Towards a Critique of the Concept of the Right to Self-Determination in Africa : A Conceptual Examination and the Cases of Western Sahara, Southern Sudan and Eritrea

This thesis examines the right to self-determination which is a norm used for numerous purposes by multiple actors in the field of international relations, with relatively little clarity or agreement on the actual and potential meaning of the right. In international practice, however, the main focus in applying the right has been in the context of decolonization as set by the United Nations in its early decades. Thus, in Africa the right to self-determination has traditionally implied that the colonial territories, and particularly the populations within these territories, were to constitute the people who were entitled to the right. That is, self-determination by decolonization provided a framework for the construction of independent nation-states in Africa whilst other dimensions of the right remained largely or totally neglected. With the objective of assessing the scope, content, developments and interpretations of the right to self-determination in Africa, particularly with regard to the relevance of the right today, the thesis proceeds on two fundamental hypotheses. The first is that Mervyn Frost s theory of settled norms, among which he lists the right to self-determination, assumes too much. Even if the right to self-determination is a human right belonging to all peoples stipulated, inter alia, in the first Article of the 1966 International Human Rights Covenants, it is a highly politicized and context-bound right instead of being settled and observed in a way that its denial would need special justification. Still, the suggested inconsistency or non-compliance with the norm of self-determination is not intended to prove the uselessness or inappropriateness of the norm, but, on the contrary, to invite and encourage debate on the potential use and coverage of the right to self-determination. The second hypothesis is that within the concept of self-determination there are two normative dimensions. One is to do with the idea and practice of statehood, the nation and collectivity that may decide to conduct itself as an independent state. The other one is to do with self-determination as a human right, as a normative condition, to be enjoyed by people and peoples within states that supersedes state authority. These external and internal dimensions need to be seen as complementary and co-terminous, not as mutually exclusive alternatives. The thesis proceeds on the assumption that the internal dimension of the right, with human rights and democracy at its core, has not been considered as important as the external. In turn, this unbalanced and selective interpretation has managed to put the true normative purpose of the right making the world better and bringing more just polity models into a somewhat peculiar light. The right to self-determination in the African context is assessed through case studies of Western Sahara, Southern Sudan and Eritrea. The study asks what these cases say about the right to self-determination in Africa and what their lessons learnt could contribute to the understanding and relevance of the right in today s Africa. The study demonstrates that even in the context of decolonization, the application of the right to self-determination has been far from the consistent approach supposedly followed by the international community: in many respects similar colonial histories have easily led to rather different destinies. While Eritrea secured internationally recognized right to self-determination in the form of retroactive independence in 1993, international recognition of distinct Western Sahara and Southern Sudan entities is contingent on complex and problematic conditions being satisfied. Overall, it is a considerable challenge for international legality to meet empirical political reality in a meaningful way, so that the universal values attached to the norm of self-determination are not overlooked or compromised but rather reinforced in the process of implementing the right. Consequently, this thesis seeks a more comprehensive understanding of the right to self-determination with particular reference to post-colonial Africa and with an emphasis on the internal, human rights and democracy dimensions of the norm. It is considered that the right to self-determination cannot be perceived only as an inter-state issue as it is also very much an intra-state issue, including the possibility of different sub-state arrangements exercised under the right, for example, in the form of autonomy. At the same time, the option of independent statehood achieved through secession remains a mode of exercising and part of the right to self-determination. But in whatever form or way applied, the right to self-determination, as a normative instrument, should constitute and work as a norm that comprehensively brings more added value in terms of the objectives of human rights and democracy. From a normative perspective, a peoples right should not be allowed to transform and convert itself into a right of states. Finally, in light of the case studies of Western Sahara, Southern Sudan and Eritrea, the thesis suggests that our understanding of the right to self-determination should now reach beyond the post-colonial context in Africa. It appears that both the questions and answers to the most pertinent issues of self-determination in the cases studied must be increasingly sought within the postcolonial African state rather than solely in colonial history. In this vein, the right to self-determination can be seen not only as a tool for creating states but also as a way to transform the state itself from within. Any such genuinely post-colonial approach may imply a judicious reconsideration, adaptation or up-dating of the right and our understanding of it in order to render it meaningful in Africa today.

The Politics of Pulp Investment and the Brazilian Landless Movement (MST)

The Politics of Pulp Investment and the Brazilian Landless Movement (MST) The paper industry has been moving more heavily to the global South at the beginning of the 21st century. In a number of cases the rural populations of the global South have engaged in increasingly important resistance in their scuffle with the large-scale tree plantation-relying pulp investment model. The resistance had generally not yet managed to slow down Southern industrial tree plantation expansion until 2004. After all, even the MST, perhaps the strongest of the Southern movements, has limited power in comparison to the corporations pushing for plantation expansion. This thesis shows how, even against these odds, depending on the mechanisms of contention and case-specific conflict dynamics, in some cases the movements have managed to slow and even reverse plantation expansion. The thesis is based on extensive field research in the Brazilian countryside. It outlines a new theory of contentious agency promotion, emphasizing its importance in the shaping of corporate resource exploitation. The thesis includes a Qualitative Comparative Analysis of resistance influence on the economic outcomes of all (14) Brazilian large-scale pulp projects between 2004-2008. The central hypothesis of the thesis is that corporate resource exploitation can be slowed down more effectively and likely when the resistance is based on contentious agency. Contentious agency is created by the concatenation of five mutually supporting mechanisms of contention: organizing and politicizing a social movement; heterodox framing of pulp projects; protesting; networking; and embedding whilst maintaining autonomy. The findings suggest that contentious agency can slow or even reverse the expansion of industrial plantations, whereas when contentious agency promotion was inactive, fast or even unchecked plantation expansion was always the outcome. The rule applied to all the assessed 14 pulp conflict cases. The hypothesis gained strong support even in situations where corporate agency promotion was simultaneously active. In previous studies on social movements, there has been a lack of contributions that help us understand the causal mechanisms of contention influencing economic outcomes. The thesis answers to the call by merging a Polanyian analysis of the political economy with the Dynamics of Contention research program and making a case for the impact of contentious agency on capital accumulation. The research concludes that an efficient social movement can utilize mechanisms of contention to promote the potential of activism among its members and influence investment outcomes. Protesting, for example via pioneering land occupations, seemed to be particularly important. Until now, there has been no comprehensive theory on when and how contentious agency can slow down or reverse the expansion of corporate resource exploitation. The original contribution of this research is to provide such a theory, and utilize it to offer an extensive explanation on the conflicts over pulp investment in Brazil, the globalization of the paper industry, and slowing of industrial plantation expansion in the global South.

Democratic Legitimacy and the Politics of Rights : A comparative analysis of the conceptual relationship between democracy and rights in contemporary political theories

Democratic Legitimacy and the Politics of Rights is a research in normative political theory, based on comparative analysis of contemporary democratic theories, classified roughly as conventional liberal, deliberative democratic and radical democratic. Its focus is on the conceptual relationship between alternative sources of democratic legitimacy: democratic inclusion and liberal rights. The relationship between rights and democracy is studied through the following questions: are rights to be seen as external constraints to democracy or as objects of democratic decision making processes? Are individual rights threatened by public participation in politics; do constitutionally protected rights limit the inclusiveness of democratic processes? Are liberal values such as individuality, autonomy and liberty; and democratic values such as equality, inclusion and popular sovereignty mutually conflictual or supportive? Analyzing feminist critique of liberal discourse, the dissertation also raises the question about Enlightenment ideals in current political debates: are the universal norms of liberal democracy inherently dependent on the rationalist grand narratives of modernity and incompatible with the ideal of diversity? Part I of the thesis introduces the sources of democratic legitimacy as presented in the alternative democratic models. Part II analyses how the relationship between rights and democracy is theorized in them. Part III contains arguments by feminists and radical democrats against the tenets of universalist liberal democratic models and responds to that critique by partly endorsing, partly rejecting it. The central argument promoted in the thesis is that while the deconstruction of modern rationalism indicates that rights are political constructions as opposed to externally given moral constraints to politics, this insight does not delegitimize the politics of universal rights as an inherent part of democratic institutions. The research indicates that democracy and universal individual rights are mutually interdependent rather than oppositional; and that democracy is more dependent on an unconditional protection of universal individual rights when it is conceived as inclusive, participatory and plural; as opposed to robust majoritarian rule. The central concepts are: liberalism, democracy, legitimacy, deliberation, inclusion, equality, diversity, conflict, public sphere, rights, individualism, universalism and contextuality. The authors discussed are e.g. John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas, Seyla Benhabib, Iris Young, Chantal Mouffe and Stephen Holmes. The research focuses on contemporary political theory, but the more classical work of John S. Mill, Benjamin Constant, Isaiah Berlin and Hannah Arendt is also included.

Essays in Philosophical Moral Psychology

The dissertation consists of four essays and a comprehensive introduction that discusses the topics, methods, and most prominent theories of philosophical moral psychology. I distinguish three main questions: What are the essential features of moral thinking? What are the psychological conditions of moral responsibility? And finally, what are the consequences of empirical facts about human nature to normative ethics? Each of the three last articles focuses on one of these issues. The first essay and part of the introduction are dedicated to methodological questions, in particular the relationship between empirical (social) psychology and philosophy. I reject recent attempts to understand the nature of morality on the basis of empirical research. One characteristic feature of moral thinking is its practical clout: if we regard an action as morally wrong, we either refrain from doing it even against our desires and interests, or else feel shame or guilt. Moral views seem to have a conceptual connection to motivation and emotions – roughly speaking, we can’t conceive of someone genuinely disapproving an action, but nonetheless doing it without any inner motivational conflict or regret. This conceptual thesis in moral psychology is called (judgment) internalism. It implies, among other things, that psychopaths cannot make moral judgments to the extent that they are incapable of corresponding motivation and emotion, even if they might say largely the words we would expect. Is internalism true? Recently, there has been an explosion of interest in so-called experimental philosophy, which is a methodological view according to which claims about conceptual truths that appeal to our intuitions should be tested by way of surveys presented to ordinary language users. One experimental result is that the majority of people are willing to grant that psychopaths make moral judgments, which challenges internalism. In the first article, ‘The Rise and Fall of Experimental Philosophy’, I argue that these results pose no real threat to internalism, since experimental philosophy is based on a too simple conception of the relationship between language use and concepts. Only the reactions of competent users in pragmatically neutral and otherwise conducive circumstances yield evidence about conceptual truths, and such robust intuitions remain inaccessible to surveys for reasons of principle. The epistemology of folk concepts must still be based on Socratic dialogue and critical reflection, whose character and authority I discuss at the end of the paper. The internal connection between moral judgment and motivation led many metaethicists in the past century to believe along Humean lines that judgment itself consists in a pro-attitude rather than a belief. This expressivist view, as it is called these days, has far-reaching consequences in metaethics. In the second essay I argue that perhaps the most sophisticated form of contemporary expressivism, Allan Gibbard’s norm-expressivism, according to which moral judgments are decisions or contingency plans, is implausible from the perspective of the theory of action. In certain circumstances it is possible to think that something is morally required of one without deciding to do so. Morality is not a matter of the will. Instead, I sketch on the basis of Robert Brandom’s inferentialist semantics a weak form of judgment internalism, according to which the content of moral judgment is determined by a commitment to a particular kind of practical reasoning. The last two essays in the dissertation emphasize the role of mutual recognition in the development and maintenance of responsible and autonomous moral agency. I defend a compatibilist view of autonomy, according to which agents who are unable to recognize right and wrong or act accordingly are not responsible for their actions – it is not fair to praise or blame them, since they lacked the relevant capacity to do otherwise. Conversely, autonomy demands an ability to recognize reasons and act on them. But as a long tradition in German moral philosophy whose best-known contemporary representative is Axel Honneth has it, both being aware of reasons and acting on them requires also the right sort of higher-order attitudes toward the self. Without self-respect and self-confidence we remain at the mercy of external pressures, even if we have the necessary normative competence. These attitudes toward the self, in turn, are formed through mutual recognition – we value ourselves when those who we value value us. Thus, standing in the right sort of relations of recognition is indirectly necessary for autonomy and moral responsibility. Recognition and valuing are concretely manifest in actions and institutions, whose practices make possible participation on an equal footing. Seeing this opens the way for a kind of normative social criticism that is grounded in the value of freedom and automomy, but is not limited to defending negative rights. It thus offers a new way to bridge the gap between liberalism and communitarianism.

The Feminist Transformation of Bioethics : An Analysis of Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Applications in Feminist Bioethics

The purpose of this study is to examine how transformation is defining feminist bioethics and to determine the nature of this transformation. Behind the quest for transformation is core feminism and its political implications, namely, that women and other marginalized groups have been given unequal consideration in society and the sciences and that this situation is unacceptable and should be remedied. The goal of the dissertation is to determine how feminist bioethicists integrate the transformation into their respective fields and how they apply the potential of feminism to bioethical theories and practice. On a theoretical level, feminist bioethicists wish to reveal how current ways of knowing are based on inequality. Feminists pay special attention especially to communal and political contexts and to the power relations endorsed by each community. In addition, feminist bioethicists endorse relational ethics, a relational account of the self in which the interconnectedness of persons is important. On the conceptual level, feminist bioethicists work with beliefs, concepts, and practices that give us our world. As an example, I examine how feminist bioethicists have criticized and redefined the concept of autonomy. Feminist bioethicists emphasize relational autonomy, which is based on the conviction that social relationships shape moral identities and values. On the practical level, I discuss stem cell research as a test case for feminist bioethics and its ability to employ its methodologies. Analyzing these perspectives allowed me first, to compare non-feminist and feminist accounts of stem cell ethics and, second, to analyze feminist perspectives on the novel biotechnology. Along with offering a critical evaluation of the stem cell debate, the study shows that sustainable stem cell policies should be grounded on empirical knowledge about how donors perceive stem cell research and the donation process. The study indicates that feminist bioethics should develop the use of empirical bioethics, which takes the nature of ethics seriously: ethical decisions are provisional and open for further consideration. In addition, the study shows that there is another area of development in feminist bioethics: the understanding of (moral) agency. I argue that agency should be understood to mean that actions create desires.

Moral Education in the Japanese Primary School Curricular Revision at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century: Aiming at a Rich and Beautiful Kokoro

This study examines values education in Japanese schools at the beginning of the millennium. The topic was approached by asking the following three questions concerning the curricular background, the morality conveyed through textbooks and the characterization of moral education from a comparative viewpoint: 1) What role did moral education play in the curriculum revision which was initiated in 1998 and implemented in 2002? 2) What kinds of moral responsibilities and moral autonomy do the moral texts develop? 3) What does Japanese moral education look like in terms of the comparative framework? The research was based on curriculum research. Its primary empirical data consisted of the national curriculum guidelines for primary school, which were taken into use in 2002, and moral texts, Kokoro no nôto, published by the Ministry of Education in the same context. Since moral education was approached in the education reform context, the secondary research material involved some key documents of the revision process from the mid-1990s to 2003. The research material was collected during three fieldwork periods in Japan (in 2002, 2003 and 2005). The text-analysis was conducted as a theory-dependent qualitative content analysis. Japanese moral education was analyzed as a product of its own cultural tradition and societal answer to the current educational challenges. In order to understand better its character, secular moral education was reflected upon from a comparative viewpoint. The theory chosen for the comparative framework, the value realistic theory of education, represented the European rational education tradition as well as the Christian tradition of values education. Moral education, which was the most important school subject at the beginning of modern school, was eliminated from the curriculum for political reasons in a school reform after the Second World War, but has gradually regained a stronger position since then. It was reinforced particularly at the turn of millennium, when a curriculum revision attempted to respond to educational and learning problems by emphasizing qualitative and value aspects. Although the number of moral lessons and their status as a non-official-subject remained unchanged, the Ministry of Education made efforts to improve moral education by new curricular emphases, new teaching material and additional in-service training possibilities for teachers. The content of the moral texts was summarized in terms of moral responsibility in four moral areas (intrapersonal, interpersonal, natural-supranatural and societal) as follows: 1) continuous self-development, 2) caring for others, 3) awe of life and forces beyond human power, and 4) societal contribution. There was a social-societal and emotional emphasis in what was taught. Moral autonomy, which was studied from the perspectives of rational, affective and individuality development, stressed independence in action through self-discipline and responsibility more than rational self-direction. Japanese moral education can be characterized as the education of kokoro (heart) and the development of character, which arises from virtue ethics. It aims to overcome egoistic individualism by reciprocal and interdependent moral responsibility based on responsible interconnectedness.

Asiakkaana vaikeasti aivovammainen. Vammautuneen ja omaisen kokemuksia itsemääräämisoikeudesta ja osallisuudesta

Tutkielman aiheena ovat vaikeasti aivovammaisen nuoren aikuisen sekä omaisen kokemukset hyvinvointipalveluista. Hyvinvointipalveluilla tutkielmassa viitataan julkisen sektorin järjestämiin lakisääteisiin sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluihin. Itsemääräämisoikeudella tarkoitetaan tässä yhteydessä yksilön moraalista oikeutta tehdä omaan elämään liittyviä valintoja ja päätöksiä ja toteuttaa niitä. Omaisen osallisuutta lähestytään osallisuutena vammautuneen läheisen hyvinvoinnin edistämiseen palvelujärjestelmän kontekstissa. Tutkielma kuuluu vammaistutkimukseen osana sosiaalipoliittista keskustelua. Se liittyy hyvinvointipalvelujen asiakkuutta koskevaan tutkimukseen. Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana on, että kokemuksellinen tieto on tärkeää sosiaalityön toimintakäytäntöjen kehittämisen kannalta. Keskeisimmät tutkimukset tutkielman kannalta ovat Heli Valokiven (2008), Eija Jumiskon (2008) ja Anna Metterin (2004) tutkimukset. Aineiston hankintamenetelmänä tutkielmassa on käytetty puolistrukturoitua haastattelua. Tutkielmaa varten on haastateltu neljää 27 - 36 -vuotiasta nuorta aikuista. Kaikilla haastateltavilla on vaikea aivovamma. He ovat työkyvyttömyyseläkkeellä ja asuvat vaikeavammaisten palveluasumisyksikössä Etelä-Suomen alueella. Tutkielmaa varten on haastateltu neljää omaista, joista osa on haastateltujen vammautuneiden omaisia. Aineiston analyysin välineenä on käytetty fenomenologis-hermeneuttista tutkimusotetta ja tarinallista lähestymistapaa.Vaikeavammaisten palveluasumisyksikköä lähestytään tutkielmassa vammautuneen arjen sosiaalisena näyttämönä yksityisen ja julkisen tilan välimaastossa. Vaikean aivovamman saanut henkilö toteuttaa itsemääräämistään asumisen arjessa monin eri tavoin. Hän luotaa suhdettaan vammaisuuteensa ja antaa sille eri merkityksiä. Hän arvioi omaa toimijuuttaan suhteessa vammaisuuden kokemukseen. Muistivaikeuksien johdosta vammautunut voi tarvita tarinallista tukea toimijuutensa edistämiseksi. Luottamus on keskeinen voimavara vammautuneen elämässä, sillä luotetut toiset voivat tukea vammautuneen toimijuutta ja haastaa valtadiskurssien määritelmiä hänen tilanteestaan. Vaikeasti vammautuneen omaisella voi olla tärkeä rooli vammautuneen arjessa. Omaisen osallisuutta lähestytään tutkielmassa kokemuksena ja toimintana. Tutkielmassa erotetaan kolme osallisuuden kokemuksellista ja toiminnallista ulottuvuutta, jotka ovat olemassaolon kipu, taistelu ja pyrkimys tasapainoon. Omaisen toimijarooleja esitaistelijana ja hoivaajana tarkastellaan sosiaalityön ja sosiaalipolitiikan toimintaympäristöä vasten. Omainen suhteuttaa palvelujärjestelmää koskevia odotuksiaan hyvinvointivaltion lupaukseen, mutta saattaa päätyä kohtuuttomaan tilanteeseen. Omaisen institutionaalisen luottamuksen kokemusta lähestytään turvautuvan, tukeutuvan ja menetetyn luottamuksen näkökulmasta. Sosiaalityön ja sosiaalipolitiikan toimintaympäristö on muuttunut monin tavoin ja asiakkaalta odotetaan enenevässä määrin kykyjä toimia markkinoistuneessa yhteiskunnassa. Vammaispolitiikan keinoin pyritään edistämään vaikeavammaisten itsemääräämistä ja yhdenvertaisuutta. Itsemääräämisen eetos voi kuitenkin tukea jo ennestään vahvojen ja aktiivisten toimijoiden toimijuutta. Sosiaalityön haasteena on tukea heikoimmassa asemassa olevien mahdollisuuksia päättää omaa arkea koskevista asioista. Omaisen osallisuuden tukeminen voi mahdollistaa osaltaan vammautuneen itsemääräämistä arjessa. Tasapaino on kuitenkin herkkä, ja sosiaalityön ammatillisena haasteena on hakea tasapainoa asiakkaan itsemääräämisoikeuden ja omaisen osallisuuden välillä.

"Se luulo on aina paljon vaikeempaa kuin se tieto”: kokemuksia perinnöllisen sydänsairauden riskistä

Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tausta: Perinnöllisyystutkimuksen kehittymisen on katsottu johtavan siihen, että tulevaisuudessa perimää koskevalla riski-informaatiolla saattaisi olla keskeinen rooli terveydenhuollossa. Perimää koskeva riski-informaatio perustuu todennäköisyyksiin ja sen avulla saattaa olla mahdollista ennustaa tulevaa terveydentilaa ympäristöön ja käyttäytymiseen liittyvät tekijät huomioiden. Riski-informaatio voi mahdollistaa yksilöllisten terveyskäyttäytymisen muutokseen tähtäävien interventioiden räätälöimisen. Tutkimuksen kontekstissa on keskusteltu siitä, tulisiko yllättävistä, perinnölliseen riskiin viittaavista löydöksistä kertoa tutkittaville. Kertominen saattaa parhaassa tapauksessa pelastaa ihmishenkiä, mutta myös aiheuttaa huolta yksilölle ja tämän lähipiirille. Metodit ja tutkimuskysymykset: Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan 2000-luvun alkupuolella Suomessa tehtyyn laajaan terveystutkimukseen osallistuneiden kokemuksia tutkimusprosessista, jonka yhteydessä heille kerrottiin terveystutkimuksen yhteydessä havaitusta, perinnölliseen rytmihäiriöalttiuteen (pitkä QT-aika -oireyhtymä) viittaavasta geenimuutoksesta. Metodologisena lähestymistapana käytetty tulkitseva fenomenologinen analyysi (IPA) on fenomenologiaan, hermeneutiikkaan ja idiografiaan pohjaava laadullinen lähestymistapa yksilön kokemusmaailman tutkimiseen. Tutkittavien kokemusmaailman kuvauksen ja tulkinnan kautta on etsitty vastausta seuraaviin kysymyksiin: 1) Miten haastateltavat kokivat tilanteen, jossa heille kerrottiin pitkä QT-aika -oireyhtymään viittaavasta löydöksestä? 2) Millaisia kokemuksia haastateltavilla on kertomista seuranneesta ajanjaksosta ja toimenpiteistä? 3) Millaisia näkemyksiä haastateltavilla on siitä, miten perinnöllisiin sairauksiin viittaavista löydöksistä kerrottaessa tulisi toimia? Tulokset ja johtopäätökset: Haastateltavien sisäistä ja välistä kokemusmaailmaa leimaa ristiriitaisuus kaikissa aineistosta esiin nousevassa neljässä kattoteemassa: 1) ristiriitaiset kokemukset pitkä QT-aika tutkimusprosessista, 2) perimästä kertominen kontekstuaalisena kysymyksenä, 3) perimää koskevan tiedonkäsittelyn kompleksisuus ja 4) autonomia. Ristiriitaiset kokemukset pitkä QT-aika -tutkimusprosessista kertovat siitä, että vaikka valtaosa tutkittavista on tyytyväisiä tutkimusprosessiin ja kiitollinen sen kautta saadusta riski-informaatiosta, tutkimusprosessin kulkuun liittyvät seikat synnyttävät ristiriitoja yksilöiden sisäisessä kokemusmaailmassa. Sisäistä ristiriitaa kokeneet toivovat mahdollisuutta jatkoseurantaan ja lisäinformaation saamiseen esimerkiksi asiantuntijakontaktien ja perinnöllisyysneuvonnan muodossa. Epävarmaan geenitestin tuloksen odotusaikaan verrattuna geenitestin tuloksen saaminen ja perimää koskevan informaation henkilökohtaisen merkityksen ymmärtäminen vähentää huolta, mahdollistaa minäkäsitykseen kohdistuvan uhan työstämisen ja hallinnan tunteen palauttamisen, ja sen koetaan tukevan elämäntapoihin ja elämänsuunnitteluun liittyvissä valinnoissa. Kaikki haastateltavat kannattavat perimästä kertomista kontekstuaalisena kysymyksenä, johon ei ole yksiselitteistä vastausta. Kysymys siitä, miten perimästä kerrotaan, näyttää tämän tutkimuksen pohjalta olevan keskeisempi, kuin kysymys siitä, pitäisikö perimästä kertoa. Perimää koskeva tiedonkäsittelyn kompleksisuus viittaa siihen, että todennäköisyyksiin perustuvan riski-informaation käsittely on haastavaa. Autonomia ja siihen liittyvä puhe hallinnasta nousevat esiin eri konteksteissa. Sairauden perinnöllisyyden vuoksi autonomia koetaan toisinaan rajallisena, ja omat vaikutusmahdollisuudet tulevaan terveydentilaan toisaalta tunnustetaan ja toisaalta kyseenalaistetaan. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords biopankkitutkimus, riski-informaatio, perimästä kertominen, tiedonkäsittely, autonomia

El consentimiento informado en el sistema jurídico italiano actual

Resumen: La presente contribución aborda la problemática del consentimiento informado en los tratamientos médicos desde el punto de vista de la filosofía moral y el sistema jurídico italiano actual. En tal análisis pueden vislumbrarse los principales tópicos que esa problemática implica: la relación médico-paciente, los requisitos que debe reunir todo consentimiento dado por el paciente para que sea legítimo, la implicancia o no del principio de autonomía de la voluntad y la cada vez mayor ausencia de la humanización de la medicina. Un recorrido por la más reciente jurisprudencia italiana permite vislumbrar las soluciones que los tribunales han ido otorgando a tales problemáticas.

Hay autonomía municipal : el caso de la Provincia de Buenos Aires

"Luego de señalar los antecedentes hispánicos de la autonomía municipal en la historia argentina, el trabajo se ocupa de fundamentar esta autonomía a partir de la Constitución Nacional reformada en 1994 y en las correspondientes Constituciones Provinciales. Destaca que las provincias de Santa Fe, Mendoza y Buenos Aires no han consagrado todavía la autonomía municipal en sus textos constitucionales. Se plantean estos problemas: ¿Qué sucedería si un municipio de la Provincia de Buenos Aires dictara su propia carta orgánica? ¿Resultaría constitucional? ¿Constitucional respecto a qué texto constitucional? ¿Se podría, eventualmente, hablar de inconstitucionalidad por omisión en el caso de la Constitución de la Provincia de Buenos Aires en lo que se refiere a la autonomía municipal?"

Defensa de la vida física del paciente en estado terminal : entre la dignidad y la autonomía

Resumen: Proponemos un análisis crítico de los fundamentos que sustentan la llamada “Ley de Muerte Digna” incorporada en la Ley que consagra la regulación de los derechos del paciente, historia clínica, consentimiento informado, (Art. 2º, inc. “e” párr. 2º de la Ley 26.529 modificada por la Ley 26.742), que introduce en nuestro país la existencia real de un sistema eutanásico formal sin fundamentos de orden científico, éticos e incluso jurídicos. ¿Es moralmente lícito suprimir la vida del enfermo terminal?, ¿la legalización de esta práctica eutanásica es la primera piedra de una nueva “cultura” de la vida? Entendemos que la llamada “tesis de la autonomía”, fundante de la reforma legislativa en cuestión, desde una óptica Bioética personalista, merece serias objeciones bioéticas ya que puede distorsionar gravemente el ejercicio de la medicina y la relación médico paciente.

Prudentia Iuris, 1995, n° 39 (número completo)

Número especial sobre la autonomía de la ciudad de Buenos Aires

Fundamento iusfilosófico de la privacidad y del derecho subjetivo de protección de datos personales

Resumen: Es habitual que en la fundamentación de derecho de la privacidad se acuda al valor de la dignidad humana, pero cuando los autores realizan esa vinculación suelen entender a la dignidad hu - mana como justificada en la mera autonomía del sujeto. Para este punto de vista que denominamos visión moderna, en el ámbito de los derechos fundamentales existe un amplio e indefinido campo de libertad, y esta libertad es o sería el derecho básico en sí mismo, o derecho fundamental por antonomasia. Esto significa la concepción del derecho entendido bajo su faz subjetiva. El derecho como un mero poder cuyo límite está en el poder o la facultad de otro, y el Estado como arbitrador de esos poderes subjetivos en pugna. Sin embargo, los derechos fundamentales entre los que se encuentran el derecho a la intimidad y a la privacidad, el derecho al resguardo del honor y de la imagen, encuentran su justificación en lo justo objetivo y en la dignidad humana. La dignidad como un valor que da sentido se justifica cuando es entendida con una apertura a la trascendencia de la persona, y a un fin objetivo al que dicha trascendencia se encamina.

Homenagem ao Dia Internacional da Síndrome de Down

Sessão Solene realizada no Plenário da Câmara dos Deputados, por iniciativa da Comissão de Legislação Participativa, em homenagem ao Dia Internacional da Síndrome de Down, comemorado no dia 21 de março, e que em 2010 teve como lema "Inclusão para Autonomia".

As ordens executivas nos Estados Unidos

Aborda a utilização, pelos presidentes dos Estados Unidos, das ordens executivas, instrumento político semelhante às medidas provisórias no Brasil. Apresenta estudo de caso sobre políticas ambientais nos Estados Unidos entre 1969 e 2001. Sugere que "...as ordens executivas devem ser analisadas à luz de seu impacto na base de apoio do presidente".