Eutanásia ativa

Euthanasia, especially the active one, has always been an extremely discussed subject, which goes further pure dogmatics and transcends the strictly legal field. A reflection about such issue makes us re-think on what it implies for all the involved without ever loosing sight of the fact that admitting a legalization is, in a legal system as ours, to admit the lack of punishment of an homicide act or an assistance to suicide. However, burying in mind the foreign experiences, isn’t there a possibility of working on a path that respects both the basis of our legal system and the rest of the interests involved? And what interests would those be? How to admit such a path? Based on what assumptions? The present study proposes a discovery of paths and not the search for dead ends, creating definitive answers. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the existing structure of the Portuguese legal system on these matters, in a path that is until now mostly in favour of punishment, based on homicide or assisted suicide crimes. Along with the Portuguese dynamic, we want to analyse legal systems that opted by decriminalization and, based on those experiences, shared with our legal culture, scan the viability of a decriminalization procedure. What paths would be viable for such a decriminalization in Portuguese criminal territory? The scope is only to open the eyes of who always wanted to keep them shut, or to who just never tried to open them, because at the end of the day it will always be a discussion that we want to keep light up, since that what we are here discussing is life. We want discussion, not imposition.

A violência associada ao desporto

This essay deals with the juridical problems related with violence associated with sports. Begining with an historical analysis of the violent situations, with brief sociological references, we’ll try to reach conclusions regarding the evolution of the phenomenon. A brief reference to comparative law studies will help us understand the measures taken by the portuguese legislator, focusing on a critical analysis of that legislation, on it’s repressive and preventive quality

"A reserva ecológica nacional e a sua importância para o ordenamento do território"

This work primarily aims to investigate the ambiguity between the right to build and the need to preserve nature through one of its instruments: the National Ecological Reserve. In both national and international political effort, forced by increasing ecological awareness of the society were being created regulations for environmental problemsolving frameworks. This significant increase in provisions, that regulated the environment and spatial territory, are directly related to the objectives of the European community. In a year when the soil policy has changed, it is important to review the priorities of regional planning in the face of environmental policies. REN is a restriction of public utility that, among other things, aims to define and integrate diverse areas of our territory which by their structure are essential to the ecological stability of the environment. Going through a historical study of the various regimes that regulated REN, the present work aims to inform the understanding of the concept REN, exposing its objectives and form of delimitation of integrated areas, in order to answer questions about the nature of this institute. It were related to all regulations governing the ecological reserves and land, namely Scheme for Conservation of Nature and Biodiversity; Natura 2000, the National Agricultural Reserve, the Law of the ownership of water resources and water, and the RJIGT RJUE, checking to its compatibility with REN. Through a literature review regarding the jurisprudence of national courts applying the doctrine, analysis of legal regimes, analysis of maps depicting the REN, we carried out a qualitative assessment of the trend and legal effect of REN in protecting populations and environment. Therefore we will work with this reflect on the existing environment awareness in our society and its problems in the management of natural resources.

Produção de resíduos hospitalares na prestação de cuidados domiciliários

RESUMO - Os resíduos hospitalares (RH) perigosos — Grupos III e IV — produzidos na prestação de cuidados domiciliários (CD), dada a sua composição, infecciosidade, toxicidade, mobilidade e persistência, constituem um perigo relevante. A exposição a estes resíduos traduz-se num risco importante para os profissionais de saúde, doentes e seus familiares. Dado que em muitas situações estes resíduos ficam no domicílio dos doentes, sendo posteriormente depositados nos contentores camarários, o risco é alargado ao público em geral, aos catadores e aos profissionais de recolha de resíduos sólidos urbanos dos municípios. Através de um estudo observacional, transversal, com componente analítica, da produção de RH pretende-se determinar e caracterizar os quantitativos dos Grupos III e IV produzidos na prestação de CD em 2003 no concelho da Amadora, identificando também o seu destino final. Utiliza- se uma amostra aleatória do universo de doentes submetidos a tratamento domiciliário em 2003 e efectua-se a análise da associação estatística das variáveis peso do Grupo III e peso do Grupo IV com as variáveis relativas às características do doente (sexo, idade e doença), do tratamento (duração e periodicidade) e sazonais (época do ano). A média do peso produzido dos RH por acto prestado é de 213,1 g para o Grupo III e de 3,8 g para o Grupo IV. Estima--se uma produção de RH do Grupo III na prestação de CD, em 2003, no concelho da Amadora entre 8,8 e 11,4 t e para os RH do Grupo IV um valor de 10,2 kg. Verifica-se que, por acto prestado, a produção média de resíduos do Grupo III é maior nos doentes mais idosos, nas úlceras varicosas, no pé diabético, na escara de pressão, nas situações de maior duração do tratamento e nos doentes submetidos a três tratamentos por semana. Também por acto prestado, a produção média de RH do Grupo IV é maior nos doentes mais novos, na patologia osteo-articular, na infecção, no acidente, no pós-operatório, nas situações de menor duração do tratamento e nos doentes submetidos a seis tratamentos por semana (o que está relacionado com as patologias em causa). As produções médias, por acto prestado, de ambos os grupos não apresentam relação com as variáveis idade e época do ano. Todos os RH produzidos nos actos prestados em CD, em 2003, no concelho da Amadora foram depositados nos contentores municipais. Recomendam-se acções de formação e de informação dirigidas aos profissionais de saúde e ao público em geral, a criação de condições para que os RH produzidos nos CD sejam transportados, em condições adequadas, para os centros de saúde e uma articulação entre os órgãos de gestão dos centros de saúde, a autarquia, os operadores de gestão de RH e os serviços de saúde pública no sentido de serem encontradas soluções apropriadas e inovadoras relativamente à gestão dos RH produzidos na prestação de CD.

Avaliação de risco de operação em armazém robotizado

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a realização de uma análise e avaliação de riscos (AAR) de um armazém robotizado na empresa Inapa, para a qual esta avaliação era sentida como uma necessidade urgente. Para a realização do estudo foram aplicadas duas ferramentas de análise e avaliação de riscos. A primeira, de “banda larga”, foi a metodologia Análise dos Desvios utilizada para fazer um varrimento geral dos perigos, isto é, abrangendo a vertente de risco ocupacional, mais especificamente os riscos inerentes às tarefas de manutenção, e também a vertente de risco operacional ou seja o risco intrínseco aos equipamentos e instalações. Posteriormente foi aplicado a metodologia FMECA (Failure Mode and Effects and Criticality Analysis), para uma análise mais específica ao risco de operação, e deste modo complementar a metodologia de análise dos desvios. Em conjunto com as metodologias Análise dos Desvios e FMECA foi adotada a matriz BS 8800:2004 para a valoração do risco ocupacional, tendo sido desenvolvida intencionalmente uma matriz de risco direcionada para a operação do armazém robotizado na Inapa. A aplicação das duas metodologias revelou-se essencial, para identificação de um maior número de riscos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar os perigos e situações perigosas que apresentam maior risco para o trabalhador e para a instalação. Na vertente do risco ocupacional, verificou-se que as situações com risco mais elevado para os operadores, quer em termos de frequência, quer em termos de consequência grave são as paletes partidas por baixo e as deficiências de formação em segurança. Relativamente ao risco operacional foram identificados diversos riscos considerados como elevados pelas metodologias aplicadas. A consequência mais grave é a paragem total e prolongada do armazém robotizado, que por sua vez está associado a múltiplos fatores de risco. Do ponto vista geral deste sistema (armazém robotizado) é prioritário implementar um procedimento de registo de avarias e custos. Como consequência da análise realizada apresentam-se propostas de melhoria de modo a incrementar o desempenho do sistema. Para algumas dessas medidas foi feita uma análise do tipo custo-benefício para verificar se o investimento é excessivamente avultado para o benefício que trazem.

A harmonização fiscal europeia

With this dissertation we aim to analyze the most relevant aspects of the excise duties harmonized regime, considering Community origins, but having also in attention all legal specifications of its implementation in Portugal. The legal regime of excise duties is presented as an ambitious theme, considering the challenge of different branches of law that influence this subject, such as Tax, Economic and Community laws, the inescapable influence of customs procedures, or regarding environmental objectives. In the European context, the harmonization of excise duties was seen as a condition for the implementation of the internal market, contributing to undo secular tax barriers between Member States and, since so, ensure fair competition and free movement of services and goods. Along with VAT, the excise duties harmonization process could represent a potential European tax system, essential for a full and integrated single market. In this context, it is essential to pay special attention to specific characteristics of excise duties regime, such as ‘duty suspension arrangement’ applicable during the production phase, storage and movement in certain conditions. The growing importance of excise duties, as for revenue or extra-fiscal purposes, recommends new academic studies on this subject, seeking new opportunities and challenges.

Processo especial de revitalização

The following report aims to present the internship developed under the Master in Legal Sciences Business in the Legal Affairs management of Caixa Geral de Depósitos S.A. Activities were developed in the field of Banking Law, focusing on the Special Revitalization Process. The aim of these activities was to promote the construction of a study that, apart from its doctrinal and jurisprudential research, also excels in the practical adequacy of the regime lectured. The revitalizing effectiveness of the Special Revitalization Process is erected in the Article 17-E, nº 1, which establishes a series of procedural – stand still effects - which aim to allow the debtor "breathing space", ie, a period during which creditors are prevented from setting up "actions for debt collection" against him, suspending the pending actions with identical purposes. Therefore, this report essentially studies these effects, considering "actions in debt collection" executive actions that are intended to recover a debt of any kind, including anticipatory precautionary procedures of an action of this nature. In addition, it is necessary to set boundaries temporally and subjectively to the standstill period, understanding that this period should be extended beyond the legally established period, in order to preserve the ratio of the process, concretely, until the recovery plan effects. In turn, we understand that the standstill effects only apply to the established material in connection with the debtor, remaining the rights of creditors unaffected over the ones of the guarantors and debtors.

Relatório de estágio curricular realizado na Comissão Nacional de Protecção de Dados

The personal data protection is presented as an indisputably complex and transversal subject and gives an account of this report, a result of curricular internship at the Portuguese Commission for Data Protection. The Commission is the competent authority for the control and supervision of personal data processing. The subject around which this report was prepared is the protection of personal data, analyzed in several aspects. The protection of personal data is, for some time, a topic that raises many concerns, because it is closely linked to fundamental rights constitutionally protected. Fundamental rights inherent in each of us are a result of Article 1 of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, in the sense that the dignity of the human person is affirmed as the first value around which the Portuguese legal system will have to be based. In other words, is the dignity of the human person the highest value in the Portuguese legal system. Was the development of societies to the point that we know today that has led to the importance to the personal data of citizens. In modern societies, it is possible to know everything about everyone and the curiosity of others seems not to worry about the injuries that affect the rights of citizens. Where new technologies make excuses for the excessive processing of personal data and where subjects do not seem to bother about their personal data crossing the world, it is important that jurisdictions give value the protection of personal data and the implications of its misuse, in that as these are the mirror of identity each of us and can be used against their owners, causing irreparable damage to the their fundamental rights. Being understood as protection of personal data the possibility of each citizen to decide the use of their data and how they can be used, we can say that its protection depends essentially on each of us, as holders of personal data. Therefore, the protection of our data begins in ourselves.

Guarda prisional: força de segurança ou agente responsabilizador?

A permanently changing occidental society framework, simultaneously, to a world Globalization and a market liberalization, requires to know how important and which role the agents plays, in Estates representation, to guarantee their own intern security. Portugal is an example of that since has been integrated in European and world politics that allowed the borders opening, with all the negative consequences of that kind of measures. In way to struggle with those debilities emerge, in our Juridical Order, several security forces such as Prison Guards Corporation, whose contribute to intern security seems undefined and confuse, being urgent legislation in way to describe and clearly define their goals and functions. We begin with a brief history view to understand the evolution, focusing on the present moment, correlate several laws in way to clarify their juridical situation. Using a own critical sense, it draws attention to legislation lack problem in opposition to the conclusion that, Prison Guards Corporation is a security force with specialized expertise in matter and territory fields. Their activity occurs, generally, in penitentiaries where people see themselves without their freedom, legally determinated and confined to places as other individuals with deviant behaviors that deserve society refutation, establishing a separation period having rehabilitation as a goal – it is called general and special prevention. Penitentiaries specificities requires specially police force because penitentiaries are places where tensions are often, both between inmates and against employees, above all prison guards, the first to struggle inmates daily frustrations. In way that institutions achieve their purpose, it is necessary that citizens respect all the rules, although, to their efficacy is necessary to inflict punishment to those who did not respect the rules. Furthermore, it will be indispensable to act immediately in situations as impeding runaway helping, illegally standing in jail and to avoid violent acts against personal and patrimonial belongings. Juridical Order has a few security tools that are available to administration, in which is included coercive methods, that as damaging to citizens in whom they are use, are restricted, unavoidably, to inflexible control rules. Concluding, Prison Guards and Penitentiaries General Direction last goal is to give back recovered inmates to society, in a way to conduct their lives responsibly, without committing crimes.

Nacionalidade originária e por naturalização

The object of this dissertation is to study the law of nationality in two countries: Portugal and Brazil. For this, it is necessary to think back on the traditional criteria for granting nationality, jus soli and jus sanguinis, and the nature of the applicability of the same rights in both countries. The ultimate goal involves the connection between these two points, making a comparison between both legal systems, as well as an analysis of the interests underlying these standards, applying the relationships between these interests and their own rules, in an attempt to understand the problems raise these laws.

Cessão da garantia bancária autónoma

La cession de la garantie bancaire autonome, est sans doute un aspect de la plus grande pertinence pour le cessionnaire d'un crédit accordé, c’est un autre moyen que le commerce, «máxime», le commerce international met à ses exploitantes ou ses operateurs pour obtenir de la liquidité. Nous espérons avec ce travail, d'analyser l'applicabilité de la garantie bancaire autonome, en partant du principe selon lequel en cas de transfert de crédit, les respectives garanties et autres accessoires également se transmettent. Basé sur la doctrine internationale, notamment italienne et portugaise, nous avons l'intention de parvenir à une solution que permet une application correcte de l'institut concerné, dans le cadre droit Santoméen, c'est à dire, c'est qui permet au cessionnaire d'une créance de protéger, effectivement, ses intérêts légitimes.

Kixikila - um contrato de financiamento informal

The purpose of the present work is to analyse and provide kixikila legal framework under Angolan law. Kixikila, despite being a legally atypical agreement, is a socially typical contract, governed essentially by the practices and customs in Angola and concluded throughout the country. With the above purpose in mind, this thesis is structured in five chapters: the first one aims at better understanding its features and, therefore, it describes the kixikila in accordance with oral research, direct observation and the contributions of scholars that have examined this matter. The second chapter aims at qualifying the kixikila as a legal transaction. For this purpose, we have analysed its requirements, formation stages, content and form, characteristics, rights and obligations of the parties, effects and compliance. We have also covered the reasons that explain why this type of agreement shall be legally protected in line with the protection conferred upon other legal agreements, taking into account its economic and social function. The third chapter covers the vicissitudes which may occur during the term of the kixikila agreement, as well as the enforcement mechanisms in face of breach and its termination. The fourth chapter aims at qualifying this agreement by comparing its most relevant characteristics with those of typical agreements, with a view to determining its legal nature based upon the similarity with other contractual types. This chapter further makes a comparative synthesis between the contracts in analysis. The fifth chapter analyses the legal nature and legal framework applicable to kixikila taking into account mixed-purpose contracts and sui generis contracts. We conclude that practices and customs in Angola take precedence as regards kixikila. Lastly, we attach additional information, such as excerpts of interviews with some individuals intervening in kixikila, the functional structure of kixikila and examples of kixikila, as well as demonstrative lists of countries where this type of agreement takes place and the obligations arising therefrom.

Aumento de capital social por "conversão" de créditos sobre a sociedade, nomeadamente de créditos resultantes de prestações suplementares

Na presente dissertação abordaremos o mecanismo do aumento de capital realizado com recurso a créditos sobre a sociedade, nomeadamente, resultantes de prestações suplementares. Este tema afigura-se-nos de particular interesse e considerável relevância não só teoricamente, como face ao momento histórico que vivemos. De facto, o modelo comummente adoptado pelas sociedades comerciais passava pelo recurso a elevados níveis de endividamento, sendo utilizados capitais externos como modo preferencial de financiamento. Dadas as recentes e generalizadas dificuldades de tesouraria e acesso a crédito, as estruturas financeiras das sociedades tiveram de ser repensadas, sendo os mecanismos de autofinanciamento cada vez mais bem vistos. A questão ora em análise afigura-se ainda como merecedora do nosso interesse e análise pelo facto de cruzar vários institutos jurídicos, uns regulados pelo direito civil (extinção e transmissão de obrigações) e outros pelo direito societário (aumento de capital e prestações suplementares), e versar também sobre outras áreas do saber como a contabilidade empresarial. Cumprindo a função de autofinanciamento da sociedade temos os aumentos de capital e as prestações suplementares. Mediante o aumento de capital social realizado com créditos sobre a própria sociedade, sejam estes créditos de terceiros, sejam créditos de sócios decorrentes da realização de prestações suplementares, realiza-se um financiamento com recurso a capitais próprios da sociedade que, desonerando-a de uma dívida, contribui para a sanidade financeira da mesma. Este é, pois, um mecanismo jurídico de grande relevância prática com evidentes vantagens tanto para os sócios – na medida em que fortalece a possibilidade de realização do objecto social - como para os credores – pois confere maior certeza de satisfação dos seus direitos de crédito. Assim, ao longo deste estudo, procuraremos demonstrar as vantagens e benefícios deste mecanismo que justificam amplamente, em nosso entender, que lhe seja dado o devido tratamento legislativo. Iniciaremos o nosso percurso com uma breve análise do conceito estruturante de todo o nosso direito societário, o capital social. Sendo este nuclear ao pensamento jus-societário português e ao tema que ora nos propomos tratar, afigura-se-nos como imperativa a sua devida definição e caracterização para posterior discussão das questões parcelares e particulares que encerra. Feita a sua análise, estaremos em condições de gizar os principais traços de dois dos modos de financiamento das sociedades, abordando primeiramente o elemento central da nossa exposição, o aumento de capital. Não gozando as prestações suplementares do mesmo regime que o capital social e não o integrando ou modificando, pelas suas características intrínsecas, cumprem funções similares a este e são, consequentemente, afins do aumento de capital social. Daí a sua inserção sistemática na presente no âmbito das “vicissitudes da vida das sociedades – modos de financiamento”. A abordagem e tratamento pormenorizado das prestações suplementares tem aqui lugar por força não só da sua função de autofinanciamento das sociedades, paralela à dos aumentos de capital, mas também e essencialmente por força do facto de da sua realização resultarem créditos sobre a sua sociedade que poderão ser objecto de entradas em futuros aumentos de capital. . Sendo a particularidade do mecanismo em causa o tipo de entrada com que é realizado – os créditos – múltiplas questões se levantam e merecem análise e reflexão. Seguir-se-á, então, o estudo da obrigação central e fundacional da posição jurídica de sócio e, consequentemente, da vida das sociedades comerciais, a obrigação de entrada. Aqui, demonstraremos a admissibilidade da realização de aumentos de capital com entradas constituídas por créditos, o que despoleta a questão central da nossa problemática – como se extingue a obrigação de entrada nos aumentos de capital realizados com créditos quando a lei societária proíbe determinante e expressamente a sua extinção por compensação? Aqui chegados, far-se-á uma incursão pelos principais ordenamentos jurídicos europeus, num breve estudo de direito comparado que nos permita iluminar a questão, que entre nós tem sido negligenciada pela doutrina, jurisprudência e, principalmente, pelo legislador. De facto, são poucas as vozes que entre nós versam sobre a incongruência entre a praxis recorrente de realização de aumentos de capital mediante conversão de crédito em capital e a proibição do 27.º n.º 5 do Código das Sociedades Comerciais. Não sendo admitida a compensação, cumpre analisar as várias causas de extinção das obrigações previstas no Código Civil que, à partida, poderão operar a extinção da obrigação de entrada.

A liberalização do mercado energético e o papel das entidades reguladoras

The liberalisation of the energy market goes back to the 1990s, when it was impelled by the European legislator. Since then, three legislative packages, temporarily successive, were approved. Those packages contained the measures to be implemented in order to deepen the internal energy market. Besides the opening up of several national markets to competition, the European legislator aimed the creation of a real internal energy market within the European Union. The unbundling regime was one of the most important steps with respect to the liberalisation process. The introduction of these rules ensured independence to the various market operators. A real and effective right of choice was granted to the consumers so they may choose their electricity and natural gas supplier. Therefore, the activity of comercialisation is subject to competition. However, some activities of the electricity’s and natural gas’ chain of value, namely the activities of transportation and distribution, were kept under regulation rules. Even though it may seem odd, the assignment of important competences and strong powers to a regulatory authority was essential in order to achieve the liberalisation process’ goals. Electricity and natural gas are essential public goods; therefore the market operators are legally bound to public service obligations, such as the security, the universality and the continuity of the supply. The performance of these obligations may become, in some cases, unprofitable for those operators. For such reason, the protection of the consumers’ rights shall only be properly defended if there is a regulatory authority that monitors the behaviour of the operators and sanctions the failure to comply with the public service obligations. Portugal, as a Member State of the European Union, transposed into the national legal order the European directives concerning the liberalisation process. This transposition has caused radical changes to the electricity and natural gas’ national markets. The Entidade Reguladora dos Serviços Energéticos also suffered various mutations in order to keep up with the regulatory demands regarding the liberalisation process.

A relational algebra approach to ETL modeling

The MAP-i Doctoral Programme in Informatics, of the Universities of Minho, Aveiro and Porto