Preparação de biofilmes a partir de resíduos da indústria de curtumes

A indústria dos curtumes é uma das indústrias mais antigas e tradicionais de Portugal e é também uma das mais poluentes. Esta indústria produz muitos resíduos sólidos, entre os quais, está o pelo de bovino. A valorização deste resíduo permite reduzir o impacto ambiental e aumentar a eco-eficiência da indústria dos curtumes. O pelo de bovino, rico em queratina, é um bom candidato para a produção de biofilmes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a valorização de um resíduo de indústria de curtume (pelo de bovino) através da produção de filmes à base de queratina por termocompressão. Foi estudada a melhor formulação e as condições operatórias mais favoráveis com a finalidade de melhorar as propriedades mecânicas dos filmes. O trabalho realizado durante este projeto dividiu-se em 5 partes: preparação do material, caracterização do material, seleção do pré-tratamento, produção de filmes e caracterização dos filmes. Foram produzidos filmes para a seleção do pré-tratamento e para a respetiva caracterização. Os pré-tratamentos testados foram: tratamento com detergente, tratamento com detergente e sulfureto de sódio e, tratamento com detergente e éter de petróleo. O pré-tratamento selecionado foi o tratamento com detergente. Para a produção de filmes para a posterior caracterização, foram escolhidos 4 conjuntos de condições operatórias diferentes: 160 oC – 147 kN – 8 min – 30% glicerol; 160 oC – 147 kN – 12 min – 30% glicerol; 160 oC – 147 kN – 8 min – 40% glicerol; 160 oC – 147 kN – 12 min – 40% glicerol; identificados como Conjuntos A, B, C e D, respetivamente. Na caracterização dos filmes foram analisados vários parâmetros, nomeadamente a espessura, a permeabilidade ao vapor de água ao vapor de água, as isotérmicas de sorção, a cor, a solubilidade e as propriedades mecânicas. Também foram feitas as análises de calorimetria diferencial de varrimento (DSC) e microscopia eletrónica de varrimento (SEM). Concluiu-se que os filmes do conjunto A (160 oC – 147 kN – 8 min – 30% glicerol) tiveram um melhor desempenho apresentando espessuras médias de 0,25 0,02 mm, permeabilidade ao vapor de água ao vapor de água igual a 1,20 x 10-8 6,79 x 10-10 g/(m.s.Pa), solubilidade igual a 27,9 0,4 %, tensão de rutura média igual a 9,23 1,19 N/mm2, deformação na rutura média igual a 1,9 0,2 % e módulo de elasticidade médio igual a 554 26 N/mm2. Verificou-se um bom ajuste do modelo de GAB aos resultados experimentais. A análise DSC indicou uma temperatura de fusão aos 170 ºC para a mistura de pelo e glicerol que não se verificou nos filmes formados e indicou a temperatura de degradação do material por volta dos 240-250 ºC. A análise SEM mostrou que os filmes não estão totalmente fundidos e provou a irregularidade da superfície dos mesmos. Provou-se que é possível a produção de filmes de pelo bovino sendo ainda necessário melhorar o processo de mistura do pelo com o glicerol.

Sustentabilidade no Design: uma abordagem aos resíduos limpos das indústrias do calçado

Dissertação de mestrado em Design e Marketing

Implementation of the I.S. EN 16001:2009 energy management standard into GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Ltd, Cork

As manufacturers face an increasingly competitive environment, they seek out opportunities to reduce production costs without negatively affecting the yield or the quality of their finished products. The challenge of maintaining high product quality while simultaneously reducing production costs can often be met through investments in energy efficient technologies and energy efficiency practices. Energy management systems can offer both technological and best practice efficiencies in order to achieve substantial savings. A strong energy management system provides a solid foundation for an organisation to reduce production costs and improve site efficiency. The I.S EN16001 energy management standard specifies the requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and improving an energy management system and represents the latest best practice for energy management in Ireland. The objective of the energy management system is to establish a systematic approach for improving energy performance continuously. The I.S EN16001 standard specifies the requirements for continuous improvement through using energy more efficiently. The author analysed how GlaxoSmithKline’s (GSK) pharmaceutical manufacturing facility in Cork implemented the I.S. EN16001 energy management system model, and defined how energy saving opportunities where identified and introduced to improve efficiency performance. The author performed an extensive literature research in order to determine the current status of the pharmaceutical industry in Ireland, the processes involved in pharmaceutical manufacturing, the energy users required for pharmaceutical manufacturing and the efficiency measures that can be applied to these energy users in order to reduce energy consumption. The author then analysed how energy management standards are introduced to industry and critically analysed the driving factors for energy management performance in Ireland through case studies. Following an investigation as to how the I.S. EN16001 energy management standard is operated in GSK, a critical analysis of the performance achieved by the GSK energy management system is undertaken in order to determine if implementing the I.S EN16001 standard accelerates achieving energy savings. Since its introduction, the I.S. EN16001 model for energy management has enabled GSK to monitor, target and identify energy efficiency opportunities throughout the site. The model has put in place an energy management system that is continuously reviewed for improvement and to date has reduced GSK’s site operations cost by over 30% through technical improvements and generating energy awareness for smarter energy consumption within the GSK Cork site. Investment in I.S. EN16001 has proved to be a sound business strategy for GSK especially in today's manufacturing environment.

Raaka-aine- ja energiatehokkuuden parantaminen Oras Oy:n valimossa

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli tutkia toimintatapoja ja edellytyksiä parantaa Oras Oy:n valimon raaka-aine- ja energiatehokkuutta. Tarkastelu suoritettiin ekotehokkuusajattelun näkökulmasta. Valimon ekotehokkuutta mitattiin metallin saannon sekä valu-uunien energiatehokkuuden avulla. Tutkimustyö suoritettiin valitsemalla tarkastelun kohteeksi 20 valutuotetta. Metallin saantoa selvitettäessä punnittiin tuotteita eri työvaiheissa,jolloin saatiin selville valukanavien sekä koneistus- ja hiontavarojen osuudet valutuotteisiin panostetusta messingistä. Saantoa laskettaessa tuli myös huomioida vuosittain hylättävien tuotteiden määrät sekä messingin raaka-ainekierto kokonaisuudessaan. Valu-uunien osalta selvitettiin toiminta-ajan ja energiankulutuksen jakautuminen messingin sulattamisen ja sulan kuumanapidon kesken. Työssä tarkasteltiin, kuinka paljon metallin saantoa voitaisiin parantaa pienentämällä valukanavien ja työvarojen osuutta valoksissa sekä vähentämällähylkyjen määrää. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin muutosten vaikutuksia raaka-ainekustannuksiin sekä jätteiden määrään. Valu-uunien energiatehokkuuden parantamisen osaltatarkasteltiin käyttöasteen nostamisen eli viikoittaisen käyntiajan lisäämisen vaikutuksia energiankulutukseen ja -kustannuksiin sekä edellytyksiä pitää osa uuneista kylmänä.

Metsäteollisuuslaitoksen puuhuollon ja puutavaran tehdasmittauksen tehokkuus

Työssä pyritään kehittämään mittaristo mittauksen kohteelle, kokoamaan mittausaineisto kohteesta ja etsimään vertailukumppani sekä suorittamaan vertailu yksiköiden välillä. Työn teoriaosa rakennetaan suorituskyvyn mittauksen ja benchmarkingin periaatteista Niiden avulla kehitellään malli mittariston rakentumisesta ja vertailujen suorittamisesta Käytännön osuudessa esitellään case organisaatiot, valitaan ja arvioidaan mittareita, analysoidaan suorituskykyerojen syitä ja tehdään päätelmiä niistä. Suorituskyvyn mittaamisen periaatteita voidaan hyvin yhdistellä muihin kehittämisen työkaluihin. Käytännössä mittariston kehittäminen on laaja projekti ja vaatisi lähes aina työryhmän panoksen. Keskeisen ongelman muodostaa se, että eri yritysten välille on vaikea löytää vertailtavuutta. Vertailujen suorittaminen jäi tässä työssä ainoastaan periaatteiden varaan, koska vertailuaineistoa ei saatu analyysiin.

Assessing the Environmental Value of Water Treatment Solutions in the Mining Industry

Environmental accountability has become a major source of competitive advantage for industrial companies, because customers consider it as relevant buying criterion. However, in order to leverage their environmental responsibility, industrial suppliers have to be able to demonstrate the environmental value of their products and services, which is also the aim of Kemira, a global water chemistry company considered in this study. The aim of this thesis is to develop a tool which Kemira can use to assess the environmental value of their solutions for the customer companies in mining industry. This study answers to questions on what kinds of methods to assess environmental impacts exist, and what kind of tool could be used to assess the environmental value of Kemira’s water treatment solutions. The environmental impacts of mining activities vary greatly between different mines. Generally the major impacts include the water related issues and wastes. Energy consumption is also a significant environmental aspect. Water related issues include water consumption and impacts in water quality. There are several methods to assess environmental impacts, for example life cycle assessment, eco-efficiency tools, footprint calculations and process simulation. In addition the corresponding financial value may be estimated utilizing monetary assessment methods. Some of the industrial companies considered in the analysis of industry best practices use environmental and sustainability assessments. Based on the theoretical research and conducted interviews, an Excel based tool utilizing reference data on previous customer cases and customer specific test results was considered to be most suitable to assess the environmental value of Kemira’s solutions. The tool can be used to demonstrate the functionality of Kemira’s solutions in customers’ processes, their impacts in other process parameters and their environmental and financial aspects. In the future, the tool may be applied to fit also Kemira’s other segments, not only mining industry.

Mikro-ORC-energianmuuntimen suorituskyvyn todentaminen ja kaupallistaminen

Tässä työssä esitellään yleisesti ORC-prosessi, sen toimintaperiaate ja käyttökohteet. Työn tavoitteena oli todentaa diesel-moottorin savukaasujen lämpöenergian sähköenergiaksi muuntavan mikro-ORC-energianmuuntimen suorituskyky. Suorituskyky pyrittiin toteamaan laskemalla laboratoriomittauksista saadusta datasta koelaitoksen sähköntuotannon hyötysuhde ja vertaamalla sitä mallinnuksessa laskettuun hyötysuhteeseen. Esitys käytännöstä suorituskyvyn todentamiseen kuuluu työn sisältöön. Koelaitoksen suorituskykyä ei pystytty toteamaan turbogeneraattoriin liittyvien ongelmien vuoksi. Tarkasteltavaksi tähän työhön jäi koelaitoksen suorituskykyyn olennaisesti liittyvien laitoskomponenttien toiminta niille tyypillisten mittausdatasta laskettujen tunnuslukujen kautta. Koelaitoksella käytettyjen lämmönsiirrinten todettiin olevan kykeneviä siirtämään tarpeeksi lämpöenergiaa 130 kW jarruteholla toimivan diesel-moottorin savukaasujen lämmöstä sähköenergian tuotantoon. Laitoksen kaupallistamista tarkasteltiin asiakkaan ja valmistajan näkökulmasta. Tarkasteluun sisältyi katsaus kaupalliseen versioon kuuluvista ominaisuuksista, alihankinnasta ja säädöksistä, jotka laitoksen on täytettävä markkinoille päästäkseen.

Suorituskyvyn johtaminen metalliteollisuuden yrityksessä

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, mitkä tekijät ovat tärkeimpiä yrityksen suorituskyvyn johtamisessa metalliteollisuusyrityksessä. Tavoitteena on myös löytää tekijät, joilla henkilökunta saadaan motivoitua ja sitoutettua yrityksen toimintaan. Lisäksi tavoitteena on saada selvitettyä kohdeyrityksen suorituskyvyn johtamisen nykytila. Tutkimus on empiirinen tutkimus, jossa käytetään kvantitatiivista eli määrällistä analyysia. Tutkimuksen teoreettisessa osuudessa tarkastellaan tutkimuksen aihetta perehtymällä aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin ja kirjallisuuteen. Kohdeyrityksen nykytilan kartoituksessa käytettiin valmista SUMO-kartoitusta, joka mittaa työmotivaation ja toiminnan tehostumisen taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Suorituskyvyn menestyksellinen johtaminen metalliteollisuusyrityksessä vaatii toimivaa suorituskyvyn mittaamisjärjestelmää, jota analysoimalla pystytään tekemään päätöksiä tulevaisuuden toimenpiteistä. Suorituskyvyn mittaaminen pitäisi lisäksi kytkeä palkitsemiseen. Työntekijöiden työmotivaatioon ja sitoutumiseen voidaan vaikuttaa monella tapaa. Työmotivaatioon ja sitoutumiseen vaikuttavat työntekijöiden vaikutus- ja koulutusmahdollisuudet sekä palkitseminen, viestintä ja tavoitteet. Näiden tekijöiden luomisessa johtaminen on avainasemassa.

Contraintes vécues, idéal normatif et actions déployées en vue de transformer l’exercice de la profession infirmière en centre hospitalier : une étude exploratoire auprès d’infirmières québécoises politiquement engagées

Les changements socioéconomiques des dernières décennies ont profondément transformé le rapport qu’entretient le Québec avec ses professionnels de la santé. En ouvrant le champ à l’accumulation privée du capital dans les années 1990, se met en place au sein de la fonction publique une philosophie politique issue du monde des affaires. Dès lors, le paradigme de la gouvernance investit les hôpitaux, où exerce 65 % de l’effectif infirmier québécois. Des chercheurs ont investigué les contraintes et torts subis par les infirmières consécutivement à la restructuration du système de santé, cependant, peu d’entre eux ont tenu compte des rapports de force et des structures de pouvoir dans lesquels s’enracine le vécu des infirmières. La présente étude a pour but d’explorer les expériences vécues d’infirmières soignantes politiquement engagées qui exercent en centre hospitalier (CH), de rendre compte de l’ordre social existant au sein de cette institution, de décrire la façon dont elles aimeraient idéalement exercer et de répertorier les idées qu’elles ont et les actions qu’elles mettent en place individuellement ou collectivement de façon à favoriser la transformation de l’ordre social et de l’exercice infirmier en CH. Épistémologiquement, notre étude qualitative s’inscrit dans cette idée que la réalité est complexe, mouvante et dépendante de la perception des personnes, proposant une orientation compréhensive et contextualisée de l’action humaine et du politique; c’est ainsi que le point de vue politique des infirmières participantes est pris en compte. L’articulation des expériences vécues, de l’idéal normatif et de l’action politique des participantes est explorée suivant une perspective postmoderniste, praxéologique et dialectique issue de la théorie critique qui réfléchit non seulement sur ce qui est, mais également sur ce qui est souhaitable; une réflexion qui sous certaines conditions s’ouvre sur l’action transformatrice. Les notions de pouvoir, de rapport de force, de résistance et d’émancipation influencent notre analyse. Au terme de cette étude, les résultats indiquent la présence d’une déprofessionnalisation graduelle en faveur d’une technicisation du soin infirmier et d’une dérive autoritaire grandissante au sein des CH s’arrimant au registre sémantique de l’économie de marché à partir des notions d’efficacité, de performance et d’optimisation. Les infirmières soignantes perçues comme des « automates performants » se voient exclues des processus décisionnels, ce qui les prive de leurs libertés de s’exprimer et de se faire critiques devant ce qui a été convenu par ceux qui occupent les hautes hiérarchies du pouvoir hospitalier et qui déterminent à leur place la façon dont s’articule l’exercice infirmier. Le pouvoir disciplinaire hospitalier, par l’entremise de technologies politiques comme la surveillance continue, les représailles et la peur, la technicisation du soin et le temps supplémentaire obligatoire, concourt à la subjectivation des infirmières soignantes, en minimisant l’importance de leur jugement clinique, en affaiblissant la solidarité collective et en mettant au pas l’organisation syndicale, ce qui détournent ces infirmières de la revendication de leurs droits et idéaux d’émancipation les ramenant à une position subalterne. Nos résultats indiquent que les actions politiques que les participantes souhaitent déployer au sein des CH visent l’humanisation des soins et l’autodétermination professionnelle. Toutefois, nombre des actions répertoriées avaient pour finalité fonctionnelle la protection et la survie des infirmières au sein d’un dispositif hospitalier déshumanisant. Certaines infirmières soignantes s’objectent en conscience, déploient des actions de non-coopération individuelles et collectives, font preuve d’actes de désobéissance civile ou souhaitent agir en ce sens pour établir un rapport de force nécessaire à la prise en compte de leurs revendications par une gouvernance hospitalière qui autrement ferait la sourde oreille. Le pouvoir exercé de façon hostile par la gouvernance hospitalière doit à notre avis être contrecarré par une force infirmière collective égale ou supérieure, sans quoi les politiques qui lui sont associées continueront de leur être imposées. Le renouvellement radical de la démocratie hospitalière apparaît comme la finalité centrale vers laquelle doivent s’articuler les actions infirmières collectives qui permettront l’établissement d’un nouveau rapport de force puisque c’est à partir de celle-ci que les infirmières soignantes pourront débattre de l’orientation que doit prendre l’exercice infirmier.

Evaluating the sustainable intensification of arable farms

Sustainable Intensification (SI) of agriculture has recently received widespread political attention, in both the UK and internationally. The concept recognises the need to simultaneously raise yields, increase input use efficiency and reduce the negative environmental impacts of farming systems to secure future food production and to sustainably use the limited resources for agriculture. The objective of this paper is to outline a policy-making tool to assess SI at a farm level. Based on the method introduced by Kuosmanen and Kortelainen (2005), we use an adapted Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to consider the substitution possibilities between economic value and environmental pressures generated by farming systems in an aggregated index of Eco-Efficiency. Farm level data, specifically General Cropping Farms (GCFs) from the East Anglian River Basin Catchment (EARBC), UK were used as the basis for this analysis. The assignment of weights to environmental pressures through linear programming techniques, when optimising the relative Eco-Efficiency score, allows the identification of appropriate production technologies and practices (integrating pest management, conservation farming, precision agriculture, etc.) for each farm and therefore indicates specific improvements that can be undertaken towards SI. Results are used to suggest strategies for the integration of farming practices and environmental policies in the framework of SI of agriculture. Paths for improving the index of Eco-Efficiency and therefore reducing environmental pressures are also outlined.

Agentes Inteligentes com Foco de Atenção Afetivo em Simulações Baseadas em Agentes

Simulations based on cognitively rich agents can become a very intensive computing task, especially when the simulated environment represents a complex system. This situation becomes worse when time constraints are present. This kind of simulations would benefit from a mechanism that improves the way agents perceive and react to changes in these types of environments. In other worlds, an approach to improve the efficiency (performance and accuracy) in the decision process of autonomous agents in a simulation would be useful. In complex environments, and full of variables, it is possible that not every information available to the agent is necessary for its decision-making process, depending indeed, on the task being performed. Then, the agent would need to filter the coming perceptions in the same as we do with our attentions focus. By using a focus of attention, only the information that really matters to the agent running context are perceived (cognitively processed), which can improve the decision making process. The architecture proposed herein presents a structure for cognitive agents divided into two parts: 1) the main part contains the reasoning / planning process, knowledge and affective state of the agent, and 2) a set of behaviors that are triggered by planning in order to achieve the agent s goals. Each of these behaviors has a runtime dynamically adjustable focus of attention, adjusted according to the variation of the agent s affective state. The focus of each behavior is divided into a qualitative focus, which is responsible for the quality of the perceived data, and a quantitative focus, which is responsible for the quantity of the perceived data. Thus, the behavior will be able to filter the information sent by the agent sensors, and build a list of perceived elements containing only the information necessary to the agent, according to the context of the behavior that is currently running. Based on the human attention focus, the agent is also dotted of a affective state. The agent s affective state is based on theories of human emotion, mood and personality. This model serves as a basis for the mechanism of continuous adjustment of the agent s attention focus, both the qualitative and the quantative focus. With this mechanism, the agent can adjust its focus of attention during the execution of the behavior, in order to become more efficient in the face of environmental changes. The proposed architecture can be used in a very flexibly way. The focus of attention can work in a fixed way (neither the qualitative focus nor the quantitaive focus one changes), as well as using different combinations for the qualitative and quantitative foci variation. The architecture was built on a platform for BDI agents, but its design allows it to be used in any other type of agents, since the implementation is made only in the perception level layer of the agent. In order to evaluate the contribution proposed in this work, an extensive series of experiments were conducted on an agent-based simulation over a fire-growing scenario. In the simulations, the agents using the architecture proposed in this work are compared with similar agents (with the same reasoning model), but able to process all the information sent by the environment. Intuitively, it is expected that the omniscient agent would be more efficient, since they can handle all the possible option before taking a decision. However, the experiments showed that attention-focus based agents can be as efficient as the omniscient ones, with the advantage of being able to solve the same problems in a significantly reduced time. Thus, the experiments indicate the efficiency of the proposed architecture

Environmental management in Brazil: is it a completely competitive priority?

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)