Caracterização do índice de biofilme oral em doentes internados no serviço de cuidados intensivos 1 do Centro Hospitalar do Porto

Introdução: A cavidade oral de um doente que esteja internado num serviço hospitalar apresenta uma flora diferente das pessoas saudáveis. Ao fim de 48 horas de internamento, a flora apresenta um maior número de microrganismos que rapidamente podem ser responsáveis por aparecimento de infeções secundárias, tais como pneumonias, resultante à proliferação bactérias que lhe está associada. Este risco é ainda superior em doentes críticos. Nesta população torna-se fundamental a implementação de um efetivo protocolo de higiene oral, procurando controlar ao máximo o desenvolvimento do biofilme oral. Objetivo: Avaliar o índice de biofilme oral dos doentes na admissão a um serviço de Cuidados Intensivos, procedendo á sua reavaliação após 7 dias de internamento e, procurando deste modo avaliar a eficácia de higienização oral efetuada no Serviço. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo prospetivo, institucional, descritivo, analítico e observacional realizado no Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos do CHP. Foram envolvidos no estudo doentes com mais de 18 anos, e com um tempo de internamento igual ou superior a 7 dias. Procedeu-se à colheita de dados demográficos, motivo de admissão, tempo de internamento, medicação prescrita, tipo de alimentação efetuada no serviço, necessidade ou não de suporte respiratório e qual o tipo de higiene realizada no serviço. Foi avaliado o índice de higiene oral simplificado de Greene & Vermillion (IHO-S) nas primeiras 24h e 7 dias após a 1ª avaliação. O IHO-S é um indicador composto que avalia 2 componentes, a componente de resíduos e a componente de cálculo, sendo cada componente avaliada numa escala de 0 a 3. São avaliadas 6 faces dentárias que são divididas em 3 porções clínicas (porção gengival, terço médio e porção oclusal). No final de cada avaliação é calculado o somatório do valor encontrado para cada face, sendo este total dividido pelo nº de faces analisadas. O cálculo do IHO-S por indivíduo corresponde à soma das componentes. Resultados: Foram avaliados 74 doentes, tendo-se excluído 42 por não terem a dentição mínima exigida. Os 32 doentes que completaram o estudo apresentaram uma idade média de 60,53 ± 14,44 anos, 53,1% eram do género masculino, e na sua maioria pertenciam a pacientes do foro médico e cirúrgico (37,5,5%). Os doentes envolvidos no estudo tiveram uma demora média de 15,69±6,69 dias de internamento, tendo-se verificado que 17 dos pacientes (53,1%) estiveram internados mais de 14 dias no Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos 1. Relativamente às características particulares da amostra verificou-se que durante o período de avaliação a maioria dos doentes estiveram sedados (75%), sob suporte ventilatório (81,3%) e a fazer suporte nutricional por via entérica por sonda nasogástrica (62,6%). O IHO-S inicial foi de 0,67±0,45tendo-se verificado um agravamento significativo ao fim de sete dias de internamento 1,04±0.51 (p<0,05).Este agravamento parece estar fundamentalmente dependente dos maus cuidados orais prestados aos doentes, não se tendo observado qualquer diferença significativa resultante dos aspetos particulares avaliados, com exceção para a nutrição entérica versus a soroterapia. Discussão e Conclusão: Apesar de vários estudos evidenciarem a necessidade de um boa higiene oral para evitar a proliferação bacteriana e o risco de infeção nosocomial, muitas das instituições de saúde continuam a não valorizar esta prática. Neste estudo observa-se que os doentes na admissão apresentam um bom índice de higiene oral tendo-se contudo observado um agravamento significativo ao fim de uma semana de internamento. Embora este agravamento possa não ser importante para o doente com uma semana de internamento ele poderá ser indicativo de um risco acrescido para infeções nosocomiais em doentes com internamentos mais prolongados, necessitando estes doentes de uma higiene oral mais eficaz.

The role of emotions in value creation for families in pediatric health care

The purpose of this study was to analyze emotions related to a child’s critical illness from the perspective of the family and discuss the link those emotions might form with value creation. High quality service is of paramount importance in hospital care, especially when a child is diagnosed with critical illness. Through the analysis of patient family emotions and their triggers, the study was aiming to deepen the understanding of value creation for customer. Therefore, the research sought to find answers to the following three sub-questions: 1. What are the emotions experienced? 2. What triggers them? 3. How are the emotions linked to amelioration or aggravation of value for patient and family? The theoretical background of this research is built on two core concepts: emotions and value creation. As both concepts are wide and multifaceted, the research concentrates on viewing emotions from the applicable cognitive angle, identifying and categorizing emotions in a general level. Value creation is studied from the service perspective, discussing the possible relations between emotions and value creation. Moreover, the suitability of views regarding customer value co-creation to health care encounters is analyzed. Qualitative approach was selected as the most appropriate methodology for conducting the empirical research. The empirical data was collected from public blogs, for which a total of 18 blogs were reviewed. Five blogs were selected for the analysis, which had the intent of identifying the emotions experienced by patient families and deepening the knowledge of their role in value creation during health care service encounters. The empirical study of this research discovered a wide range of positive and negative emotions, which denotes that a severe life situation does not prevent the feeling of positive emotions. Furthermore, by combining the empirical findings to the theoretical background, this study concludes that recognizing and treating the patient family as a partner and value creator is essential. The high quality technical aspect of care is vital, but it is not the sole attribute for service quality, as the interpersonal communication plays a large role in the customer’s overall assessment of the health care performance. The patients and their families largely evaluate the service encounter based on their perceptions, thus emotions play a significant role. Depending on the service experience, value maybe created or destructed. Hence, this study posits emotion at the core of the service encounter, indicating towards the importance of active assessment of customer perceptions and the recognition of the emotional states

Selling customer value in B2B markets - Case KONE JumpLift

Skepticism of promised value-added is forcing suppliers to provide tangible evidence of the value they can deliver for the customers in industrial markets. Despite this, quantifying customer benefits is being thought as one of the most difficult part in business-to-business selling. The objective of this research is to identify the desired and perceived customer benefits of KONE JumpLift™ and improve the overall customer value quantification and selling process of the solution. The study was conducted with a qualitative case analysis including 7 interviews with key stakeholders from three different market areas. The market areas were chosen based on where the offering has been utilized and the research was conducted by five telephone and two email interviews. The main desired and perceived benefits include many different values for example economical, functional, symbolic and epistemic value but they vary on studied market areas. The most important result of the research was finding the biggest challenges of selling the offering which are communicating and proving the potential value to the customers. In addition, the sales arguments have different relative importance in studied market areas which create challenges for salespeople to sell the offering effectively. In managerial level this means need for investing into a new sales tool and training the salespeople.

Studies on Mahshahr Creeks macrobenthos with emphasis on their importance in fish feeding

To study the macrobenthic community at Mahshahr creek four Creeks namely Bihad, Doragh, Ghazaleh and Ghanam were chosen. Sampling was conducted on bimonthly basis and carried out from August 1996 to June 1997, 216 sediment samples were collected from 12 stations using 0.1 m^2 Van Veen Grab, The stations were located at the mouth, middle and the end of each Creek. In situ measurements of temperature pH, DO and salinity were done using different sensors. The samples for the measurements of TOM, grain size were collected and analysed in vitro. The results indicate spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the structure of macro faunal assemblages of the creeks. A total of 12 macrofaunal groups were identified within the study area. Amphipods were the most dominant group (43%) followed by polychaetes (42%), copepods (3.5%), tanaids (3.1%) and other groups (8.4%). The range for the numerical abundance of macrobenthos was between 12583 to 3648 individual per m2 and the variation was done to different bottom texture the variable environment conditions governing the different parts of each creek as well as within creeks. Application of diversity indices (Shannon H and Simpson indices) on the dominant macrobenthic assemblages (crustaceans & polychaetes) was varied between 1 to 2.5 being higher in Bihad and Ghanarn and much reduced Shannon H index or a higher Simpson in Ghazaleh. Probably brought about activities in this creek. Gut content analysis of four species of fish showed that the main food items consist of Crab, Shrimps and other crustacean species, The secondary production of macrobenthic fauna and hence a fish production were assessed. To do this first the production of most dominant species Apseudes sp. was computed through Cohort analysis. The total macrobenthic production was estimated and from this fish production was computed. The macrobenthic and fish secondary productions were 24300 tons/year) and 24300 (tons/year) respectively. These values were lower than those with similar areas in the Indian Ocean.

Biofuels and high value added products from the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides NCYC 921: Strategies towards a true cost-effective and environmentally sustainable integrated multiproduct driven biorefinery [Poster]

Single-cell oils (SCO) have been considered a promising source of 3rd generation biofuels mainly in the final form of biodiesel. However, its high production costs have been a barrier towards the commercialization of this commodity. The fast growing yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides NCYC 921 has been widely reported as a potential SCO producing yeast. In addition to its well-known high lipid content (that can be converted into biodiesel), is rich in high value added products such as carotenoids with commercial interest. The process design and integration may contribute to reduce the overall cost of biofuels and carotenoid production and is a mandatory step towards their commercialization. The present work addresses the biomass disruption, extraction, fractionation and recovery of products with special emphasis on high added valued carotenoids (beta-carotene, torulene, torularhodin) and fatty acids directed to biodiesel. The chemical structure of torularhodin with a terminal carboxylic group imposes an additional extra challenge in what concern its separation from fatty acids. The proposed feedstock is fresh biomass pellet obtained directly by centrifugation from a 5L fed-batch fermentation culture broth. The use of a wet instead of lyophilised biomass feedstock is a way to decrease processing energy costs and reduce downstream processing time. These results will contribute for a detailed process design. Gathered data will be of crucial importance for a further study on Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA).

An investigation of environmental conditions experienced during the life of high-value wood components and products

Australian forest industries have a long history of export trade of a wide range of products from woodchips (for paper manufacturing), sandalwood (essential oils, carving and incense) to high value musical instruments, flooring and outdoor furniture. For the high value group, fluctuating environmental conditions brought on by changes in temperature and relative humidity, can lead to performance problems due to consequential swelling, shrinkage and/or distortion of the wood elements. A survey determined the types of value-added products exported, including species and dimensions packaging used and export markets. Data loggers were installed with shipments to monitor temperature and relative humidity conditions. These data were converted to timber equilibrium moisture content values to provide an indication of the environment that the wood elements would be acclimatising to. The results of the initial survey indicated that primary high value wood export products included guitars, flooring, decking and outdoor furniture. The destination markets were mainly located in the northern hemisphere, particularly the United States of America, China, Hong Kong, Europe (including the United Kingdom), Japan, Korea and the Middle East. Other regions importing Australian-made wooden articles were south-east Asia, New Zealand and South Africa. Different timber species have differing rates of swelling and shrinkage, so the types of timber were also recorded during the survey. Results from this work determined that the major species were ash-type eucalypts from south-eastern Australia (commonly referred to in the market as Tasmanian oak), jarrah from Western Australia, spotted gum, hoop pine, white cypress, black butt, brush box and Sydney blue gum from Queensland and New South Wales. The environmental conditions data indicated that microclimates in shipping containers can fluctuate extensively during shipping. Conditions at the time of manufacturing were usually between 10 and 12% equilibrium moisture content, however conditions during shipping could range from 5 (very dry) to 20% (very humid). The packaging systems incorporated were reported to be efficient at protecting the wooden articles from damage during transit. The research highlighted the potential risk for wood components to ‘move’ in response to periods of drier or more humid conditions than those at the time of manufacturing, and the importance of engineering a packaging system that can account for the environmental conditions experienced in shipping containers. Examples of potential dimensional changes in wooden components were calculated based on published unit shrinkage data for key species and the climatic data returned from the logging equipment. The information highlighted the importance of good design to account for possible timber movement during shipping. A timber movement calculator was developed to allow designers to input component species, dimensions, site of manufacture and destination, to see validate their product design.

Identifying New Business Opportunities and Customer Value Creation: Case Vuosaari

Previously conducted research projects in the field of logistics services have emphasized the importance of value added services in customer value creation. Through value added services companies can extend their service portfolio and gain higher customer satisfaction and loyalty. In more general level service marketing has been recognized to be challenging due the intangible nature of services. This has caused issues in pricing and value perceptions. To tackle these issues scholars have suggested well–managed customer reference marketing practices. The main goal of this research work is to identify shortages in the current service offering. Additionally, the focus is on, how these shortages can be fixed. Due the low capacity utilization of warehouse premises, there is a need to find the main factors, which are causing or affecting on the current situation. The research aims to offer a set of alternatives how to come over these issues. All the potential business opportunities are evaluated and the promising prospects are discussed. The focus is on logistics value added services and how those effect on route decisions in logistics. Simultaneously the aim is to create a holistic understanding of how added value and offered services effect on logistics centralization. Moreover, customer value creation and customer references’ effectiveness in logistics service marketing are emphasized in this project. Logistics value added services have a minor effect on logistics decision. Routes are chosen on a low–cost basis. However, it is challenging to track down logistics costs and break those down into different phases. Customer value as such is a difficult concept. This causes challenges when services are sold with value–based principles. Customer references are useful for logistics service providers and this should be exploited in marketing. Those reduce the perceived risk and give credibility to the service provider.

Tracking changes to a microplankton community in a North Atlantic sea loch using the microplankton index PI(mp).

Microplankton plays a vital part in marine ecosystems and its importance has been recognised by the inclusion of microplankton community composition in regulatory frameworks such as the European Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive as an indicator of ecological status. Quantitative techniques are therefore required to assess the environmental status of the microplankton in a water body. Here we demonstrate the use of a method known as the Microplankton Index PI(mp) to evaluate changes in the microplankton community of the West coast Scottish Sea Loch Creran. Microplankton in this fjord has been studied since the 1970’s providing a data set spanning four decades. Our analysis compares an arbitrarily chosen reference period between 1979 and 1981 with a period between 2011 and 2013 and demonstrates that between these two periods community structure has changed considerably with a substantial drop in the numbers of observed diatoms accompanied by a rise in the number of autotrophic/mixotrophic dinoflagellates as well as an increase in the potentially toxin producing genus Pseudo-nitzschia and that these are related to changes in both the intensity and timing of local patterns of precipitation. The PI(mp) is shown to be a useful and robust method to visualise and quantify changes in the underlying structure of the microplankton community and is a powerful addition to the toolbox of techniques needed to determine the health of our seas.

Produção de exopolissacarídeos bacterianos a partir de glicerol residual gerado na síntese de biodiesel

A busca por combustíveis alternativos, tais como os biocombustíveis, torna-se necessária devido à crescente demanda por combustíveis em todos os setores da atividade humana, sendo que quase toda energia consumida no mundo provém do petróleo, uma fonte limitada, que emite grande quantidade de gases poluentes. Devido à grande diversidade de culturas oleoginosas no país, o Brasil demonstra potencial para substituição do diesel pelo biodiesel. No processo de obtenção deste, o óleo vegetal sofre uma transesterificação, sob a ação de um catalisador básico e na presença de um álcool, formando três moléculas de ésteres metílicos ou etílicos de ácidos graxos, que constituem o biodiesel em sua essência, liberando uma molécula de glicerol, que é o coproduto mais abundante desta reação. Sendo assim, a utilização do glicerol residual é uma ótima alternativa para agregar valor à cadeia produtiva do biodiesel, minimizar os danos de um possível descarte inadequado, além de diminuir os custos do processo. Com este intuito, este trabalho propõe o uso do glicerol residual como fonte de carbono para produção de exopolissacarídeos (EPSs). Para tal, foram utilizadas linhagens de bactérias mencionadas na literatura como produtoras de EPSs de importância comercial, sendo elas: Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae IBSBF 1230, Pseudomonas oleovarans NRRL B-14683, Sphingomonas capsulata NRRL B-4261 e Zymomonas mobilis NRRL B-4286. Os cultivos foram realizados em meio apropriado para cada micro-organismo, e como fontes de carbono foram testadas a sacarose, o glicerol residual e uma mistura de ambos na proporção de 1:1 m/m. Os meios foram inoculados com suspensão da bactéria em estudo, sendo avaliados parâmetros relativos ao crescimento celular e à produção de EPSs. Para X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae, foram determinadas algumas propriedades reológicas e térmicas dos EPSs produzidos com as diferentes fontes de carbono, bem como o índice de emulsificação com diferentes óleos vegetais. X. campestris apresentou uma concentração de EPSs em torno de 4 g.L-1 em todos os meios estudados, comportamento similar ao da bactéria P. oleovorans, diferindo apenas no meio contendo sacarose (0,8 g.L-1 ). S. capsulata apresentou uma maior concentração de EPSs em meios contendo sacarose e a mistura de sacarose com glicerol residual, em torno de 3,4 g.L-1 , e em meio contendo glicerol residual este valor caiu para 1,7 g.L-1 . Já Z. mobilis apresentou um melhor resultado em meio contendo sacarose e glicerol residual, atingindo 1,3 g.L-1 , sendo que em meio contendo somente sacarose e glicerol residual estes valores foram inferiores alcançando 0,2 e 0,7 g.L-1 , respectivamente. Quase todas as bactérias atingiram a fase estacionária em 24 h de cultivo e o pH permaneceu praticamente constante, sendo verificada uma queda mais acentuada somente para Z. mobilis. O comportamento reológico foi similar para as xantanas produzidas nos diferentes meios, entretanto a viscosidade inicial foi maior com o meio a sacarose (637 cP), seguido da mistura de sacarose com glicerol residual (279 cP) e glicerol residual (60 cP). O IE24 foi superior quando utilizado o óleo de milho, atingindo valores de 97, 72 e 64 % em sacarose, mistura de sacarose com glicerol e glicerol residual, respectivamente. Desta forma, pode-se afirmar que a mudança na fonte de carbono afeta estas propriedades.

Caracterização do estoque de anchoita (engraulis anchoita) da região Sul do Brasil e utilização desta matéria-prima na elaboração de produto de alto valor agregado

O trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar o estoque de anchoita (Engraulis anchoita) capturado na região sul do Brasil, visando à utilização deste recurso de alto valor biológico no desenvolvimento de produtos semi-prontos e de fácil preparo, tipo empanado. Os experimentos foram conduzidos com anchoita resultante de cruzeiros realizados pelo Navio Oceanográfico Atlântico Sul da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), RS, Brasil. Os exemplares foram capturados entre a cidade de Rio Grande (32ºS, RS-Brasil) e 51ºW. Após captura, o pescado foi armazenado a bordo em mistura de gelo e água do mar, na razão 1:1. As amostras foram transportadas para o laboratório de Biotecnologia da FURG e mantidas sob congelamento a -18°C, até a realização das análises. O trabalho está constituído por uma revisão bibliográfica, que enfatiza a importância do recurso pesqueiro em estudo como potencial a ser explorado, discorre sobre ácidos graxos e perfil de voláteis, bem como, o desenvolvimento de produtos à base de pescado. O desenvolvimento do trabalho é expresso por quatro artigos. O primeiro teve como objetivo caracterizar o estoque de anchoita segundo a biometria, rendimento, composição proximal, compostos nitrogenados e ácidos graxos. O rendimento, a composição proximal e o perfil de ácidos graxos foram realizados nas três frações que compõe o peixe: músculo claro, escuro e vísceras. A análise dos resultados demonstrou a variabilidade dos componentes em função das frações avaliadas e da época de captura, o que pode contribuir para a escolha do processo tecnológico a ser aplicado no desenvolvimento de produtos de alto valor agregado a partir dessa matéria-prima. No segundo artigo foi determinado o perfil de ácidos graxos da anchoita e avaliado o comportamento destes compostos durante o armazenamento congelado, bem como, dos voláteis gerados. Os resultados demonstraram a influência do armazenamento na modificação dos ácidos graxos, em especial, EPA e DHA, e que os voláteis gerados podem ser um índice em potencial para avaliar a qualidade da anchoita congelada. No terceiro artigo objetivou-se selecionar e treinar julgadores para avaliação do odor a pescado utilizando os padrões referência obtidos a partir do perfil de voláteis. Neste sentido, foi levantada a terminologia que descreve o odor da anchoita, definido padrões referência, bem como, selecionado e treinado uma equipe de julgadores. Foram utilizados 20 candidatos, deste total, 9 foram selecionados pelo método das amplitudes. Os julgadores selecionados foram submetidos ao treinamento no uso de escala não estruturada e na avaliação da intensidade do odor a pescado. O desempenho dos julgadores foi definido utilizando como amostra solução de lavagem resultante do processo de obtenção de base protéica de anchoita. Os resultados foram avaliados com base no poder de discriminação, repetibilidade das respostas e concordância entre julgadores, segundo análise de variância, com duas fontes de variação (amostra e repetições). Foram obtidos os valores de Famostra e Frepetição, para cada julgador. Os julgadores com o valor de Famostra significativo (p≤0,30) e Frepetição não significativo (p>0,05), bem como, concordância de médias com os demais julgadores foram considerados treinados. Segundo esse processo a equipe foi constituída por 8 julgadores selecionados e treinados na avaliação do odor a pescado. Finalmente, no quarto artigo foi avaliada a possibilidade de uso de base protéica (BPP) de anchoita na elaboração de massa base de empanados, bem como, em substituição a farinha de cobertura. Para obtenção das BPPs, foram testadas duas soluções extratoras (3 ciclos de extração com ácido fosfórico 0,05% e 1 ciclo de ácido fosfórico seguido de 2 ciclos com água). A BPP obtida na melhor condição utilizada foi seca a 70°C e submetida ao processo de moagem em moinho de facas para ser utilizada como farinha de cobertura. Formulações de empanado utilizando diferentes concentrações (25, 50, 75 e 100%) de anchoita desidratada na cobertura foram testadas no produto frito e forneado. Um teste de preferência com consumidores em potencial foi aplicado às diferentes formulações. Os resultados indicaram que a melhor condição de lavagem para obtenção das BPPs testadas foi quando são utilizados 3 ciclos de extração com ácido fosfórico. A avaliação da preferência junto ao consumidor em potencial demonstrou que a anchoita desidratada pode ser utilizada como farinha de cobertura em empanados na concentração de até 75%.

Every nation under heaven: the importance of the biblical concept of nations for contemporary mission practice

Is there a concept of nationhood in the Bible that can provide us with a framework for cross-cultural Christian mission? This thesis argues that current evangelical missiology has accepted too willingly the categories of the secular Enlightenment understanding of ethnicity and nationhood, and that it needs to rethink its understanding of nations from a biblical standpoint. While the pressures of globalisation are seen by some as rapidly eclipsing the nation-state, this thesis will argue that we need to move beyond the narrower secular categories of citizenship, political power and the boundaries of the state to recover a more biblical understanding of nationhood. By reference to Genesis 10-11, Acts 2:1-11 and those passages in the Book of Revelation that discuss the destiny of the nations, it will show that the biblical understanding of nations includes deeper ideas of shared history, culture and language as the essential components of nationhood. It will explain how nations are part of the created order, and explore the impact of the Babel narrative on our understanding of nations in relation to God. It will demonstrate that Pentecost did not reverse the curse of Babel, but served rather to honour the dignity and value of nations and their languages. It will also argue that nations have a destiny in the New Creation according to the Book of Revelation. This biblical concept of nationhood has significant implications in several areas: the development of a public theology; a Christian response to nationalism; the question of how urban mission fits within mission to the nations; and the importance of indigenous languages in cross-cultural mission, especially in the multicultural cities of Europe.

Conservation value, biodiversity value and methods of assessment in regenerating and human disturbed tropical forest

Although the value of primary forests for biodiversity conservation is well known, the potential biodiversity and conservation value of regenerating forests remains controversial. Many factors likely contribute to this, including: 1. the variable ages of regenerating forests being studied (often dominated by relatively young regenerating forests); 2. the potential for confounding on-going human disturbance (such as logging and hunting); 3. the relatively low number of multi-taxa studies; 4. the lack of studies that directly compare different historic disturbances within the same location; 5. contrasting patterns from different survey methodologies and the paucity of knowledge on the impacts across different vertical levels of rainforest biodiversity (often due to a lack of suitable methodologies available to assess them). We also know relatively little as to how biodiversity is affected by major current impacts, such as unmarked rainforest roads, which contribute to this degradation of habitat and fragmentation. This thesis explores the potential biodiversity value of regenerating rainforests under the best of scenarios and seeks to understand more about the impact of current human disturbance to biodiversity; data comes from case studies from the Manu and Sumaco Biosphere Reserves in the Western Amazon. Specifically, I compare overall biodiversity and conservation value of a best case regenerating rainforest site with a selection of well-studied primary forest sites and with predicted species lists for the region; including a focus on species of key conservation concern. I then investigate the biodiversity of the same study site in reference to different types of historic anthropogenic disturbance. Following this I investigate the impacts to biodiversity from an unmarked rainforest road. In order to understand more about the differential effects of habitat disturbance on arboreal diversity I directly assess how patterns of butterfly biodiversity vary between three vertical strata. Although assessments within the canopy have been made for birds, invertebrates and bats, very few studies have successfully targeted arboreal mammals. I therefore investigate the potential of camera traps for inventorying arboreal mammal species in comparison with traditional methodologies. Finally, in order to investigate the possibility that different survey methodologies might identify different biodiversity patterns in habitat disturbance assessments, I investigate whether two different but commonly used survey methodologies used to assess amphibians, indicate the same or different responses of amphibian biodiversity to historic habitat change by people. The regenerating rainforest study site contained high levels of species richness; both in terms of alpha diversity found in nearby primary forest areas (87% ±3.5) and in terms of predicted primary forest diversity from the region (83% ±6.7). This included 89% (39 out of 44) of the species of high conservation concern predicted for the Manu region. Faunal species richness in once completely cleared regenerating forest was on average 13% (±9.8) lower than historically selectively logged forest. The presence of the small unmarked road significantly altered levels of faunal biodiversity for three taxa, up to and potentially beyond 350m into the forest interior. Most notably, the impact on biodiversity extended to at least 32% of the whole reserve area. The assessment of butterflies across strata showed that different vertical zones within the same rainforest responded differently in areas with different historic human disturbance. A comparison between forest regenerating after selective logging and forest regenerating after complete clearance, showed that there was a 17% greater reduction in canopy species richness in the historically cleared forest compared with the terrestrial community. Comparing arboreal camera traps with traditional ground-based techniques suggests that camera traps are an effective tool for inventorying secretive arboreal rainforest mammal communities and detect a higher number of cryptic species. Finally, the two survey methodologies used to assess amphibian communities identified contrasting biodiversity patterns in a human modified rainforest; one indicated biodiversity differences between forests with different human disturbance histories, whereas the other suggested no differences between forest disturbance types. Overall, in this thesis I find that the conservation and biodiversity value of regenerating and human disturbed tropical forest can potentially contribute to rainforest biodiversity conservation, particularly in the best of circumstances. I also highlight the importance of utilising appropriate study methodologies that to investigate these three-dimensional habitats, and contribute to the development of methodologies to do so. However, care should be taken when using different survey methodologies, which can provide contrasting biodiversity patterns in response to human disturbance.

DINÂMICA DA REGENERAÇÃO NATURAL NO SUB-BOSQUE DE Pinus caribaea Morelet. var. caribaea NA RESERVA BIOLÓGICA DE SALTINHO, TAMANDARÉ - PE

O estudo da estrutura e dinâmica da regeneração natural em sub-bosque de plantios com espécies exóticas, como as do gênero Pinus , possibilita dar informações para manejo, conservação e reestabelecimento das espécies nativas de uma comunidade vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e quantificar a dinâmica da regeneração natural das espécies arbustivo-arbóreas ocorrentes no sub-bosque do povoamento de Pinus caribaea , na Rebio de Saltinho, em Pernambuco. Foram medidas as espécies regenerantes de 10 parcelas permanentes, de 1 x 50 m, e incluídos os indivíduos com circunferência na base a 30 cm do solo (CAB 0,30m) ≤ 15 cm e altura superior a um metro. A altura foi classificada em: Classe 1, indivíduos arbustivoarbóreos, com altura 1 ≤ H ≤ 2; Classe 2 com altura 2 < H ≤ 3; e Classe 3, com altura > 3 m e CAP ≤ 15 cm. Calcularam-se os parâmetros fitossociológicos, a dinâmica da regeneração e os índices de Shannon (H’) e a equabilidade (J’) por Pielou. Protium heptaphyllum teve maior número de indivíduos e valor de importância (VI), e Miconia prasina a melhor frequência nos dois levantamentos. Quanto ao índice H’ de 3,32 nats.ind-1 (2007) passou a 3,07 nats.ind-1 (2012), e a equabilidade de J’ de 0,85 a 0,62, havendo decréscimo tanto para a diversidade, quanto para a distribuição. O levantamento de 2012 registrou aumento de 12,5% do número de indivíduos, e os regenerantes de 2007 tiveram 48,31% de mortalidade. Com relação ao número de indivíduos e área basal, os percentuais de ganhos foram superiores ao das perdas. Conclui-se que a sucessão ecológica da regeneração do sub-bosque do povoamento estudado, encontra-se em modificação positiva, e o povoamento de Pinus caribaea, não está impedindo o surgimento de novos indivíduos e espécies.

Evaluating green infrastructure in urban environments using a multi-taxa and functional diversity approach

Forested areas within cities host a large number of species, responsible for many ecosystem services in urban areas. The biodiversity in these areas is influenced by human disturbances such as atmospheric pollution and urban heat island effect. To ameliorate the effects of these factors, an increase in urban green areas is often considered sufficient. However, this approach assumes that all types of green cover have the same importance for species. Our aim was to show that not all forested green areas are equal in importance for species, but that based on a multi-taxa and functional diversity approach it is possible to value green infrastructure in urban environments. After evaluating the diversity of lichens, butterflies and other-arthropods, birds and mammals in 31 Mediterranean urban forests in south-west Europe (Almada, Portugal), bird and lichen functional groups responsive to urbanization were found. A community shift (tolerant species replacing sensitive ones) along the urbanization gradient was found, and this must be considered when using these groups as indicators of the effect of urbanization. Bird and lichen functional groups were then analyzed together with the characteristics of the forests and their surroundings. Our results showed that, contrary to previous assumptions, vegetation density and more importantly the amount of urban areas around the forest (matrix), are more important for biodiversity than forest quantity alone. This indicated that not all types of forested green areas have the same importance for biodiversity. An index of forest functional diversity was then calculated for all sampled forests of the area. This could help decision-makers to improve the management of urban green infrastructures with the goal of increasing functionality and ultimately ecosystem services in urban areas.

GUÍA DE LA INFORMACIÓN QUE CUSTODIA EL ARCHIVO NACIONAL DE COSTA RICA

En la medida en que esta sociedad de información y comunicación crece, también experimenta crecimiento las fuentes de información en sus diferentes soportes. Vivimos en una sociedad marcada por la tecnología, por esto surge la necesidad de crear instrumentos que permiten un mejor aprovechamiento de la información.   Dada la justificación del caso y considerando, la importancia que reviste valorar y conocer la cantidad y calidad de la información que alberga el Archivo Nacional de Costa Rica, el objetivo general de este trabajo de investigación es, realizar una obra de referencia impresa, de los tres archivos que brindan información al público, Archivo Histórico, Archivo Intermedio y Archivo Notarial. Con el fin de facilitar el acceso a la información y de reforzar la labor de divulgación que ha venido haciendo el Archivo Nacional mediante sus publicaciones, exposiciones y demás actividades afines, para dar a conocer sus fondos.