptura prematura de membranas, la cesárea sin trabajo de parto, la asfixia-acidosis fetal y la infección neonatal temprana con mayor requerimiento surfactante p<0.05. La PMVA requerida fue mayor en los hijos de madre diabética y los recién nacidos con asfixia-acidosis fetal p<0.05. El tiempo de ventilación mecánica fue menor en los que recibieron esteroides antenatales p<0.05. Se encontró una tendencia para presentar EMH severa en los pacientes con diabetes gestacional, quienes tuvieron un parto por cesárea sin haber iniciado el trabajo de parto o tuvieron el antecedente de hemorragia del tercer trimestre. Conclusiones: no se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de Diabetes gestacional, Hemorragia del tercer trimestre y cesárea sin trabajo de parto, probablemente por el tamaño de la muestra. Se considera entonces la posibilidad de realizar más estudios a futuro que relacionen estos factores con la severidad de la enfermedad de membrana hialina. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a la mayor severidad de EMH. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional con componente analítico tipo casos y controles. Resultados: Total de pacientes 64, 13 (20.3%) con EMH severa y 51 EMH leve moderada. Se encontró relación entre la ruptura prematura de membranas, la cesárea sin trabajo de parto, la asfixia-acidosis fetal y la infección neonatal temprana con mayor requerimiento surfactante p<0.05. La PMVA requerida fue mayor en los hijos de madre diabética y los recién nacidos con asfixia-acidosis fetal p<0.05. El tiempo de ventilación mecánica fue menor en los que recibieron esteroides antenatales p<0.05. Se encontró una tendencia para presentar EMH severa en los pacientes con diabetes gestacional, quienes tuvieron un parto por cesárea sin haber iniciado el trabajo de parto o tuvieron el antecedente de hemorragia del tercer trimestre. Conclusiones: No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de Diabetes gestacional, Hemorragia del tercer trimestre y cesárea sin trabajo de parto, probablemente por el tamaño de la muestra. Se considera entonces la posibilidad de realizar más estudios a futuro que relacionen estos factores con la severidad de la enfermedad de membrana hialina. Palabras Claves: Enfermedad de membrana hialina, ruptura prematura de membranas, diabetes gestacional.

Correlacion clinica-patologica de corioamnionitis en pacientes que ingresan al servicio ginecologia en el año 2009 en el Hospital Universitario Clinica San Rafael

Este trabajo tuvo como utilidad básica determinar cuál es la correlación del diagnóstico clínico con los criterios de Gibss y con el Gold estándar que es la patología en las paciente con corioamnionitis para así poder establecer si el diagnostico se realizó en forma adecuada y cuáles son los criterios más relevantes para su diagnóstico. Dicha investigación se realizó de la siguiente manera: 1. Se Identificaron las pacientes que ingresaron al servicio de urgencias o al servicio de ginecología de la Clínica san Rafael con diagnóstico de Corioamnionitis (teniendo en cuenta los criterios de Gibbs), pacientes que desarrollaron la entidad durante el trabajo de parto o a las cuales se les hizo el diagnostico durante el mismo parto se establecieron los criterios de Gibss para cada una como parte del diagnóstico clínico de corioamnionitis 2. se revisaron los estudios anatomo-patologico realizado a las placentas culminado el proceso de trabajo de parto ya fuera por vía vaginal o cesárea y se realizó un estudio de asociación entre el resultado patológico de corioamnionitis y el diagnóstico clínico. Con esta investigación se estableció el diagnóstico clínico se correlaciono con la patología en el 54% de los casos 1. la asociación de los criterios de Gibbs con el diagnostico patológico, encontrando que individualmente los criterios que se asocian con el diagnóstico definitivo de corioamnionitis fueron: la taquicardia materna OR (8,53), taquicardia fetal OR (7,7), y leucocitosis OR (2,86), la descarga vaginal fétida y la hipersensibilidad uterina tuvieron menor significancia con OR de 1,24 y 1,1 respectivamente. e En la regresión logística se encontró que los criterios de Gibbs fueron estadísticamente significativos en donde para la taquicardia materna OR (7,29), taquicardia fetal OR (4,107), hipersensibilidad uterina OR (2,96), leucocitosis OR (4,93) y descarga vaginal OR (2,65)