Organizational probes : exploring playful interactions in work environment

Playfulness, with non-intrusive elements, can be considered a useful resource for enhancing social awareness and community building within work organizations. Taking inspirations from the cultural probes approach, we developed organizational probes as a set of investigation tools that could provide useful information about employees’ everyday playful experiences within their work organizations. In an academic work environment, we applied our organizational probes over a period of three weeks. Based on the collected data we developed two design concepts for playful technologies in work environments.

Engineering social awareness in work environments

A growing interest is seen for designing intelligent environments that support personally meaningful, sociable and rich everyday experiences. In this paper we describe an intelligent, large screen display called Panorama that is aimed at supporting and enhancing social awareness within an academic work environment. Panorama is not intended to provide instrumental or other productivity related information. Rather, the goal of Panorama is to enhance social awareness by providing interpersonal and rich information related to co-workers and their everyday interactions in the department. A two-phase assessment of Panorama showed to promote curiosity and interest in exploring different activities in the environment.

Artefact ecologies : supporting embodied meeting practices with distance access

Frameworks such as activity theory, distributed cognition and structuration theory, amongst others, have shown that detailed study of contextual settings where users work (or live) can help the design of interactive systems. However, these frameworks do not adequately focus on accounting for the materiality (and embodiment) of the contextual settings. Within the IST-EU funded AMIDA project (Augmented Multiparty Interaction with Distance Access) we are looking into supporting meeting practices with distance access. Meetings are inherently embodied in everyday work life and that material artefacts associated with meeting practices play a critical role in their formation. Our eventual goal is to develop a deeper understanding of the dynamic and embodied nature of meeting practices and designing technologies to support these. In this paper we introduce the notion of "artefact ecologies" as a conceptual base for understanding embodied meeting practices with distance access. Artefact ecologies refer to a system consisting of different digital and physical artefacts, people, their work practices and values and lays emphasis on the role artefacts play in embodiment, work coordination and supporting remote awareness. In the end we layout our plans for designing technologies for supporting embodied meeting practices within the AMIDA project.

Balancing organizational and professional commitments in professional service firms : the HR practices that matter

Due to their potential to positively influence sales quality and performance and reduce employee turnover in service organizations, HR practices targeting employee commitment have received considerable attention in the HRM literature in recent years. Parallel to this, there has been increasing focus on the nature of commitment, and in particular the existence of multiple commitment foci. In this paper, we examine how HR practices influence professionals' commitment to their organization, to their profession or to both organization and profession, in a qualitative study of three Danish financial investment firms. Our findings suggest that in professional service firms, HR practices encourage high levels of organizational commitment primarily and most often through their influence on professional commitment and that HR practices related to flexible work design are essential in creating balance between an employee's commitment to organization and commitment to their profession. Further, the findings suggest that these same HR practices may foster such high levels of professional commitment that labor turnover will increase when opportunities for pursuing professional goals afforded by work design are restricted.

User-led innovation in call center knowledge work

So called “knowledge work” is seen as integral to post-industrial society and, for some, information and communications technologies (ICTs) are critical enablers of the associated practices. Many still propose the technologically deterministic route of rolling out ICTs and expecting that users will, and indeed can, “download” what they know into a system that can then be used in a number of ways. This approach is usually underpinned by the predominant assumption that the system will be developed by one group (developers) and used by another group (users). In this paper, we report on an exploratory case study of the enactment of ICT supported knowledge work in a human resources contact center which illustrates the negotiable boundary between the developer and user in local level innovation processes. Drawing upon ideas from the social shaping of technology, we examine how discussions regarding producer-user relations in innovation processes require a degree of greater sophistication as we show how users often develop (or produce) technologies and work practices in situ—in this case, to enable knowledge work practices and contribute to the project of constructing the knowledge component of professional identity. Much has been made of contextualizing the user; further work is required to contextualize the developer as a user and understand the social actors in ICT innovation environments who straddle both domains

Teacher Education, School Effectiveness and Improvement : A Study of Academic and Professional Qualification on Teachers' Job Effectiveness in Nigerian Secondary Schools

This academic work begins with a compact presentation of the general background to the study, which also includes an autobiography for the interest in this research. The presentation provides readers who know little of the topic of this research and of the structure of the educational system as well as of the value given to education in Nigeria. It further concentrates on the dynamic interplay of the effect of academic and professional qualification and teachers' job effectiveness in secondary schools in Nigeria in particular, and in Africa in general. The aim of this study is to produce a systematic analysis and rich theoretical and empirical description of teachers' teaching competencies. The theoretical part comprises a comprehensive literature review that focuses on research conducted in the areas of academic and professional qualification and teachers' job effectiveness, teaching competencies, and the role of teacher education with particular emphasis on school effectiveness and improvement. This research benefits greatly from the functionalist conception of education, which is built upon two emphases: the application of the scientific method to the objective social world, and the use of an analogy between the individual 'organism' and 'society'. To this end, it offers us an opportunity to define terms systematically and to view problems as always being interrelated with other components of society. The empirical part involves describing and interpreting what educational objectives can be achieved with the help of teachers' teaching competencies in close connection to educational planning, teacher training and development, and achieving them without waste. The data used in this study were collected between 2002 and 2003 from teachers, principals, supervisors of education from the Ministry of Education and Post Primary Schools Board in the Rivers State of Nigeria (N=300). The data were collected from interviews, documents, observation, and questionnaires and were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods to strengthen the validity of the findings. The data collected were analyzed to answer the specific research questions and hypotheses posited in this study. The data analysis involved the use of multiple statistical procedures: Percentages Mean Point Value, T-test of Significance, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Cross Tabulation. The results obtained from the data analysis show that teachers require professional knowledge and professional teaching skills, as well as a broad base of general knowledge (e.g., morality, service, cultural capital, institutional survey). Above all, in order to carry out instructional processes effectively, teachers should be both academically and professionally trained. This study revealed that teachers are not however expected to have an extraordinary memory, but rather looked upon as persons capable of thinking in the right direction. This study may provide a solution to the problem of teacher education and school effectiveness in Nigeria. For this reason, I offer this treatise to anyone seriously committed in improving schools in developing countries in general and in Nigeria in particular to improve the lives of all its citizens. In particular, I write this to encourage educational planners, education policy makers, curriculum developers, principals, teachers, and students of education interested in empirical information and methods to conceptualize the issue this study has raised and to provide them with useful suggestions to help them improve secondary schooling in Nigeria. Though, multiple audiences exist for any text. For this reason, I trust that the academic community will find this piece of work a useful addition to the existing literature on school effectiveness and school improvement. Through integrating concepts from a number of disciplines, I aim to describe as holistic a representation as space could allow of the components of school effectiveness and quality improvement. A new perspective on teachers' professional competencies, which not only take into consideration the unique characteristics of the variables used in this study, but also recommend their environmental and cultural derivation. In addition, researchers should focus their attention on the ways in which both professional and non-professional teachers construct and apply their methodological competencies, such as their grouping procedures and behaviors to the schooling of students. Keywords: Professional Training, Academic Training, Professionally Qualified, Academically Qualified, Professional Qualification, Academic Qualification, Job Effectiveness, Job Efficiency, Educational Planning, Teacher Training and Development, Nigeria.

Promoting and providing expert guidance in work-intensive clinical settings

This paper discusses how expert guidance can be best provided in work intensive clinical settings. The adequacy for supporting learning in the clinical practicum for health care disciplines is often complicated by the intensive work practices in healthcare settings. Often, clinicians' work is so intense that the scope for providing close guidance for students is quite restricted. The case advanced here draws on a range of empirical work to propose how clinician-student interactions might be optimized through the provision of a clinical ccn guided learning such as demonstrating and role-modeling. These roles can contribute in essential ways to the development of learning environments where clinicians have the opportunity to facilitate the learning of others as part of their workload, and without being burdened by the requirements of teaching and assessment processes. It differs from other approaches because although clinicians partner students and provide feedback to them, clinicians are not expected to formally assess or award a grade for student performance. Assessment and remedial action, when required, is undertaken by the role of a designated clinical supervisor qualified to perform such activities. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Notes on the History of Social Work: An Examination of the Transition from Philanthropy to Professional Social Work in Ireland

The objective of the article is to examine the way in which social work in Ireland evolved from practices of philanthropy in the late 19th century to a distinct professional strategy in the present. Results: The results of archival research show that philanthropy in Ireland was provided almost exclusively by religious organizations and was constructed within a discourse of sectarianism and rivalry between the two main denominations, Catholic and Protestant, up to the 1960s. It is only in the past 30 years that social work has become firmly established as a secular strategy. Conclusions: It is concluded that although social work is now clearly distinct from voluntary and religious-based social work practices, some of its present principles and practices remain continuous with its historical antecedents.

Colaboração na formação inicial e abordagem didática da ortografia

Considerando que, na sociedade atual, o conhecimento flui incessantemente, renovando-se a cada momento, o cidadão do séc. XXI confronta-se com novos desafios que exigem o desenvolvimento de novas competências. Os recursos da web social – como os fóruns de discussão online –, gratuitos e fáceis de utilizar, permitem que os indivíduos acedam à informação, construam conhecimento, partilhem interesses e desenvolvam múltiplas competências em colaboração. Face a esta realidade, as instituições de Ensino Superior têm vindo a reconhecer que os estudantes já não se sentem confortáveis com abordagens de ensino tradicionais, em que impera a transmissão de informação, preferindo envolver-se em experiências de aprendizagem em que possam interagir com a tecnologia, pelas potencialidades que já lhe reconhecem. Procurando ir ao encontro das exigências da sociedade e do mundo do trabalho atuais, o Processo de Bolonha veio renovar os cursos de Ensino Superior, centrando-os no estudante e no desenvolvimento da autonomia e da colaboração, entre outras competências. Esta tendência vai ao encontro da reconhecida valorização da colaboração com vista à melhoria do desempenho de um grupo profissional. Também no contexto educacional se reconhece o seu contributo para o desenvolvimento profissional do professor e a operacionalização de um ensino por competências. Compete à formação de professores lançar as bases deste movimento.A formação inicial de professores do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico tem, entre outras preocupações, a de levar o futuro professor a refletir sobre princípios didáticos que informem a conceção, implementação e avaliação de estratégias e atividades que contribuam para o desenvolvimento de competências nos alunos. Entre as competências a desenvolver nas crianças a frequentar este nível de escolaridade, no que concerne à aprendizagem da língua materna, figura a competência ortográfica, indispensável a uma boa comunicação escrita. Quanto mais cedo for automatizada, mais possibilidades o aluno terá de se ocupar prioritariamente de outros aspetos mais complexos e exigentes do processo de escrita. Tendo em vista estas preocupações, desenvolvemos um estudo, com futuros professores do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico a frequentar um mestrado profissionalizante da Universidade de Aveiro, cujos objetivos de investigação eram os seguintes: i) descrever as suas representações sobre colaboração; ii) compreender a influência dessas representações na adoção de práticas colaborativas num fórum de discussão online; iii) compreender o contributo da colaboração adotada num fórum de discussão online para a construção de conhecimento didático sobre a abordagem da ortografia; iv) compreender o contributo desse conhecimento para a conceção de instrumentos didáticos sobre a abordagem da ortografia. Numa primeira fase, o estudo desenvolveu-se com dois grupos de alunos, que nele participaram em dois anos letivos distintos (2009/2010 e 2010/2011), no contexto da unidade curricular de Didática da Língua Portuguesa (inserida no plano de estudos do 1º semestre do 1º ano do Mestrado em Educação Pré- Escolar e Ensino no 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico da Universidade de Aveiro). Numa segunda fase (entre o 2º semestre do ano letivo de 2011/2012 e 1º semestre do ano letivo de 2012/2013), recolheu-se o resultado de uma intervenção didática desenvolvida por uma professora estagiária (participante na primeira fase do estudo), no âmbito da Prática Pedagógica Supervisionada, apoiada pelo Seminário de Investigação Educacional. Tratando-se de um estudo de caso, a investigação envolveu a recolha de dados através de inquérito por questionário disponibilizado online, uma reflexão individual apresentada por escrito, posts e documentos publicados num fórum de discussão online e instrumentos didáticos (planificação de aulas e relatório de estágio) elaborados pelos estudantes. Procedeu-se a uma análise de conteúdo fundamentada nos quadros teóricos e no estudo empírico.Os resultados vêm aprofundar a discussão em torno da utilização de ferramentas da web social no Ensino Superior, nomeadamente na formação inicial de professores, para desenvolver a colaboração, visando a construção de conhecimento didático, particularmente sobre a abordagem da ortografia. Por um lado, apontam para a influência de representações sobre colaboração na adoção dessa modalidade de trabalho num fórum de discussão online. Por outro, revelam a influência dessa modalidade no conhecimento didático coconstruído e apontam para uma valorização do mesmo por parte dos participantes no estudo, no momento de conceber, implementar e avaliar instrumentos didáticos. Daqui emergiram algumas sugestões pedagógico-didáticas com vista à promoção de práticas inovadoras no Ensino Superior, com recurso a ferramentas da web social, centradas na aprendizagem dos estudantes e no desenvolvimento da colaboração, particularmente na formação inicial de professores.

Academics as parents--parents as academics : a study of the integration of intellectual and child-care labours /

Discussions concerning the challenges of combining work and family are certainly not new, and still actively continue. There is, however, a silence in the related literature regarding a comprehensive description of integrating specifically university academic ~. work and family responsibilities. This silence is especially evident for men who are parents as well as academics. With the participation of 4 key informants, this qualitative research study gave voice to men and women who participate in the academic labour of a Canadian university as professors, and as graduate students, along with the parenting labour of at least 1 child under the age of7. Methodology was developed to reveal in-depth perspectives regarding the work practices employed by 4 key informants as they combined intellectual and child-care responsibilities. Multiple data collection methods included journal reflections, day time observation sessions, a focus group, and a final evaluation questionnaire. Using research findings, together with information extrapolated from Three Models of the Family (Eichler, 1997), this study also took steps toward developing a Proposed "Three Models of the University," to offer explanation for the work practices of the key informants as academics/parents, and also for future consideration in university policy formation.

Analyse des pratiques de lecture sur livres électroniques chez les étudiants universitaires

La lecture numérique prend de plus en plus de place dans l'espace global de la lecture des étudiants. Bien que les premiers systèmes de lecture numérique, communément appelés livres électroniques, datent déjà de plusieurs années, les opinions quant à leur potentiel divergent encore. Une variété de contenus universitaires numériques s’offre aujourd’hui aux étudiants, entraînant par le fait même une multiplication d'usages ainsi qu'une variété de modes de lecture. Les systèmes de lecture numérique font maintenant partie intégrante de l’environnement électronique auquel les étudiants ont accès et méritent d’être étudiés plus en profondeur. Maintes expérimentations ont été menées dans des bibliothèques publiques et dans des bibliothèques universitaires sur les livres électroniques. Des recherches ont été conduites sur leur utilisabilité et sur le degré de satisfaction des lecteurs dans le but d’en améliorer le design. Cependant, très peu d’études ont porté sur les pratiques de lecture proprement dites des universitaires (notamment les étudiants) et sur leurs perceptions de ces nouveaux systèmes de lecture. Notre recherche s’intéresse à ces aspects en étudiant deux systèmes de lecture numérique, une Tablet PC (dispositif nomade) et un système de livres-Web, NetLibrary (interface de lecture intégrée à un navigateur Web). Notre recherche étudie les pratiques de lecture des étudiants sur ces systèmes de lecture numérique. Elle est guidée par trois questions de recherche qui s’articulent autour (1) des stratégies de lecture employées par des étudiants (avant, pendant et après la lecture), (2) des éléments du système de lecture qui influencent (positivement ou négativement) le processus de lecture et (3) des perceptions des étudiants vis-à-vis la technologie du livre électronique et son apport à leur travail universitaire. Pour mener cette recherche, une approche méthodologique mixte a été retenue, utilisant trois modes de collecte de données : un questionnaire, des entrevues semi-structurées avec les étudiants ayant utilisé l’un ou l’autre des systèmes étudiés, et le prélèvement des traces de lecture laissées par les étudiants dans les systèmes, après usage. Les répondants (n=46) étaient des étudiants de l’Université de Montréal, provenant de trois départements (Bibliothéconomie & sciences de l’information, Communication et Linguistique & traduction). Près de la moitié d’entre eux (n=21) ont été interviewés. Parallèlement, les traces de lecture laissées dans les systèmes de lecture par les étudiants (annotations, surlignages, etc.) ont été prélevées et analysées. Les données des entrevues et des réponses aux questions ouvertes du questionnaire ont fait l'objet d'une analyse de contenu et un traitement statistique a été réservé aux données des questions fermées du questionnaire et des traces de lecture. Les résultats obtenus montrent que, d’une façon générale, l’objectif de lecture, la nouveauté du contenu, les habitudes de lecture de l’étudiant de même que les possibilités du système de lecture sont les éléments qui orientent le choix et l’application des stratégies de lecture. Des aides et des obstacles à la lecture ont été identifiés pour chacun des systèmes de lecture étudiés. Les aides consistent en la présence de certains éléments de la métaphore du livre papier dans le système de lecture numérique (notion de page délimitée, pagination, etc.), le dictionnaire intégré au système, et le fait que les systèmes de lecture étudiés facilitent la lecture en diagonale. Pour les obstacles, l’instrumentation de la lecture a rendu l’appropriation du texte par le lecteur difficile. De plus, la lecture numérique (donc « sur écran ») a entraîné un manque de concentration et une fatigue visuelle notamment avec NetLibrary. La Tablet PC, tout comme NetLibrary, a été perçue comme facile à utiliser mais pas toujours confortable, l’inconfort étant davantage manifeste dans NetLibrary. Les étudiants considèrent les deux systèmes de lecture comme des outils pratiques pour le travail universitaire, mais pour des raisons différentes, spécifiques à chaque système. L’évaluation globale de l’expérience de lecture numérique des répondants s’est avérée, dans l’ensemble, positive pour la Tablet PC et plutôt mitigée pour NetLibrary. Cette recherche contribue à enrichir les connaissances sur (1) la lecture numérique, notamment celle du lectorat universitaire étudiant, et (2) l’impact d’un système de lecture sur l’efficacité de la lecture, sur les lecteurs, sur l’atteinte de l’objectif de lecture, et sur les stratégies de lecture utilisées. Outre les limites de l’étude, des pistes pour des recherches futures sont présentées.

Gestão do conhecimento: os desafios da implantação de um modelo integrado : o caso ANS

A Gestão do Conhecimento vem adquirindo uma importância notória dentro das organizações, tanto públicas quanto privadas. Suas características e aplicações permeiam as discussões acadêmicas e atingem, de forma reflexiva e inovadora, as práticas de trabalho. Seu foco está na elaboração de processos sistemáticos de captura, organização e armazenamento, análise e compartilhamento do conhecimento organizacional (individual e coletivo) voltados à criação de novos conhecimentos, novos produtos, ou novos processos de trabalho. Pretende-se com este estudo levantar os desafios à implantação de um modelo de Gestão do Conhecimento na Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS), tendo como base o discurso dos principais responsáveis por criar estratégias neste sentido e por conceder os instrumentos necessários à sua implementação. Com fundamento na literatura científica sobre o tema, faz-se uma revisão conceitual de conhecimento e de Gestão do Conhecimento, buscando explicitar suas dimensões que passam pela transversalidade do conhecimento, pela aprendizagem individual e organizacional, pelo compartilhamento do conhecimento e pelos sistemas de informação. Como metodologia, optou-se por realizar uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo explicativa, desenvolvida por meio de estudo de caso, de forma a aprofundar o entendimento da realidade investigada. Os resultados das entrevistas e da análise documental possibilitaram verificar que a ANS tem adotado algumas práticas isoladas associadas à Gestão do Conhecimento. Constatou-se, no discurso, que existe uma predisposição dos gestores de conseguir maior efetividade em suas ações relativas ao compartilhamento do conhecimento e à implantação de um modelo de Gestão do Conhecimento na ANS. A pesquisa, contudo, revelou uma desarticulação institucional ocasionada por cultura hierarquizada e fragmentada, que se mostra profundamente desfavorável à um ambiente de criação e compartilhamento do conhecimento.

O leitor universitário e a construção das práticas de ler e escrever textos impressos e digitais

The construction of a mapping of the practices of reading and writing printed and digital texts, declared by graduating students from the Bachelor s degree in Science and Technology (BCT), has provided us the analysis of the course they are making in such a socio-historical moment characterized by the revolution of the post-paper. In this sense, the general objective of this research is to understand how that construction works under the point of view of those graduating students. For this, our reflection has been guided by the search of answers for some questions which have presented to us: what reading and writing conceptions BCT graduating students have; what reading and writing practices those collaborators develop; what collections they declare to have access to; what differences they declare to have between printed and digital reading and writing along the different social roles they develop; what the reader/writer identity relations of those collaborators are. To achieving the plausible answers, we have gathered a corpus composed by texts of three genres of the argument order: academic profiles (or self-portrait), opinion articles and argumentative letters. Besides, we have made semi-structured interviews and questionnaires in the online tool of the Google Docs. The methodology which supports this academic work is the qualitative research (SIGNORINI; CAVALCANTI, 1998)of ethnographic direction (THOMAS, 1993; ANDRÉ, 1995) in Applied Linguistics (CELANI, 2000; MOITA-LOPES, 2006) and the theoretical contribution comes from the bakhtinian perspective of language conception (BAKHTIN [1929] 1981); the socio-historical writing construction (LÉVY, 1996; CHARTIER, R., 1998, 2002, 2007; COSCARELLI, 2006; CHARTIER, A., 2007; ARAÚJO, 2007; COSCARELLI; RIBEIRO, 2007; XAVIER, 2009; MARCUSCHI; XAVIER, 2010); from the studies of the pedagogy of the writing (GIROUX, 1997); from the literacy studies understood as sociocultural practice, plural and situated (TFOUNI, 1988; KLEIMAN, 1995; TINOCO, 2003, 2008; OLIVEIRA; KLEIMAN, 2008), from the studies about identity in postmodernity (HALL, 2003; BAUMAN, 2005). The results of the analysis have pointed at a multiplicity of reading/writing practices of printed and digital texts developed by the BCT graduating students due to the coexistence of the modality printed and that one derived from the new mobile devices. In that multiplicity, the prevalent idea of the collaborators is that there is a continuum between printed texts and digital texts (not a dichotomy), since the option of reading/writing printed texts or digital ones is always linked to specific communication situations, which involve participants, objectives, strategies, values, (dis)advantages, besides (re)creation of discursive genres in function of the mobile devices to which those collaborators have access in the different spheres of activities that they participate. All of that has caused a deep intersection in the identity traces of college students readers/writers in the 21st century which cannot be ignored by academic formation

Cantos de bar: sociabilidades e boemia na cidade de Natal

The academic work Bar Corners: sociability and bohemia in the Natal City (1946-1960) has as objective the study of a representation of the literary bohemia in Natal in the second half of the 1940 s and 50 s, by means of analyses of the memory books and the chronicles of the newspapers A Ordem and A República. In order to have a better understanding concerning the subject, in the first chapter we try to show the transformations which have occurred in Natal and, consequently, within Natal sociability during the first half of the twentieth century. The bohemia, demonstrated in this dissertation as a way of sociability, expressed itself through the meetings in bars and the serenades. In the second chapter, the study conducted a mapping of the bohemian spaces (cafes, candy stores, bars and prostituition houses) and established the differences between these spaces. We ideated the spaces as the stage of interpersonal relations, as people went to these places in the attempt to participate of the conversation groups that were found there, choosing them according to their affinity and personal interests. The last chapter has the purpose of investigating the bohemia in Natal through the experience of the chronicler Newton Navarro, who used to roam the dark streets of Ribeira in search for open bars, extending bohemia until dawn. The intellectual activity was associated with his bohemian practices. As he frequented the marginal areas in Natal, Navarro wrote about them in the major newspapers of the city

Semiotic Analysis in the Study of Social Work

Research and professional practices have the joint aim of re-structuring the preconceived notions of reality. They both want to gain the understanding about social reality. Social workers use their professional competence in order to grasp the reality of their clients, while researchers’ pursuit is to open the secrecies of the research material. Development and research are now so intertwined and inherent in almost all professional practices that making distinctions between practising, developing and researching has become difficult and in many aspects irrelevant. Moving towards research-based practices is possible and it is easily applied within the framework of the qualitative research approach (Dominelli 2005, 235; Humphries 2005, 280). Social work can be understood as acts and speech acts crisscrossing between social workers and clients. When trying to catch the verbal and non-verbal hints of each others’ behaviour, the actors have to do a lot of interpretations in a more or less uncertain mental landscape. Our point of departure is the idea that the study of social work practices requires tools which effectively reveal the internal complexity of social work (see, for example, Adams & Dominelli & Payne 2005, 294 – 295). The boom of qualitative research methodologies in recent decades is associated with much profound the rupture in humanities, which is called the linguistic turn (Rorty 1967). The idea that language is not transparently mediating our perceptions and thoughts about reality, but on the contrary it constitutes it was new and even confusing to many social scientists. Nowadays we have got used to read research reports which have applied different branches of discursive analyses or narratologic or semiotic approaches. Although differences are sophisticated between those orientations they share the idea of the predominance of language. Despite the lively research work of today’s social work and the research-minded atmosphere of social work practice, semiotics has rarely applied in social work research. However, social work as a communicative practice concerns symbols, metaphors and all kinds of the representative structures of language. Those items are at the core of semiotics, the science of signs, and the science which examines people using signs in their mutual interaction and their endeavours to make the sense of the world they live in, their semiosis. When thinking of the practice of social work and doing the research of it, a number of interpretational levels ought to be passed before reaching the research phase in social work. First of all, social workers have to interpret their clients’ situations, which will be recorded in the files. In some very rare cases those past situations will be reflected in discussions or perhaps interviews or put under the scrutiny of some researcher in the future. Each and every new observation adds its own flavour to the mixture of meanings. Social workers have combined their observations with previous experience and professional knowledge, furthermore, the situation on hand also influences the reactions. In addition, the interpretations made by social workers over the course of their daily working routines are never limited to being part of the personal process of the social worker, but are also always inherently cultural. The work aiming at social change is defined by the presence of an initial situation, a specific goal, and the means and ways of achieving it, which are – or which should be – agreed upon by the social worker and the client in situation which is unique and at the same time socially-driven. Because of the inherent plot-based nature of social work, the practices related to it can be analysed as stories (see Dominelli 2005, 234), given, of course, that they are signifying and told by someone. The research of the practices is concentrating on impressions, perceptions, judgements, accounts, documents etc. All these multifarious elements can be scrutinized as textual corpora, but not whatever textual material. In semiotic analysis, the material studied is characterised as verbal or textual and loaded with meanings. We present a contribution of research methodology, semiotic analysis, which has to our mind at least implicitly references to the social work practices. Our examples of semiotic interpretation have been picked up from our dissertations (Laine 2005; Saurama 2002). The data are official documents from the archives of a child welfare agency and transcriptions of the interviews of shelter employees. These data can be defined as stories told by the social workers of what they have seen and felt. The official documents present only fragmentations and they are often written in passive form. (Saurama 2002, 70.) The interviews carried out in the shelters can be described as stories where the narrators are more familiar and known. The material is characterised by the interaction between the interviewer and interviewee. The levels of the story and the telling of the story become apparent when interviews or documents are examined with the use of semiotic tools. The roots of semiotic interpretation can be found in three different branches; the American pragmatism, Saussurean linguistics in Paris and the so called formalism in Moscow and Tartu; however in this paper we are engaged with the so called Parisian School of semiology which prominent figure was A. J. Greimas. The Finnish sociologists Pekka Sulkunen and Jukka Törrönen (1997a; 1997b) have further developed the ideas of Greimas in their studies on socio-semiotics, and we lean on their ideas. In semiotics social reality is conceived as a relationship between subjects, observations, and interpretations and it is seen mediated by natural language which is the most common sign system among human beings (Mounin 1985; de Saussure 2006; Sebeok 1986). Signification is an act of associating an abstract context (signified) to some physical instrument (signifier). These two elements together form the basic concept, the “sign”, which never constitutes any kind of meaning alone. The meaning will be comprised in a distinction process where signs are being related to other signs. In this chain of signs, the meaning becomes diverged from reality. (Greimas 1980, 28; Potter 1996, 70; de Saussure 2006, 46-48.) One interpretative tool is to think of speech as a surface under which deep structures – i.e. values and norms – exist (Greimas & Courtes 1982; Greimas 1987). To our mind semiotics is very much about playing with two different levels of text: the syntagmatic surface which is more or less faithful to the grammar, and the paradigmatic, semantic structure of values and norms hidden in the deeper meanings of interpretations. Semiotic analysis deals precisely with the level of meaning which exists under the surface, but the only way to reach those meanings is through the textual level, the written or spoken text. That is why the tools are needed. In our studies, we have used the semiotic square and the actant analysis. The former is based on the distinctions and the categorisations of meanings, and the latter on opening the plotting of narratives in order to reach the value structures.