The Visual Representation of a Systematic Metaphor in a UK Media Text

Much has been written on the organizational power of metaphor in discourse, eg on metaphor ‘chains’ and ‘clusters’ of linguistic metaphor in discourse (Koller 2003, Cameron & Stelma 2004, Semino 2008) and the role of extended and systematic metaphor in organizing long stretches of language, even whole texts (Cameron et al 2009, Cameron & Maslen 2010, Deignan et al 2013, Semino et al 2013). However, at times, this work belies the intricacies of how a single metaphoric idea can impact on a text. The focus of this paper is a UK media article derived from a HM Treasury press release on alleviating poverty. The language of the article draws heavily on orientational (spatial) metaphors, particularly metaphors of movement around GOOD IS UP. Although GOOD IS UP can be considered a single metaphoric idea, the picture the reader builds up as they move line by line through this text is complex and multifaceted. I take the idea of “building up a picture” literally in order to investigate the schema of motion relating to GOOD IS UP. To do this, fifteen informants (Masters students at a London university), tutored in Cognitive Metaphor Theory, were asked to read the article and underline words and expressions they felt related to GOOD IS UP. The text was then read back to the informant with emphasis given to the words they had underlined, while they drew a pictorial representation of the article based on the meanings of these words, integrating their drawings into a single picture as they went along. I present examples of the drawings the informants produced. I propose that using Metaphor-led Discourse Analysis to produce visual material in this way offers useful insights into how metaphor contributes to meaning making at text level. It shows how a metaphoric idea, such as GOOD IS UP, provides the text producer with a rich and versatile meaning-making resource for constructing text; and gives a ‘mind-map’ of how certain aspects of a media text are decoded by the text receiver. It also offers a partial representation of the elusive, intermediate ‘deverbalized’ stage of translation (Lederer 1987), where the sense of the source text is held in the mind before it is transferred to the target language. References Cameron, L., R. Maslen, Z. Todd, J. Maule, P. Stratton & N. Stanley. 2009. ‘The discourse dynamic approach to metaphor and metaphor-led analysis’. Metaphor and Symbol, 24(2), 63-89. Cameron, L. & R. Maslen (eds). 2010. Metaphor Analysis: Research Practice in Applied Linguistics, Social Sciences and Humanities. London: Equinox. Cameron, L. & J. Stelma. 2004. ‘Metaphor Clusters in Discourse’. Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 107-136. Deignan, A., J. Littlemore & E. Semino. 2013. Figurative Language, Genre and Register. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Koller, V. 2003. ‘Metaphor Clusters, Metaphor Chains: Analyzing the Multifunctionality of Metaphor in Text’. metaphorik.de, 5, 115-134. Lederer, M. 1987. ‘La théorie interprétative de la traduction’ in Retour à La Traduction. Le Francais dans Le Monde. Semino, E. 2008. Metaphor in Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Semino, E., A. Deignan & J. Littlemore. 2013. ‘Metaphor, Genre, and Recontextualization’. Metaphor and Symbol. 28(1), 41-59.

La teoría de los diferenciales de Salomon Maimon, la pregunta quid juris y la posibilidad de la metafísica como ciencia

Este trabajo estudia la teoría de los diferenciales de Salomon Maimon como respuesta a la cuestión quid juris y a la vez como clave para la fundamentación de la posibilidad de la metafísica como ciencia. Se reconstruye primero la crítica de Maimon al tratamiento kantiano de la pregunta quid juris. Luego, se analiza la respuesta del propio Maimon a esa pregunta, para establecer finalmente cómo tal respuesta abre el camino para la explicación de la posibilidad de la metafísica como ciencia.

Training proposal in the degree of Master of Early Childhood Education for working the method of historical research in the classroom

Future teachers must be competent in creating educational settings, which provide tools to their students future they can develop a conscious mind, able to interpret their experiences, to make decisions and imagine innovative solutions to help you participate autonomously and responsible in society. This requires an educational system that allows them to integrate the subjective into a broader spatial and temporal context. La patrimonializatión of “Cultural artefacts” and oral history, the basis of which, are found in the active mind and links both the personal and the group experience, don’t only serve as a catalyst to achieving this goal, but rather, they facilitate the implementation of established practice in infant education. To gain this experience we offer the opportunity for students of their degree in Infant Education in the Public University of Navarre, training within the framework of social didactics, allowing students to learn about established practice from iconic, materials and oral sources in the Archive of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Navarra. The vidences points to their effectiveness and presented in a work in progress.

Mental logic and its difficulties with disjunction

The mental logic theory does not accept the disjunction introduction rule of standard propositional calculus as a natural schema of the human mind. In this way, the problem that I want to show in this paper is that, however, that theory does admit another much more complex schema in which the mentioned rule must be used as a previous step. So, I try to argue that this is a very important problem that the mental logic theory needs to solve, and claim that another rival theory, the mental models theory, does not have these difficulties.

Testing After Worked Example Study Does Not Enhance Delayed Problem-Solving Performance Compared to Restudy

Four experiments investigated whether the testing effect also applies to the acquisition of problem-solving skills from worked examples. Experiment 1 (n=120) showed no beneficial effects of testing consisting of isomorphic problem solving or example recall on final test performance, which consisted of isomorphic problem solving, compared to continued study of isomorphic examples. Experiment 2 (n=124) showed no beneficial effects of testing consisting of identical problem solving compared to restudying an identical example. Interestingly, participants who took both an immediate and a delayed final test outperformed those taking only a delayed test. This finding suggested that testing might become beneficial for retention but only after a certain level of schema acquisition has taken place through restudying several examples. However, experiment 2 had no control condition restudying examples instead of taking the immediate test. Experiment 3 (n=129) included such a restudy condition, and there was no evidence that testing after studying four examples was more effective for final delayed test performance than restudying, regardless of whether restudied/tested problems were isomorphic or identical. Experiment 4 (n=75) used a similar design as experiment 3 (i.e., testing/restudy after four examples), but with examples on a different topic and with a different participant population. Again, no evidence of a testing effect was found. Thus, across four experiments, with different types of initial tests, different problem-solving domains, and different participant populations, we found no evidence that testing enhanced delayed test performance compared to restudy. These findings suggest that the testing effect might not apply to acquiring problem-solving skills from worked examples

Lo spettro di un anello e i suoi punti

L'elaborato tratta argomenti di geometria algebrica. Si analizzeranno nel dettaglio lo spettro di un anello commutativo con unità e la sua topologia e si vedrà come cambia la nozione di varietà algebrica con l'introduzione degli schemi. Verranno poi definiti i punti di uno schema (punti chiusi e punti generici) terminando la discussione con l'analisi delle varietà su un campo non algebricamente chiuso e del funtore dei punti associato ad uno schema.

Vinculação, Estilos Educativos Parentais e Esquemas Precoces Mal Adaptativos em Reclusos

Introdução: Sobretudo estudos internacionais focam a importância da vinculação e dos estilos educativos parentais no desenvolvimento de comportamentos delinquentes e antissociais. Em Portugal, alguns estudos focados na população reclusa, analisam, separadamente, estilos educativos parentais, personalidade e esquemas precoces mal adaptativos mas, segundo sabemos, nenhum explora, simultaneamente, a vinculação, os estilos educativos parentais e os esquemas precoces mal adaptativos nesta população. São nossos objetivos caracterizar uma amostra de reclusos quanto à vinculação em diferentes relacionamentos, estilos educativos parentais e esquemas precoces mal adaptativos (EPM) e, sobretudo, explorar associações entre estas três variáveis (e destas com variáveis sociodemográficas, familiares, clínicas e relativas à pena). Metodologia: 44 reclusos do sexo masculino (M = 37,3 anos; DP = 10,98; variação = 23-67) preencheram voluntariamente um questionário sociodemográfico e os seguintes instrumentos: EMBU – Memórias de Infância, Experiências em Relações Próximas - Questionário de Estruturas Relacionais e Questionário de Esquemas de Young (QEY). Resultados: Verificou-se, quanto às associações entre vinculação e estilos educativos parentais que: menor suporte emocional paterno associou-se a maior evitamento pai, evitamento mãe e evitamento companheira; menor suporte emocional materno associou-se a maior evitamento mãe, evitamento pai, ansiedade mãe e ansiedade pai; maior rejeição paterna associou-se a maior evitamento mãe, evitamento pai, ansiedade mãe e ansiedade pai; maior rejeição materna associou-se a maior evitamento pai e evitamento mãe. No que toca às associações entre as dimensões de vinculação e EPM, é de enfatizar a associação positivas entre os EPM do domínio distanciamento e rejeição com o evitamento mãe, ansiedade mãe e ansiedade pai, particularmente, os EPM de abandono, desconfiança/abuso e isolamento social, por consistentemente se associaram às dimensões de vinculação. No domínio autonomia e desempenho deteriorados, o fracasso e a dependência/incompetência associaram-se positivamente ao evitamento mãe, a dependência/incompetência à ansiedade pai e o fracasso ao evitamento companheira. Quanto ao domínio limites deteriorados, a grandiosidade associou-se positivamente à ansiedade pai. No domínio vigilância e inibição o pessimismo/negativismo correlacionou-se positivamente com a ansiedade mãe e pai e a autopunição com a ansiedade mãe. Quanto às associações entre dimensões de estilos educativos parentais e os EPM, o domínio distanciamento e rejeição apresentou, de novo resultados relevantes: menores níveis de suporte emocional materno associaram-se a maiores níveis de privação emocional; maiores níveis de rejeição e sobreproteção materna e paterna a maiores os níveis de abandono; maiores níveis de rejeição materna e paterna a maiores níveis de desconfiança/abuso; maiores níveis de rejeição materna e sobreproteção materna e paterna a maiores níveis de isolamento social; maiores níveis de rejeição e sobreproteção paterna a maiores níveis de defeito. Enfatiza-se, também, a associação entre níveis maiores de rejeição paterna e os EPM de grandiosidade, padrões excessivos e pessimismo. Maiores níveis de rejeição materna associaram-se a maiores níveis de pessimismo e autopunição. Discussão: Embora numa amostra pequena, este estudo explorou, pela primeira vez, numa amostra de reclusos portugueses, em simultâneo, associações entre a vinculação, os estilos educativos parentais e os esquemas precoces mal adaptativos. O domínio esquemático distanciamento e rejeição parece ser o mais influenciado pela vinculação estabelecida em diferentes relacionamentos e pelos estilos educativos parentais. / Introduction: Mainly international studies focus on the importance of attachment and parental rearing styles in the development of delinquent and antisocial behaviors. In Portugal some studies focused in the inmate population analyze, separately, parental rearing styles, personality and early maladaptive schemas but, to our knowledge, none simultaneously explores attachment, parental rearing styles and early maladaptive schemas in this population. It is our objective to characterize a sample of inmates concerning attachment in different relationships, parental rearing styles and early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and, above all, explore associations between this three variables (and also with sociodemographic, family, clinic and sentence related variables). Methodology: 44 male inmates (M = 37,3 years; SD = 10,98; variation = 23-67) voluntarily filled in a sociodemographic questionnaire and the following instruments: EMBU – Childhood Memories, Experiments in Close Relationships – Structural Relationship Form and the Young Schema Questionnaires (YSQ) Results: we verified, regarding associations between attachment and parental rearing styles that: less paternal emotional support associated with higher father avoidance (in attachment), mother avoidance and partner avoidance; less maternal emotional support associated with higher mother avoidance, father avoidance, mother anxiety and father anxiety; higher paternal rejection associated with higher mother avoidance, father avoidance, mother anxiety and father anxiety; higher mother rejection associated with father avoidance and mother avoidance. Regarding associations between attachment dimensions and EMS, we emphasize positive associations between EMS in the disconnection and rejection domain with mother avoidance, mother anxiety and father anxiety, particularly, the abandonment, distrust/abuse and social isolation EMS, as they were consistently associated with the this attachment dimension. In the impaired autonomy and performance domain, the failure and dependency/incompetence EMS are positively associated with mother avoidance, the dependence/incompetence EMS to father anxiety and failure to partner avoidance. About the impaired limits domain, grandiosity EMS positively associated with father anxiety. In the overvigilance and inhibition domain, pessimist/negativism EMS positively correlated with mother and father anxiety and self-punishment EMS with mother anxiety. About the associations between parental rearing styles and the EMS, the disconnection and rejection domain presented again relevant results: lower levels of maternal emotional support associated with higher levels of emotional deprivation; higher levels of maternal and paternal rejection and overprotection associated with higher levels of abandonment; higher levels of maternal and paternal rejection associated with higher levels of distrust/abuse; higher levels of maternal rejection and maternal and paternal overprotection associated with higher levels of social isolation; higher levels of paternal rejection and overprotection associated with higher levels of defectiveness. We also emphasize the association between higher levels of paternal rejection and the grandiosity, excessive patterns and pessimism EMS. Higher levels of maternal rejection associated with higher levels of pessimism and self-punishment EMS. Discussion: Although in a small sample, this study explored, for the first time, in sample of Portuguese inmates, simultaneously, the associations between attachment, parental rearing styles and early maladaptive schemas. The schematic domain of disconnection and rejection seems to be the most influenced by the established attachment in different relationships and by parental rearing styles.

Production planning, pricing and market coordination for news vendor problem with price dependent demand

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Caratteristiche idrochimiche delle acque di Occhiobello (RO)

L’analisi chimica delle acque di dieci pozzi, di una località posta a N del fiume Po, (44°54’51.10” N; 11°36’42.49”E), ha mostrato la presenza di acque clorurato sodiche, che si suppone derivino da miscelazione (complessa) tra acque di origine marina (acqua di strato) e un’acqua dolce madre (acqua teorica, end member). Si è tentato di calcolare teoricamente la composizione dell’end member, che è risultata un’acqua bicarbonato sodica, e si è proposta la possibile giacitura delle facies idrochimiche riscontrate all’interno dello schema idrostratigrafico regionale Emiliano-Romagnolo. È emerso che le acque analizzate sono presenti ad una profondità anormalmente ridotta, rispetto alle giaciture degli end members di miscelazione: le acque saline di Ambrogio e Diamantina e l’acqua dolce teorica. Considerando la distribuzione geografica delle acque clorurato sodiche nella regione Emilia-Romagna ed il chiaro rapporto che queste hanno con la verticale degli alti strutturali appenninici sepolti si propone una origine influenzata dalla tettonica per la risalita delle acque studiate.

Das Erzbistum Trier 12. Das Kollegiatstift St. Martin und St. Severus zu Münstermaifeld

Über acht Jahrhunderte war das Stift Münstermaifeld einer der bedeutendsten kirchlichen Mittelpunkte der Vordereifel. Schon im Frühmittelalter an einem ehemaligen römischen Siedlungsplatz im Maifeld als Priestergemeinschaft entstanden, entwickelte es sich um 1200 zu einem bedeutenden Kollegiatstift mit reichem Besitz zwischen Koblenz, Mayen und der Mosel. Herausragende Persönlichkeiten wie die Pröpste Elias und Nikolaus von Kues waren dort tätig. Noch heute überragt die ehemalige Stiftskirche weithin sichtbar die Stadt Münstermaifeld und das fruchtbare Maifeld. Dem Schema der Germania Sacra folgend, wurden alle fassbaren Quellen und Unterlagen zur Geschichte des Stiftes von den Anfängen bis zur Auflösung in der Säkularisation 1802 ausgewertet. Aufgrund der engen Verzahnung der geistlichen Einrichtung mit der Stadt Münstermaifeld und dem Umland stellt der Band auch eine hervorragende Grundlage für die Geschichte der Städte und Orte im Moselraum dar, in denen das Stift begütert war. Das kirchliche Leben im Stift und in den umliegenden Pfarreien wird beschrieben und durch ein umfangreiches Kapitel mit den Kurzbiographien aller dem Stift angehörigen Kanoniker, Vikare und Pfarrer ergänzt.

Database evolution on an orthogonal persistent programming system: A semi-transparent approach

In this paper the problem of the evolution of an object-oriented database in the context of orthogonal persistent programming systems is addressed. We have observed two characteristics in that type of systems that offer particular conditions to implement the evolution in a semi-transparent fashion. That transparency can further be enhanced with the obliviousness provided by the Aspect-Oriented Programming techniques. Was conceived a meta-model and developed a prototype to test the feasibility of our approach. The system allows programs, written to a schema, access semi-transparently to data in other versions of the schema.

Sono e esquemas mal-adaptativos precoces em estudantes do ensino superior

Contextualização: Recentemente tem-se verificado um aumento do número de estudos que relacionam conceitos da personalidade, tais como os Esquemas Mal-adaptativos Precoces (EMP), com a psicopatologia e com outras condições, tais como a obesidade, a dor crónica e o comportamento sexual agressivo. No entanto, a investigação acerca da relação entre os problemas de sono e os EMP encontra-se ainda numa fase inicial. Objetivos: Os objetivos do presente estudo foram investigar uma potencial relação entre os EMP e a má qualidade de sono em estudantes do ensino superior e observar que EMP apresentavam associações de maior magnitude com a qualidade de sono nesta população específica. Métodos: Estudantes de diversas universidades e institutos de ensino superior de Portugal foram convidados a responder a uma versão online dos questionários Escala Básica de Sintomas de Insónia e Qualidade de Sono (BaSIQS) e Questionário de Esquemas de Young (YSQ-S3). A partir da amostra total obtida de estudantes do ensino superior de nacionalidade portuguesa (N = 1253) foi selecionada uma primeira subamostra (n1 = 409), usando como critérios de inclusão a idade (entre os 18 e os 25 anos) e as pontuações extremas de qualidade de sono da BaSIQS (má versus boa qualidade de sono). A partir da n1 extraiu-se uma segunda subamostra de participantes (n2 = 249), com características de um estudante “típico” do ensino superior (estatuto de aluno ordinário, solteiro, sem filhos, sem problemas de saúde, não medicado). Para estudar a relação entre os EMP, medidos pelo YSQ-S3, e a qualidade de sono foi aplicada uma MANOVA (Análise de Variância Multivariada) para cada um dos cinco domínios esquemáticos (“Distanciamento e Rejeição”, “Autonomia e Desempenho Deteriorados”, “Limites Deteriorados”, “Influência dos Outros” e “Vigilância Excessiva e Inibição”), para ambas as subamostras (n1 e n2). Resultados: No que diz respeito à n2, os estudantes com má qualidade de sono apresentaram níveis significativamente mais elevados dos EMP “Abandono/ Instabilidade”, “Desconfiança/ Abuso”, “Isolamento Social/ Alienação” (Domínio “Distanciamento e Rejeição”), “Vulnerabilidade ao Mal e à Doença” (Domínio “Autonomia e Desempenho Deteriorados”), “Grandiosidade/ Limites Indefinidos” (Domínio “Limites Deteriorados”), “Autossacrifício” (Domínio “Influência dos Outros”) e “Negativismo/ Pessimismo” (Domínio “Vigilância Excessiva e Inibição”). Conclusões: Estes dados mostram que os EMP estão associados à má qualidade de sono. No entanto, são necessários estudos adicionais para melhor compreender esta relação e a sua implicação na prática clínica.

Doppelgänger

Catalogue and invitation card for Exhibition at Eagle Gallery, London. 16 June – 16 July 2016 “My paintings are like ghost schema, assemblages of images and surfaces that generate spectral encounters.” James Fisher’s paintings are carefully calibrated. They explore dualities and employ complex visual palimpsests to construct images that are rich with association. Abstract and figurative motifs are laid on different layers of their surfaces, covered over, and re-discovered through sanding back the paint. As a former British School at Rome Scholar, Fisher’s early work was influenced by the study of fresco painting and he retains an approach that allows for time and chance to enter the process of painting. Fabrication – in the sense both of making things and making things up – produces enigmatic and mysterious results. Many of Fisher’s recent paintings are titled after notable, now forgotten women, or after characters from folklore and comic books. The range of subject matter allows him to conflate biography with fiction, and to borrow from a wide range of visual sources for patterned elements that formally hold in place the more fugitive suggestions of the images. Fisher’s fourth solo exhibition at the Eagle Gallery coincides with the selection of two works in this year’s Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, and his inclusion in Towards Night – a forthcoming exhibition at the Towner, Eastbourne.

Spam campaign detection, analysis, and formalization

Les courriels Spams (courriels indésirables ou pourriels) imposent des coûts annuels extrêmement lourds en termes de temps, d’espace de stockage et d’argent aux utilisateurs privés et aux entreprises. Afin de lutter efficacement contre le problème des spams, il ne suffit pas d’arrêter les messages de spam qui sont livrés à la boîte de réception de l’utilisateur. Il est obligatoire, soit d’essayer de trouver et de persécuter les spammeurs qui, généralement, se cachent derrière des réseaux complexes de dispositifs infectés, ou d’analyser le comportement des spammeurs afin de trouver des stratégies de défense appropriées. Cependant, une telle tâche est difficile en raison des techniques de camouflage, ce qui nécessite une analyse manuelle des spams corrélés pour trouver les spammeurs. Pour faciliter une telle analyse, qui doit être effectuée sur de grandes quantités des courriels non classés, nous proposons une méthodologie de regroupement catégorique, nommé CCTree, permettant de diviser un grand volume de spams en des campagnes, et ce, en se basant sur leur similarité structurale. Nous montrons l’efficacité et l’efficience de notre algorithme de clustering proposé par plusieurs expériences. Ensuite, une approche d’auto-apprentissage est proposée pour étiqueter les campagnes de spam en se basant sur le but des spammeur, par exemple, phishing. Les campagnes de spam marquées sont utilisées afin de former un classificateur, qui peut être appliqué dans la classification des nouveaux courriels de spam. En outre, les campagnes marquées, avec un ensemble de quatre autres critères de classement, sont ordonnées selon les priorités des enquêteurs. Finalement, une structure basée sur le semiring est proposée pour la représentation abstraite de CCTree. Le schéma abstrait de CCTree, nommé CCTree terme, est appliqué pour formaliser la parallélisation du CCTree. Grâce à un certain nombre d’analyses mathématiques et de résultats expérimentaux, nous montrons l’efficience et l’efficacité du cadre proposé.

Decision making models embedded into a web-based tool for assessing pest infestation risk

Current practices in agricultural management involve the application of rules and techniques to ensure high quality and environmentally friendly production. Based on their experience, agricultural technicians and farmers make critical decisions affecting crop growth while considering several interwoven agricultural, technological, environmental, legal and economic factors. In this context, decision support systems and the knowledge models that support them, enable the incorporation of valuable experience into software systems providing support to agricultural technicians to make rapid and effective decisions for efficient crop growth. Pest control is an important issue in agricultural management due to crop yield reductions caused by pests and it involves expert knowledge. This paper presents a formalisation of the pest control problem and the workflow followed by agricultural technicians and farmers in integrated pest management, the crop production strategy that combines different practices for growing healthy crops whilst minimising pesticide use. A generic decision schema for estimating infestation risk of a given pest on a given crop is defined and it acts as a metamodel for the maintenance and extension of the knowledge embedded in a pest management decision support system which is also presented. This software tool has been implemented by integrating a rule-based tool into web-based architecture. Evaluation from validity and usability perspectives concluded that both agricultural technicians and farmers considered it a useful tool in pest control, particularly for training new technicians and inexperienced farmers.