Mechanical and material properties of cortical and trabecular bone from cannabinoid receptor-1-null (Cnr1-/-) mice

Funding ABK was funded by a studentship from the University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, and the Overseas Research Students Awards Scheme Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr J.S. Gregory for assistance with Image J and Mr K. Mackenzie for assistance with Micro-CT analysis.

Hand somatosensory sub-cortical sources arehypoactive in migraine interictally: a functionalsource separation analysis

Background: Recent morpho-functional evidences pointed out that abnormalities in the thalamus could play a major role in the expression of migraine neurophysiological and clinical correlates. Whether this phenomenon is primary or secondary to its functional disconnection from the brain stem remains to be determined.Aim: We used a Functional Source Separation algorithmof EEG signal to extract the activity of the different neuronal pools recruited at different latencies along the somatosensory pathway in interictal migraine without aura(MO) patients. Method: Twenty MO patients and 20 healthy volunteers(HV) underwent EEG recording. Four ad-hoc functional constraints, two sub-cortical (FS14 at brain stem andFS16 at thalamic level) and two cortical (FS20 radial andFS22 tangential parietal sources), were used to extract the activity of successive stages of somatosensory information processing in response to the separate left and right median nerve electric stimulation. A band-pass digital filter (450–750 Hz) was applied offline in order to extract high-frequency oscillatory (HFO) activity from the broadband EEG signal. Results: In both stimulated sides, significant reduced subcortical brain stem (FS14) and thalamic (FS16) HFO activations characterized MO patients when compared with HV. No difference emerged in the two cortical HFO activations between two groups. Conclusion: Present results are the first neurophysiological evidence supporting the hypothesis that a functional disconnection of the thalamus from the subcortical monoaminergicsystem may underline the interictal cortical abnormal information processing in migraine. Further studiesare needed to investigate the precise directional connectivity across the entire primary subcortical and cortical somatosensory pathway in interictal MO.

Transcallosal connectivity of the human cortical motor network

The organizational and architectural configuration of white matter pathways connecting brain regions has ramifications for all facets of the human condition, including manifestations of incipient neurodegeneration. Although diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been used extensively to visualize white matter connectivity, due to the widespread presence of crossing fibres, the lateral projections of the corpus callosum are not normally detected using this methodology. Detailed knowledge of the transcallosal connectivity of the human cortical motor network has therefore remained elusive. We employed constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) tractography - an approach that is much less susceptible to the influence of crossing fibres, in order to derive complete in-vivo characterizations of white matter pathways connecting specific motor cortical regions to their counterparts and other loci in the opposite hemisphere. The revealed patterns of connectivity closely resemble those derived from anatomical tracing in primates. It was established that dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) and supplementary motor area (SMA) have extensive interhemispheric connectivity - exhibiting both dense homologous projections, and widespread structural relations with every other region in the contralateral motor network. Through this in-vivo portrayal, the importance of non-primary motor regions for interhemispheric communication is emphasized. Additionally, distinct connectivity profiles were detected for the anterior and posterior subdivisions of primary motor cortex. The present findings provide a comprehensive representation of transcallosal white matter projections in humans, and have the potential to inform the development of models and hypotheses relating structural and functional brain connectivity.

The ins of the striatum: Utilizing chemogenetics to define the contribution of cortical and thalamic afferents during addiction behaviors

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Contrôle cortical et postural des muscles multifides : Influence de la lombalgie chronique, des exercices et de la neurostimulation périphérique

La lombalgie chronique (LC) représente de nos jours un fardeau individuel et sociétal énorme. Le contrôle du tronc est complexe, il dépend de l’intégration des afférences périphériques et de l’interaction des régions cérébrales impliquées dans la matrice de la douleur. Les individus souffrant de lombalgie présentent des désordres de contrôle moteur de la colonne vertébrale et une modification de la plasticité du cerveau. Ces altérations semblent réversibles et peuvent être améliorées par différents exercices prescrits en physiothérapie. Par contre, même si les exercices diminuent la douleur, l’effet n’en demeure pas moins modeste. L’utilisation de la neurostimulation magnétique périphérique (rPMS) qui génère des informations sensorielles (entre autres proprioceptives cohérentes avec le contrôle des muscles) et qui agit donc sur l’excitabilité cérébrale et les mécanismes de plasticité pourrait potentialiser les gains atteints grâce aux exercices. L’objectif principal de la thèse est de mieux comprendre le contrôle cortical et postural des muscles du tronc, l’influence de la lombalgie chronique, des exercices et de de la neurostimulation périphérique. La série d’études proposée dans la thèse vise à (i) comprendre les changements présents au niveau du contrôle cortico-moteur des muscles multifides et des ajustements posturaux anticipatoires en lombalgie chronique (étude 1) ainsi que l’influence du côté de la douleur lombaire (étude 2); (ii) déterminer quel type d’exercice utilisé en physiothérapie (global ou isométrique) influence la plasticité corticale (étude 3) et; (iii) déterminer si l’ajout de rPMS potentialise ces effets (étude 4). Les données présentées dans la thèse confirment que les individus avec LC présentent des différences dans le fonctionnement du cortex moteur primaire par rapport aux individus en santé. De plus, le côté de la douleur semble influencer différemment l’excitabilité de base du M1. Enfin, nous avons démontré que l’exercice isométrique agissait de façon spécifique sur la plasticité du M1, ainsi que sur les ajustements posturaux anticipatoires, et que l’ajout des rPMS à l’exercice diminue immédiatement la douleur et modifie le contrôle des muscles multifides. D’autres études sont nécessaires pour confirmer le bénéfice des rPMS chez des populations souffrant de douleur chronique et pour un éventuel transfert clinique.

Oblicuidad pélvica o contractura congénita en abducción de la cadera: una entidad poco conocida

La oblicuidad pélvica congénita es una patología frecuente en el lactante y poco conocida por los pediatras. Se presentan cuatro casos de oblicuidad pélvica simple en lactantes mujeres. Se describen los hallazgos clínicos y radiológicos en el momento del diagnóstico, la actitud terapéutica y la evolución de cada uno de ellos. Los pediatras de Atención Primaria debemos estar atentos a los antecedentes, signos acompañantes y al diagnóstico de esta entidad, así como tener formación en la exploración de la cadera para detectar clínicamente una inestabilidad, preferentemente en la cadera aducta (opuesta a la contracturada). Es importante la interrelación entre Pediatría, Radiología Infantil, Traumatología Infantil y Rehabilitación.

Análisis de la neurogénesis cortical en el desarrollo cerebral de ratones carentes del receptor de ácido lisofosfatídico LPA1

El ácido lisofosfatídico (LPA) es un fosfolípido sencillo con propiedades de señalización extracelular mediadas por receptores de membrana específicos acoplados a proteínas G. Actualmente se conocen hasta 6 tipos de receptores diferentes para el LPA. El receptor LPA1 se expresa en la zona neurogénica del cerebro en desarrollo, en la zona ventricular (VZ), lo que sugiere su implicación en la neurogénesis. A pesar de los numerosos estudios farmacológicos que han aportado datos de los efectos del LPA en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) utilizando modelos in vitro, no es sino hasta que se dispuso de animales carentes del receptor, cuando se avanzó en el estudio de la función específica del receptor. Los primeros ratones obtenidos que permitían el estudio de pérdida de función del receptor LPA1 mostraron una alta mortalidad perinatal pero abrían una puerta excelente a nuevos estudios de caracterización del SNC en ausencia de vías específicas de señalización por LPA. En el presente trabajo se muestran resultados que demuestran una función destacada del receptor LPA1 en los precursores neuronales corticales durante el desarrollo cerebral, resultantes del análisis de la neurogénesis en una variante, que hemos venido a denominar Málaga, de un ratón nulo para-LPA1. Esta variante surge de forma espontánea durante la expansión de la colonia original y porta un fenotipo con defectos observables en el SNC, a la vez que muestra una viabilidad perinatal casi completa, lo que ha permitido su caracterización. Nuestros resultados muestran alteraciones significativas en la neurogénesis cortical embrionaria, en el patrón proliferativo de la zona ventricular, afectando al tipo de división y la posterior diferenciación, con expresión de marcadores neuronales de forma prematura en la capa cortical y alteración de la expresión de factores de transcripción. Estos defectos de la neurogénesis en ausencia de la vía de señalización por LPA1 se asocian con defectos en el patrón migratorio neuronal, indicativos de alteraciones de tipo estructural y funcional, y que generan, en última instancia, una reducción del grosor de la pared cortical y del número de neuronas en diferentes capas corticales, especialmente las profundas donde se detecta, además, un nivel inusualmente mayor de apoptosis. Los resultados que mostramos en esta memoria reflejan, con ello, la necesidad del receptor LPA1 para el desarrollo normal cerebral y acentúan el importante papel que el modelo de animal nulo para LPA1 de la variedad Málaga ha representado para el estudio de la señalización mediada por este receptor. A la fecha actual, el uso de este ratón ha permitido un avance muy significativo en el campo y sigue siendo objeto de estudio por nuestro grupo de investigación y por diferentes colaboradores a nivel nacional e internacional.

EFFECTS OF AGING ON MIDBRAIN AND CORTICAL SPEECH-IN-NOISE PROCESSING

Older adults frequently report that they can hear what they have been told but cannot understand the meaning. This is particularly true in noisy conditions, where the additional challenge of suppressing irrelevant noise (i.e. a competing talker) adds another layer of difficulty to their speech understanding. Hearing aids improve speech perception in quiet, but their success in noisy environments has been modest, suggesting that peripheral hearing loss may not be the only factor in the older adult’s perceptual difficulties. Recent animal studies have shown that auditory synapses and cells undergo significant age-related changes that could impact the integrity of temporal processing in the central auditory system. Psychoacoustic studies carried out in humans have also shown that hearing loss can explain the decline in older adults’ performance in quiet compared to younger adults, but these psychoacoustic measurements are not accurate in describing auditory deficits in noisy conditions. These results would suggest that temporal auditory processing deficits could play an important role in explaining the reduced ability of older adults to process speech in noisy environments. The goals of this dissertation were to understand how age affects neural auditory mechanisms and at which level in the auditory system these changes are particularly relevant for explaining speech-in-noise problems. Specifically, we used non-invasive neuroimaging techniques to tap into the midbrain and the cortex in order to analyze how auditory stimuli are processed in younger (our standard) and older adults. We will also attempt to investigate a possible interaction between processing carried out in the midbrain and cortex.

Unwrapping microcomputed tomographic images for measuring cortical osteolytic lesions in the 5T2 murine model of myeloma treated by bisphosphonate

International audience

Double incretin receptor knock-out (DIRKO) mice present with alterations of trabecular and cortical micromorphology and bone strength.

International audience

The impact of mechanical compression on cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis: a quantitative pipeline

Exogenous mechanical perturbations on living tissues are commonly used to investigate whether cell effectors can respond to mechanical cues. However, in most of these experiments, the applied mechanical stress and/or the biological response are described only qualitatively. We developed a quantitative pipeline based on microindentation and image analysis to investigate the impact of a controlled and prolonged compression on microtubule behaviour in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem, using microtubule fluorescent marker lines. We found that a compressive stress, in the order of magnitude of turgor pressure, induced apparent microtubule bundling. Importantly, that response could be reversed several hours after the release of compression. Next, we tested the contribution of microtubule severing to compression-induced bundling: microtubule bundling seemed less pronounced in the katanin mutant, in which microtubule severing is dramatically reduced. Conversely, some microtubule bundles could still be observed 16 hours after the release of compression in the spiral2 mutant, in which severing rate is instead increased. To quantify the impact of mechanical stress on anisotropy and orientation of microtubule arrays, we used the nematic tensor based FibrilTool ImageJ/Fiji plugin. To assess the degree of apparent bundling of the network, we developed several methods, some of which were borrowed from geostatistics. The final microtubule bundling response could notably be related to tissue growth velocity that was recorded by the indenter during compression. Because both input and output are quantified, this pipeline is an initial step towards correlating more precisely the cytoskeleton response to mechanical stress in living tissues.