La convención de Viena sobre los contratos de compraventa Internacional de mercaderías

La Convención es el resultado de los procesos de integración comercial y económica entre los Estados, lo que constituye una de las principales tendencias del orden mundial actual, y como tal requiere la formulación de principios, reglas

El asesoramiento a centros educativos : una cuestión de saber, poder e identidad.

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Vieillissement et développement au sein d'une societé pour tous les âges

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Detection of enterotoxin A in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from nutrition students

Background: Staphylococcus is a clinically important genus because of its capacity to produce enterotoxins and to cause food poisoning. Staphylococci are the most frequent microorganisms of the skin and mucosal microbiota, with an estimated 20 to 40% of individuals carrying these bacteria on their hands or nose. Since nutrition professionals are involved in the handling and preparation of foods and are possible carriers of these bacteria, the objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Staphylococcus on the hands and in the nasal fossae of undergraduate nutrition students and to determine the enterotoxigenic capacity of these microorganisms. Methods and Findings: A total of 201 strains were isolated from the hands and nose of 61 nutrition students. Of these, 180 (89.5%) were identified as coagulasenegative staphylococci and 21 (10.5%) as S. aureus. Thirty-seven (18.4%) Staphylococcus isolates were producers of enterotoxin A. Toxin production was detected in 5 (19%) of the S. aureus isolates and in 31 (17.2%) of the coagulase-negative staphylococci. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a large number of enterotoxin-producing staphylococci on the hands and nose of nutrition students and professionals involved in the handling and preparations of foods. These findings indicate the need for adequate hygiene measures to prevent food poisoning. © iMedPub.

Zooplankton distribution and migration in low-oxygen modewater eddies

The eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) features a mesopelagic oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) at approximately 300-600 m depth. Here, oxygen concentrations rarely fall below 40 µmol O2 kg-1, but are expected to decline under future projections of global warming. The recent discovery of mesoscale eddies that harbour a shallow suboxic (<5 µmol O2 kg-1) OMZ just below the mixed layer could serve to identify zooplankton groups that may be negatively or positively affected by on-going ocean deoxygenation. In spring 2014, a detailed survey of a suboxic anticyclonic modewater eddy (ACME) was carried out near the Cape Verde Ocean Observatory (CVOO), combining acoustic and optical profiling methods with stratified multinet hauls and hydrography. The multinet data revealed that the eddy was characterized by an approximately 1.5-fold increase in total area-integrated zooplankton abundance. At nighttime, when a large proportion of acoustic scatterers is ascending into the upper 150 m, a drastic reduction in mean volume backscattering (Sv, shipboard ADCP, 75kHz) within the shallow OMZ of the eddy was evident compared to the nighttime distribution outside the eddy. Acoustic scatterers were avoiding the depth range between about 85 to 120 m, where oxygen concentrations were lower than approximately 20 µmol O2 kg-1, indicating habitat compression to the oxygenated surface layer. This observation is confirmed by time-series observations of a moored ADCP (upward looking, 300kHz) during an ACME transit at the CVOO mooring in 2010. Nevertheless, part of the diurnal vertical migration (DVM) from the surface layer to the mesopelagic continued through the shallow OMZ. Based upon vertically stratified multinet hauls, Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5) and ADCP data, four strategies have been identified to be followed by zooplankton in response to the eddy OMZ: i) shallow OMZ avoidance and compression at the surface (e.g. most calanoid copepods, euphausiids), ii) migration to the shallow OMZ core during daytime, but paying O2 debt at the surface at nighttime (e.g. siphonophores, Oncaea spp., eucalanoid copepods), iii) residing in the shallow OMZ day and night (e.g. ostracods, polychaetes), and iv) DVM through the shallow OMZ from deeper oxygenated depths to the surface and back. For strategy i), ii) and iv), compression of the habitable volume in the surface may increase prey-predator encounter rates, rendering zooplankton and micronekton more vulnerable to predation and potentially making the eddy surface a foraging hotspot for higher trophic levels. With respect to long-term effects of ocean deoxygenation, we expect avoidance of the mesopelagic OMZ to set in if oxygen levels decline below approximately 20 µmol O2 kg-1. This may result in a positive feedback on the OMZ oxygen consumption rates, since zooplankton and micronekton respiration within the OMZ as well as active flux of dissolved and particulate organic matter into the OMZ will decline.

ELEMENTOS DA OBRA FREIREANA E DA TEOLOGIA DA LIBERTAÇÃO NAS DÉCADAS DE 1950 A 1970: UMA ANÁLISE COMBINADA DE SUA GÊNESE E IDENTIDADE

A presente pesquisa se propõe a analisar o contexto histórico, político, social, econômico e ideológico em que surge a pedagogia crítica de Paulo Freire e posteriormente a Teologia da Libertação, visando encontrar influências deste peculiar contexto na gênese do pensamento freireano e nas concepções dos teólogos Rubem Alves e Gustavo Gutiérrez, que foram os primeiros publicar obras sobre Teologia da Libertação, corrente teológica considerada genuinamente latino-americana. Ainda procura observar em que medida as concepções pedagógicas de Freire podem ter sido acolhidas pelos teólogos Alves e Gutiérrez em suas obras aqui analisadas. Em ambos os pensamentos encontramos a visão de valorização do ser humano e de uma práxis que busca sua libertação de sistemas opressores. Tanto em Paulo Freire como nos fundamentos desta corrente teológica se apresentam princípios humanistas e elementos da tradição cristã. A partir da ferramenta metodológica de análise do materialismo histórico dialético marxista, procura identificar temas comuns que são abordados pelos autores em suas obras surgidas entre as décadas de 1950 a 1970, detendo-se ao estudo de alguns temas subjacentes a esse contexto histórico, a saber: práxis, história, humanismo e libertação.

Révision du chapitre 3480 du manuel de l’I.C.C.A : effets de la nouvelle définition des éléments extraordinaires sur le comportement des gestionnaires canadiens

Cette étude examine l'impact de la révision du chapitre 3480 de l'I.C.C.A., survenue en décembre 1989, sur le comportement des gestionnaires des entreprises canadiennes dans le traitement des éléments extraordinaires. L'ajout d'un troisième critère à la définition, relatif à l'absence de contrôle de la direction ou de ses dirigeants dans l'appréciation des éléments extraordinaires, semble avoir pour objectif d'uniformiser la classification et la présentation des différentes composantes de l'état des résultats. Cette uniformisation permettrait potentiellement d'éliminer les manipulations comptables par l'utilisation de certains éléments extraordinaires pour lisser les bénéfices. L'analyse de trois modèles de régression, pour la première période (trois ans pré-révision) suggère que l'ancienne définition des éléments extraordinaires a permis à certains gestionnaires canadiens d'utiliser les éléments extraordinaires discrétionnaires et semi-discrétionnaires pour lisser leurs bénéfices dans le temps. Par contre, son resserrement (trois ans post-révision) a contribué à une réduction importante du nombre des éléments extraordinaires dans les états financiers. La limitation de ces éléments aux seuls événements fortuits et hors du contrôle de la direction semble enrayé les latitudes discrétionnaires observées auparavant. En outre, l'association entre la présence de lissage et les caractéristiques financières de l'entreprise (pour la première période) suggèrent que la variabilité des bénéfices ainsi que la taille sont les deux indicateurs de lissage, en ce sens qu'ils incitent les gestionnaires à lisser leurs bénéfices par l'utilisation d'éléments extraordinaires. Il ressort de cette étude que les objectifs recherchés par la révision du chapitre 3480 de l'I.C.C.A. semblent atteints. Dorénavant, les éléments extraordinaires ne peuvent plus faire l'objet de manipulations pour lisser les bénéfices.

Le créateur littéraire et la fantaisie

Le créateur littéraire et la fantaisie est le texte d’une conférence prononcée par Freud à Vienne le 6 décembre 1906 et qui a eu un certain retentissement à l’époque. Son accueil par le public ce jour-là et, le lendemain, par le grand journal viennois Die Zeit, contraste avec celui que L’Interprétation des Rêves avait reçu sept ans plus tôt1 . Après le silence, la réticence, c’est désormais la reconnaissance, le début même d’une certaine renommée. Le texte de cette conférence s’insère dans le cadre des études que Freud a lancées depuis quelques années et qu’il appelle ‘psychologie appliquée’ (angewandte Seelenkunde), auxquelles participent des gens comme Abraham, Jung, Jones, Rank et Pfister. Lui-même va bientôt publier sa Gradiva dans cette collection.

Influência da vassoura de bruxa na fenologia do cupuacuzeiro.

O cultivo do cupuaçuzeiro [Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum.] está em franca expansão na Amazônia brasileira. O principal fator limitante é a vassoura de bruxa, doença causada pela Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, cujo único controle econômico conhecido é a poda fitossanitária. A fenologia de dez cupuaçuzeiros em monocultivo, em solo Latossolo Amarelo distrófico adubado na região de Manaus, AM, foi avaliada de maio 1987 a dezembro 1990. O número de flores foi reduzido pela vassoura e pela poda, mas a duração e periodicidade da floração não foram muito afetadas. O número médio de frutos por planta caiu de 36 em 1987 para 6 em 1989, afetado pela vassoura e pela poda, tendo recuperado para 15 em 1990. A frutificação foi antecipada e sua duração reduzida em comparação ao estudo anterior, possivelmente devido à adubação e/ou ao genótipo estudado. O vingamento caiu de 1,4% em 1987 para 0,5% em 1989 e aumentou para 1,8% em 1990, sugerindo a recuperação das plantas. A brotação foliar e queda das folhas aumentaram marcadamente como resultado da influência da vassoura de bruxa em 1988 e foram reduzidas pela poda no período de 1989-90. Os fenofases não foram muito afetados pela vassoura de bruxa embora o número de flores e frutos tenham sido.