Effect of management strategies on the performance of ruminant livestock production systems and the safety of plant and animal products in the city of Sikasso, Mali

The regional population growth in West Africa, and especially its urban centers, will bring about new and critical challenges for urban development policy, especially in terms of ensuring food security and providing employment for the growing population. (Peri-) urban livestock and vegetable production systems, which can contribute significantly to these endeavours, are limited by various constraints, amongst them limited access to expensive production factors and their (in)efficient use. To achieve sustainable production systems with low consumer health risks, that can meet the urban increased demand, this doctoral thesis determined nutrient use efficiencies in representative (peri-) urban livestock production systems in three West African cities, and investigated potential health risks for consumers ensuing from there. The field study, which was conducted during July 2007 to December 2009, undertook a comparative analysis of (peri-) urban livestock production strategies across 210 livestock keeping households (HH) in the three West African cities of Kano/Nigeria (84 HH), Bobo Dioulasso/Burkina Faso (63 HH) and Sikasso/Mali (63 HH). These livestock enterprises were belonging to the following three farm types: commercial gardening plus field crops and livestock (cGCL; 88 HH), commercial livestock plus subsistence field cropping (cLsC; 109 HH) and commercial gardening plus semi-commercial livestock (cGscL; 13 HH) which had been classified in a preceding study; they represented the diversity of (peri-) urban livestock production systems in West Africa. In the study on the efficiency of ruminant livestock production, lactating cowsand sheep herd units were differentiated based on whether feed supplements were offered to the animals at the homestead (Go: grazing only; Gsf: mainly grazing plus some supplement feeding). Inflows and outflows of nutrients were quantified in these herds during 18 months, and the effects of seasonal variations in nutrient availability on animals’ productivity and reproductive performance was determined in Sikasso. To assess the safety of animal products and vegetables, contamination sources of irrigated lettuce and milk with microbiological contaminants, and of tomato and cabbage with pesticide residues in (peri-) urban agriculture systems of Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso were characterized at three occasions in 2009. Samples of irrigation water, organic fertilizer and ix lettuce were collected in 6 gardens, and samples of cabbage and tomato in 12 gardens; raw and curdled milk were sampled in 6 dairy herds. Information on health risks for consumers of such foodstuffs was obtained from 11 health centers in Sikasso. In (peri-) urban livestock production systems, sheep and goats dominated (P<0.001) in Kano compared to Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso, while cattle and poultry were more frequent (P<0.001) in Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso than in Kano. Across cities, ruminant feeding relied on grazing and homestead supplementation with fresh grasses, crop residues, cereal brans and cotton seed cake; cereal grains and brans were the major ingredients of poultry feeds. There was little association of gardens and livestock; likewise field cropping and livestock were rarely integrated. No relation existed between the education of the HH head and the adoption of improved management practices (P>0.05), but the proportion of HH heads with a long-term experience in (peri-) urban agriculture was higher in Kano and in Bobo Dioulasso than in Sikasso (P<0.001). Cattle and sheep fetched highest market prices in Kano; unit prices for goats and chicken were highest in Sikasso. Animal inflow, outflow and dairy herd growth rates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the Gsf than in the Go cattle herds. Maize bran and cottonseed expeller were the main feeds offered to Gsf cows as dry-season supplement, while Gsf sheep received maize bran, fresh grasses and cowpea pods. The short periodic transhumance of Go dairy cows help them maintaining their live weight, whereas Gsf cows lost weight during the dry season despite supplement feeding at a rate of 1506 g dry matter per cow and day, resulting in low productivity and reproductive performance. The daily live weight gains of calves and lambs, respectively, were low and not significantly different between the Go and the Gsf system. However, the average live weight gains of lambs were significantly higher in the dry season (P<0.05) than in the rainy season because of the high pressure of gastrointestinal parasites and of Trypanosoma sp. In consequence, 47% of the sheep leaving the Go and Gsf herds died due to diseases during the study period. Thermo-tolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli contamination levels of irrigation water significantly exceeded WHO recommendations for the unrestricted irrigation of vegetables consumed raw. Microbial contamination levels of lettuce at the farm gate and the market place in Bobo Dioulasso and at the farm gate in Sikasso were higher than at the market place in Sikasso (P<0.05). Pesticide residues were detected in only one cabbage and one tomato sample and were below the maximum residue limit for consumption. Counts of thermo-tolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli were higher in curdled than in raw milk (P<0.05). From 2006 to x 2009, cases of diarrhea/vomiting and typhoid fever had increased by 11% and 48%, respectively, in Sikasso. For ensuring economically successful and ecologically viable (peri-) urban livestock husbandry and food safety of (peri-) urban foodstuffs of animal and plant origin, the dissemination and adoption of improved feeding practices, livestock healthcare and dung management are key. In addition, measures fostering the safety of animal products and vegetables including the appropriate use of wastewater in (peri-) urban agriculture, restriction to approve vegetable pesticides and the respect of their latency periods, and passing and enforcement of safety laws is required. Finally, the incorporation of environmentally sound (peri-) urban agriculture in urban planning by policy makers, public and private extension agencies and the urban farmers themselves is of utmost importance. To enable an efficient (peri-) urban livestock production in the future, research should concentrate on cost-effective feeding systems that allow meeting the animals’ requirement for production and reproduction. Thereby focus should be laid on the use of crop-residues and leguminous forages. The improvement of the milk production potential through crossbreeding of local cattle breeds with exotic breeds known for their high milk yield might be an accompanying option, but it needs careful supervision to prevent the loss of the local trypanotolerant purebreds.

Is export orientation a major motivator for the adoption of food safety systems in the Turkish dried fig firms?

Food safety management systems (FSMSs) and the scrutinisation of the food safety practices that are intended for adoption on the firm level both offer strategic value to the dried fig sector. This study aims to prove the hypothesis that export orientation is a major motivating force for the adoption of food safety systems in the Turkish dried fig firms. Data were obtained from 91 dried fig firms located in Aydin, Turkey. Interviews were carried out with firms’ managers/owners using a face-to-face questionnaire designed from May to August of 2010. While 36.3 percent of the interviewed firms had adopted one or more systems, the rest had no certification. A binomial logistic econometric model was employed. The parameters that influenced this decision included contractual agreements with other firms, implementation of good practices by the dried fig farmers, export orientation and cost-benefit ratio. Interestingly, the rest of the indicators employed had no statistically significant effect on adoption behaviour. This paper focusses on the export orientation parameter directly in order to test the validity of the main research hypothesis. The estimated marginal effect suggests that when dried fig firms are export-oriented, the probability that these firms will adopt food safety systems goes up by 39.5 percent. This rate was the first range observed among all the marginal probability values obtained and thus verified the hypothesis that export orientation is a major motivator for the adoption of food safety systems in the Turkish dried fig firms.

Modeling Stock Order Flows and Learning Market-Making from Data

Stock markets employ specialized traders, market-makers, designed to provide liquidity and volume to the market by constantly supplying both supply and demand. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel method for modeling the market as a dynamic system and a reinforcement learning algorithm that learns profitable market-making strategies when run on this model. The sequence of buys and sells for a particular stock, the order flow, we model as an Input-Output Hidden Markov Model fit to historical data. When combined with the dynamics of the order book, this creates a highly non-linear and difficult dynamic system. Our reinforcement learning algorithm, based on likelihood ratios, is run on this partially-observable environment. We demonstrate learning results for two separate real stocks.

The Complexity of Safety Stock Placement in General-Network Supply Chains

We consider the optimization problem of safety stock placement in a supply chain, as formulated in [1]. We prove that this problem is NP-Hard for supply chains modeled as general acyclic networks. Thus, we do not expect to find a polynomial-time algorithm for safety stock placement for a general-network supply chain.

A compositional statistical analysis of capital stock

Most of economic literature has presented its analysis under the assumption of homogeneous capital stock. However, capital composition differs across countries. What has been the pattern of capital composition associated with World economies? We make an exploratory statistical analysis based on compositional data transformed by Aitchinson logratio transformations and we use tools for visualizing and measuring statistical estimators of association among the components. The goal is to detect distinctive patterns in the composition. As initial findings could be cited that: 1. Sectorial components behaved in a correlated way, building industries on one side and , in a less clear view, equipment industries on the other. 2. Full sample estimation shows a negative correlation between durable goods component and other buildings component and between transportation and building industries components. 3. Countries with zeros in some components are mainly low income countries at the bottom of the income category and behaved in a extreme way distorting main results observed in the full sample. 4. After removing these extreme cases, conclusions seem not very sensitive to the presence of another isolated cases

Evaluation of five guidelines for option development in multiple-choice item-writing. 'Evaluaci??n de cinco directrices para la construcci??n de opciones en ??tems de elecci??n m??ltiple'

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Exercise sheet 1 pdf

Exercises and solutions in PDF

Exercise sheet 1

Exercises and solutions in LaTex

Efectos reglamentarios y jurisdiccionales del derecho comunitario Andino sobre el derecho administrativo colombiano

Este trabajo se soporta sobre una base conformada por dos conceptos, que constituyen el horizonte contextual de la investigación: Derecho Administrativo y Comunidad de integración. Es claro que al hablar de una Comunidad de integración específica como la Comunidad Andina (CAN), incide de forma directa en la actividad del derecho administrativo.Ha sido necesario que los países que conforman los grupos de integración económica cedan parte de sus competencias para crear un ordenamiento jurídico de orden supranacional, el cual modifica la dinámica social de las relaciones comerciales y afecta la estructura de la administración pública, haciendo que el derecho administrativo no se limite a interactuar solo con derecho nacional. Esta mutua dependencia de las políticas internas y las regionales se realiza, entonces, cada vez que existe participación y compromiso de los Estados frente a las decisiones, de carácter vinculante o no. En esa medida surge el problema de investigación tendiente a esclarecer cómo ha sido la adopción de las decisiones e interpretaciones, emanadas de los mecanismos oficiales del Derecho Comunitario Andino, en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano. La existencia de varios puntos de vista con respecto a la obligatoriedad o no de dicha adopción, moldea un tema de suficiente amplitud y profundidad para ser estudiado en un trabajo de investigación.

Modelo telegráfico de valoración de opciones

En este trabajo construimos un modelo de mercado financiero basado en un proceso telegráfico más un proceso de saltos para la valoración de opciones Europeas. Vamos a asumir que el tamaño de los saltos es constante y después que es aleatorio, en ambos casos estos saltos ocurren cuando la tendencia del mercado cambia. Estos modelos capturan la dinámica del mercado en periodos con presencia de ciclos financieros. Mostraremos la estructura del conjunto de medidas neutrales al riesgo, además, de fórmulas explícitas para los precios de las opciones Europeas de venta y compra.

Una aproximación hacia el estudio de la logistica en Colombia

El manejo de la cadena de abastecimiento se ha convertido en uno de los factores más importantes para el éxito en el mundo de los negocios actuales. El análisis de los indicadores de la cadena de abastecimiento como el LPI, han demostrado que un mejor desempeño en la logística está fuertemente asociado con expansión del comercio, diversificaciones en las exportaciones, habilidades para atraer inversión extranjera y crecimiento económico. El uso de la logística y la producción, es un concepto que ha evolucionado en diversos países, en diferentes etapas dependiendo de la adopción del concepto. Los países del primer mundo tuvieron la oportunidad de implementar la cadena de suministro a muchos de sus negocios gracias a los recursos económicos que disponen para desarrollo, investigación y procesos de innovación. Colombia ha demostrado lo importante que es la cadena de suministro, por muchos años no fue su foco de crecimiento, pero con la globalización y los cambios que ha tenido la economía y las empresas, ha demostrado que puede implementarla y puede volver poco a poco sus empresas eficientes.

El sistema multifondos de pensiones colombiano bajo las nuevas teorías del comportamiento financiero

En Colombia, después de casi dos décadas de la creación del régimen de cuentas privadas, se implementó una reforma donde se pasa de un sistema con un unico fondo a uno multifondos. Este tipo de reformas se vienen implementando en diferentes paises europeos y de Latino America. A la luz de las teorías clásicas dicha reforma trae mejoras en el bienestar de los individuos; sin embargo, la literatura sobre las nuevas teorías del comportamiento sugiere que los individuos no siempre toman decisiones que están de acuerdo con los supuestos de las teorías clásicas. Este trabajo estudia esta reforma en Colombia bajo algunas de las teorías del comportamiento financiero. Se encuentra que aún cuando el afiliado se quede en la opción default , o actúe con aversión a la pérdida, va a obtener valores en sus cuentas privadas mayores a las que obtendría con un sistema de un único fondo.

El sistema multifondos de pensiones colombiano bajo las nuevas teorías del comportamiento financiero

En Colombia, después de casi dos décadas de la creación del régimen de cuentas privadas, se implementó una reforma donde se pasa de un sistema con un único fondo a uno multifondos. Este tipo de reformas se vienen implementando en diferentes países europeos y de Latino América. A la luz de las teorías clásicas dicha reforma trae mejoras en el bienestar de los individuos; sin embargo, la literatura sobre las nuevas teorías del comportamiento sugiere que los individuos no siempre toman decisiones que están de acuerdo con los supuestos de las teorías clásicas. Este trabajo estudia esta reforma en Colombia bajo algunas de las teorías del comportamiento financiero. Se encuentra que aún cuando el afiliado se quede en la opción default , o actúe con aversión a la pérdida, va a obtener valores en sus cuentas privadas mayores a las que obtendría con un sistema de un único fondo.

Análisis del sector de energía eléctrica colombiano y regional-negociación de energía eléctrica CEMEX Colombia SA

En el área de Abastecimiento de CEMEX COLOMBIA SA se encuentra el foco de las negociaciones con proveedores de la empresa. Es en esta área donde se realizan contratos a largo plazo con las empresas que suministran los insumos vitales para la producción de cemento y concreto. Uno de estos insumos es la energía eléctrica. Necesaria en todo proceso productivo, la energía eléctrica se convierte, entonces, en una de las negociaciones más críticas para la empresa teniendo en cuenta el impacto en la operación y en el gasto. De igual forma, toda negociación requiere de un estudio riguroso previo por medio del cual se llegue a una postura informada al momento de negociar. Es así como CEMEX COLOMBIA SA, a través de sus negociadores, se prepara investigando el mercado nacional y regional de energía eléctrica, sus variables influyentes y las proyecciones de desarrollo. Luego de esta investigación y del análisis del sector, CEMEX COLOMBIA SA asume una posición firme en la que sabe que los planes de expansión y el desarrollo esperado del sector plantean un mercado con capacidad instalada suficiente para el suministro de energía hasta 2017. De esta manera, se cierra un contrato a dos años con Emgesa, filial de la multinacional española Endesa.